NAME OF THE PARTICIPANTS: 1) S.Anjani Kavya 2) A.S.

Harika NAME OF THE COLLEGE: ANDHRA LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY EMAIL ID: hrk1592@gmail.com CONTACT NUMBER:9000186920

NANOELECTRONICS
INTRODUCTION: Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology on electronic components, especially transistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less than 100nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. As a result, present transistors do not fall under this category, even though these devices are manufactured with 45nm or 32nm technology. Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from traditional transistors. Some of these candidates include molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/ nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics. The aim of Nanoelectronics is to process, transmit and store information by taking advantage of properties of matter that are distinctly different from macroscopic properties. The revlent length scale depends on the phenomena investigated it is a few nm for molecules that act like transistors or memory devices, can be 999nm for quantum dot where the spin of the electron is being used to process information. Microelectronics ,even if the gate size of the transistor is 50nm,is not an implementation of nanoelectronics, as no new qualitative physical property related to reduction in size are being exploited.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS: The volume of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only decreases as its second power. This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge ramifications. For example the power of a drill (or any another machine) is proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drills bearings and gears is proportional to their surface area. For a

normal-sized drill, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any friction. However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, for example, decrease its power by a factor of billion while reducing the friction by only a factor of only a million. Proportionally it has 1000 times less power per unit friction than the original drill. If the original friction-to-power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies the smaller drill will have 10 times as much friction as power. The drill is useless. For this reason, while super-miniature electronic integrated circuits are fully functional, the same technology cannot be used to make working mechanical devices beyond the scales where frictional forces start to exceed the available power. So even though you may see microphotographs of delicately etched silicon gears, such devices are currently little more than curiosities with limited real world applications, for example, in moving mirrors and shutters surface tension increases in much the same way, thus magnifying the tendency for very small objects to stick together. This could possibly make any kind of micro factory impractical: even if robotic arms and hands could be scaled down, anything they pick up will tend to be impossible to put down. The above being said, molecular evolution has resulted in working cilia, flagella, muscle fibers and rotary motors in aqueous environments, all on the nanoscale. These machines exploit the increased frictional frictional forces found at the micro or nanoscale. Unlike a paddle or a propeller which depends on normal frictional forces (the frictional forces perpendicular to the surface) to achieve propulsion, cilia develop motion from the exaggerated drag or laminar forces (frictional forces parallel to the surface) present at micro and nano dimensions. To build meaningful machines the development and design of intrinsically pertinent machines rather than the simple reproductions of macroscopic ones. All scaling issues therefore need to be assessed thoroughly when evaluating nanotechnology for practical applications. OBJECTIVES: The last few decades has seen an exponential growth in microchip capabilities due primarily to a decrease in the minimum feature sizes. The resulting doubling of processor speed every 18 months(known as Moores Law)is, however, expected to break down for conventional microelectronics in about 15 years for both fundamental and economic reasons.[Nature 406,1027(2000)].Fifteen years correspond to only 3 generations of graduate students(2 y MSc.,3y Ph.D.)! The search is on, therefore, for new properties, paradigms and architectures to create novel nanoelectronics. WHAT ARE NANOELECTRONICS? Semiconductor electronics have seen a sustained exponential decrease in size and cost and a similar increase in performance and level of integration over the last thirty years (known as Moores Law).The silicon Roadmap is laid out for the next ten years. After that, either economical or physical barriers will pose a huge challenge. The former is related to the difficulty of making a profit in view of the exorbitant costs of building the necessary manufacturing capabilities if present day technologies are extrapolated. The latter is a direct consequence of the shrinking device size, leading to physical phenomena impeding the operation of current devices. Quantum and coherence effects, high

electric fields creating avalanche dielectric breakdowns, heat dissipation problems in closely packed structures as well as the non-uniformity of dopant atoms and the relevance of single atom defects are all roadblocks along the current road of miniaturization[Nature 406, 1023(2000)].These phenomena are characteristic for structures a few nanometers in size and, instead of being viewed as an obstacle to future progress might form the basis of post-silicon information processing or computation in the long term-quantum computing, spin electronics, optics or even computing based on(nano-a0mechanics are actively being discussed. Nanoelectronics thus needs to be understood as a general field of research aimed at developing an understanding of the phenomena characteristic of nanometer sized objects with the aim of exploiting them for information processing purposes. Specifically, by electronics we mean the handling of complicated electrical wave forms for communicating information(as in cellular phones),probing(as in radar)and data processing(as in computers).Concepts at the fundamental research level are being persued world-wide to find nano-solutions to these three characteristic applications of electronics. One can group these concepts into three main categories:

1) Molecular Electronics Electronic effects (e.g. electrical conductance of C60) Synthesis (DNA computing as a buzz word) 2) Quantum Electronics, Spintronics (e.g. quantum dots, magnetic effects) 3) Quantum Computing APPROACHES TO NANOELECTRONICS: NANOFABRICATION: Main Articles: Nano circuitry and Nanolithography For example, single electron transistors, which involve transistor operation based on a single electron. Nanoelectromechanical systems also fall under this category. Nanofabrication can be used to construct ultradense parallel arrays of nanowires, as an alternative to synthesizing nanowires individually. NANOMATERIALS ELECTRONICS: Besides being small and allowing more transistors to be packed into a single chip, the uniform and symmetrical structure of nanotubes allows higher electron mobility (faster electron movement in the material) a higher dielectric constant (faster frequency) and a symmetrical electron/hole characteristic. Also, nanoparticles can be used as quantum dots. MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS: Single molecule devices are another possibility. These schemes would make heavy use of molecular self-assembly, designing the device components to construct a larger structure

or even a complete system on their own. This can be very useful for reconfigurable computing, and may even completely replace present FPGA technology. Molecular electronics is a new technology which is still in its infancy, but also brings hope for truly atomic scale electronic systems in the future. One of the more promising applications of molecular electronics was proposed by the IBM researcher Ari Aviram and the theoretical chemist Mark Ratner in their 1974 and 1988 papers Molecules for Memory, Logic and Amplification, (see Unimolecular rectifier).This is one of many possible ways in which a molecular level diode/transistor might be synthesized by organic chemistry. A model system was proposed with a spiro carbon structure giving a molecular diode about half a nanometer across which could be connected by polythiophene molecular wires. Theoretical calculations showed the design to be sound in principle and there is still hope that such a system can be made to work. OTHER APPROACHES: Nanoionics studies the transport of ions rather than electronics in nanoscale systems. Nanophotonics studies the behavior of light on the nanoscale, and has the goal of developing devices that take advantage of this behavior. Currently the most active field of research is the fabrication and characterization of individual components that could replace the macroscopic silicon components with the nanoscale systems. Examples are molecular diodes, single atom switches or the increasingly better control and understanding of the transport of electrons in quantum dot structures. A second field with substantial activity is the investigation of potential interconnects. Here, mostly carbon nanotubes and selfassembled metallic or organic structures are being investigated. Very little work is being performed on architecture (notable exceptions are HPs Teramac project [Health et al., Science 280, 1716 (1998)] or IBMs self healing Blue Gene project).Furthermore, modeling with predictive power is in a very juvenile stage of development. This understanding is necessary to develop engineering rules of thumb to design complex systems. One needs to appreciate that currently the best calculations of the conductance of a simple molecule such as C60 are off by a factor of more than 30.This has to do with the difficulty to model, but non-trivial influence of the electronic contact leads. The situation in quantum computing is somewhat different. The main activities are on theoretical development of core concepts and algorithms. Experimental implementations are only starting. An exception is the field of cryptography (information transportation), where entangled photon states propagating in a conventional optical fiber have been demonstrated experimentally. NANOELECTRONIC DEVICES: RADIOS: Nanoradios have been developed structured around carbon nanotubes. COMPUTERS:

Nanoelectronics hold the promise of making computer processors more powerful than are possible with conventional semiconductor fabrication techniques. A number of approaches are currently being researched, including new forms of nanolithography, as well as the use of nano materials such as nanowires or small molecules in place of traditional CMOS components. Field effect transistors have been made using both semiconductoring carbon nanotubes and with heterostructured semiconductor nanowires. ENERGY PRODUCTION: Research is ongoing to use nanowires and other nanostructure materials with the hope to create cheaper and more efficient solar cells than are possible with conventional planar silicon solar cells. It is believed that the invention of more efficient solar energy would have a great effect on satisfying global energy needs. There is also research into energy production for devices that would operate in vivo, called bio-nano generators. A bio-nano generator is a nanoscale electrochemical device, like a fuel cell or galvanic cell, but drawing power from blood glucose in a living body, much the same as how the body generates energy from food. To achieve the effect, an enzyme is used that is capable of stripping glucose of its electrons, freeing them for use in electrical devices. The average persons body could, theoretically, generate 100 watts of electricity (about 2000 food calories per day) using a bio-nano generator. However, this estimate is only true if all food was converted to electricity, and the human body needs some energy consistently, so possible power generated is likely much lower. The electricity generated by such a device could power devices embedded in the body (such as pacemakers), or sugarfed nanorobots. Much of the research done on bio-nano generators is still experimental, with Panasonics Nanotechnology Research Laboratory among those at the forefront. MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS: There is great interest in constructing nanoelectronic devices that could detect the concentrations of bimolecular in real time for use as medical diagnostics, thus falling into the category of nanomedicine. A parallel line of research seeks to create nanoelectronic devices which could interact with single cells for use in basic biological research. These devices are called nanosensors. Such miniaturization on nanoelectronics towards in vivo proteomic sensing should enable new approaches for health monitoring, surveillance, and defense technology. MOORES LAW: According to Moores Law, the number of transistors that will fit on a silicon chip doubles every eighteen months. Presently, microprocessors have more than forty million transistors. By the year 2020, the trend line of Moores law states that there should be a one nanometer feature size. For designing nano FET apart from channel length, other parameters like doping, voltages etc are to be also scaled. NANO MOSFET [EJ MOSFET (Electrically variable shallow junction MOSFET)]:

SCALING LIMITS OF MOSFET: Technical problem: For channel length<30nm, insulating SiO2 is expected to be less than 2nm thick. This thin layer causes gate dielectric tunneling. Physical problem: For channel length<10nm, direct source-drain tunneling occurs. EJ-MOSFET: Construction: It consists of 2 gates, Upper gate and a Lower gate. Gates are insulated from each other by an integrated oxide layer. Working: Upper layer electrically induces the inversion layers that are self aligned to the lower gate and the lower gate controls the current between the inversion layers. Presence of two gates helps in suppressing short channel effects. QUANTUM EFFECTS IN ULTRASHORT CHANNEL MOSFET: Mobility enhancement due to decrease in scattering. Threshold voltage increases with decrease in channel width. THRESHOLD VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT USING QUANTUM EFFECTS: For <110> oriented device n type has greater VT shift than p type. For<100> oriented device p type has greater VT shift than n type To keep VT same for both square scaling i.e. Width=height is used. BASIC PHENOMENON OBSERVED IN NANODEVICES: Ballistic Transport in Nanostructures: At room temperature mean free path of electron is around 10nm.So, at ultra short channel length electron scattering decreases considerably. At channel length less than 10nm, scattering approaches zero. It is called ballistic transport. With decrease in temperature mean free path can be increased & ballistic transport can be obtained at larger channel length. RESONANT TUNNELING IN NANODEVICES: RT is observed in hetero-structure semiconductor devices made from pairs of different alloys III-V alloys. E.g. AlGaAs/ Ga As/ AlGaAs diodes. CARBON NANOTUBES: Single-wall carbon nanotubes are a new form of carbon made by rolling up a single graphite sheet to a narrow but long tube closed at both sides by fullerene-like end caps. PROPERTIES:

1) Exhibit electrical conductivity as high as copper, thermal conductivity as high as diamond. 2) Strength 100 times greater than steel at one sixth the weight. 3) Electrical conductivity depends on their helicity. CURRENT APPLICATIONS: In field of electronics and communications 1) 2) 3) 4) In solar cells to trap electrons. Touch screens and flexible displays. Nanoradio, a radio receiver consisting of a single nanotube, was demonstrated in 2007. In fabrication of ultracapacitors (which have high energy density).

NANOWIRES: Electrons in nanowires are quantum confined laterally and thus occupy energy levels that are different from that in bulk materials. Aspect ratios (length-to-width )ratio of 1000 or more. Poor productivity(edge effect). APPLICATIONS: Current: Create active electronic devices like logic gates etc. Potential use: 1) As photon ballistic waveguides 2) For connecting molecular-scale entities in a molecular computer 3) For flexible flat-screen displays. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FIELD OF NANOELECTRONICS: Worlds Smallest Transistor: Ability to retain conductivity when only one atom thick. A small sheet of grapheme is taken & channels are carved into it using electron beam lithography. What remains is a quantum dot with a tiny circular cage at the center known as the central island. Voltage can change the conductivity of these quantum dots, allowing them to store logic gates. NANORADIO: A nanoradio is a radio receiver or transmitter constructed on a nanometer scale. Currently only receivers have been developed (October 2007). WORKING: The nanotube, is contained in a vacuum and one of its ends is connected to an electrode of a battery. The other electrode is placed a short distance from the nanotubes other end. The tube will vibrate in tune with any external electromagnetic signal, effectively acting as an antenna. The vibration frequency can be adjusted by changing the applied voltage.

NANO EMISSIVE DISPLAY: Launched in May,2005 by Motorola. Works by moving electrons through its driver electronics and into the nanotubes, which then direct the electrons at groups of phosphors(pixels) on the interior surface of the display. When the phosphors are bombarded with electrons, they glow, giving off color-similar to the operation of a traditional CRT. ADVANTAGES: 1) Light in weight and more slim. 2) Saves 20% to 30% more power than other flat panel displays. 3) Manufacturing cost is estimated to be a half to a third the cost of LCD and plasma displays. APPLICATIONS: 1) Laptop screen due to better power saving & size. 2) Screens in fighter planes due to better brightness & resolution. 3) Automotive and aeronautical purposes. 4) TV displays. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE? First, nanoelectronics is a wide open field with vast potential for breakthroughs coming from fundamental research. Some of the major issues that need to be addressed are the following: 1) Understand nanoscale transport! (closed loop between theory and experiment necessary).Most experiments and modeling concentrate on DC properties, AC properties at THz frequencies are however expected to be relevant. 2) Develop/understand self-assembly techniques to do conventional things cheaper. This has the future potential to displace a large fraction of conventional semiconductor applications. One needs to solve the interconnect problem and find a replacement of the transistor. If this can be done by self-assembly, a major cost advantage compared to conventional silicon technology would result. 3) Find new ways of doing electronics and find ways of implementing them (e.g. quantum computing; electronics modeled after living systems; hybrid Si-biological systems; cellular automata).Do not try and duplicate a transistor, but instead investigate new electronics paradigms! Do research as a graduate student in this field and lay the foundation for the Intel of the New Millenium.

THE BEST WAY TO PREDICT THE FUTURE IS TO INVENT IT