GII HAN

A: Gii han day so:

Kien thc can nh:
nh ly1: (ieu kien can e day so co gii han)
Neu mot day so co gii han th no b chan.
nh ly2: (Tnh duy nhat cua gii han)
Neu mot day so co gii han th gii han o la duy
nhat.
nh ly3: (ieu kien u e day so co gii han) (nh ly
Vaistrat).
Mot day so tang va b chan tren th co gii han.
Mot day so giam va b chan di th co gii han.
nh ly4: (Gii han cua mot day so kep gia hai day so
dan ti cung mot gii han)
Cho ba day so (u
n
), (v
n
), (w
n
).
Neu
*
N n ta co
n n n
w u v
va lim v
n
= lim w
n
= A th lim
u
n
= A.
nh ly5: (Cac phep toan tren cac gii han cua day so).
Neu hai day so
) ( ), (
n n
v u
co gii th ta co:

) , 0 ( lim lim
) 0 (lim
lim
lim
lim
lim . lim ) . lim(
lim lim ) lim(
*
N n u u u
v
v
u
v
u
v u v u
v u v u
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
n n n n
n n n n

t t

nh ly6: Neu
th q ` 1 <

0 lim
n
q
Tong cua cap so nhan vo han co cong boi q vi
1 < q
la:
S=u
1
+u
2
+...+u
n
+...=
q
u
1
1

) 1 ( < q
.
So e: 71828 , 2
1
1 lim
,
_

+ e
n
n
nh ly7: Neu ) , 0 ( 0 lim
*
N n u u
n n
th
.
1
lim
n
u
Ngc lai, neu

n
u lim
th
. 0
1
lim
n
u
B. Gii han cua ham so:

Kien thc can nh:
1/ Mot so nh ly ve gii han cua ham so:
nh ly1: (Tnh duy nhat cua gii han)
Neu ham so f(x) co gii han khi x dan ti a th gii han
o la duy nhat.
nh ly2: (Cac phep toan tren cac gii han cua ham so).
Neu cac ham so f(x) va g(x) eu co gii han khi
a x

th:

[ ]
[ ]
) 0 ) ( ( , ) ( lim ) ( lim
) 0 lim ( ,
) ( lim
) ( lim
) (
) (
lim
) ( lim ). ( lim ) ( ). ( lim
) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( ) ( lim

t t

x f x f x f
x g
x f
x g
x f
x g x f x g x f
x g x f x g x f
a x a x
a x
a x
a x
a x
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
nh ly3: (Gii han cua mot ham so kep gia hai ham so
cung dan ti mot gii han)
Cho ba ham so f(x), g(x), h(x) cung xac nh tren mot
khoang K cha iem a (co the tr iem a). Neu vi moi
iem x cua khoang o
) ( ) ( ) ( x h x f x g
va neu

, ) ( lim ) ( lim L x h x g
a x a x


th
L x f
a x

) ( lim
nh ly4: Neu khi
a x
, ham so f(x) co gii han L va neu
vi moi gia tr x u gan a ma f(x) > 0 (hoac f(x) < 0) th
0 L (hoac 0 L ).
nh ly5: Neu
0 lim
a x
(va
0 ) ( x f
vi moi x u gan a) th

) (
1
lim
x f
a x
Ngc lai, neu

) ( lim x f
a x
th
0
) (
1
lim

x f
a x
2/ Gii han mot ben :
nh ngha: So L c goi la gii han ben phai( hoac
ben trai) cua ham so f(x) khi x dan ti a, neu vi moi
day so (x
n
) vi x
n
> a (hoac x
n
< a) sao cho
limx
n
= a th limf(x
n
) = L.
Ta viet:
L
a x

+

lim
(hoac
L x f
a x

) ( lim
).
nh ly: ieu kien ac co va u e
L x f
a x

) ( lim
la
) ( lim ), ( lim x f x f
a x a x
+

eu ton tai va bang L.

3/ Cac dang vo nh:
Khi tm gii han cua ham so, ta co the gap mot so
trng hp sau ay. Ta can tm:
1/
) (
) (
lim
) (
0 x v
x u
x
x x

ma
0 ) ( lim ) ( lim
) ( ) (
0 0

x v x u
x
x x
x
x x .
2/
) (
) (
lim
) (
0 x v
x u
x
x x

ma

) ( lim ) ( lim
) ( ) (
0 0
x v x u
x
x x
x
x x .
3/
[ ] ) ( ). ( lim
) (
0
x v x u
x
x x

ma
0 ) ( lim
) (
0

x u
x
x x va

) ( lim
) (
0
x v
x
x x .
4/
[ ] ) ( ) ( lim
) (
0
x v x u
x
x x


ma
+

) ( lim ) ( lim
) ( ) (
0 0
x v x u
x
x x
x
x x
hoac

) ( lim ) ( lim
) ( ) (
0 0
x v x u
x
x x
x
x x .
BAI TAP AP DUNG

A. GII HAN DAY SO
Bai tap 1: Tnh cac gii han:

2
1 2
lim / 1
+
+
n
n

4
1 3
lim / 2
2
2
+
+
n
n

2 3
1 5
lim / 3
+

n
n

n n n
n n
+
+ +
2
2
2
3 2
lim / 4
1
3 2
lim / 5
2
+ +
+
n n
n n

) 3 )( 2 3 (
) 1 2 )( 1 (
lim / 6
+ +
+
n n
n n

1 3
2
lim / 7
2
2
+ +
+
n n
n n

1 3
2
lim / 8
2 4
3
+ + n n
n

) 2 )( 1 (
) 3 )( 2 (
lim / 9
+ +
+
n n
n n n
Bai tap 2: Tnh cac gii han:

1
1 2
lim / 1
2
2
+

n
n

2
5 2
lim / 2
2
+
+
n n
n

2 3
2
lim / 3
2
3
+

n n
n n

( ) n n n +
3 3 2
lim / 4

2 3
1 2
lim / 5
3
2

+ +
n
n n

( ) n n n
3 2 3
2 lim / 6
Bai tap 3: Tnh cac gii han:

n n
n
3 2
1
lim / 1
2
2

+

4
3 2
) 1 (
) 2 ( ) 1 (
lim / 2

+ +
n n
n n

( ) 1 lim / 3
2 2
+ + n n n

3 3 2
3 lim( / 4 n n n +
)
2
1 11 2
lim / 5
2
3

+
n
n n

4 2
1
lim / 6
2 2
+ + n n

B. GII HAN HAM SO
Bai tap 1: Tnh cac gii han:

) 3 2 ( lim / 1
2
+

x
x

) 4 3 2 ( lim / 2
3
2
+

x x
x

1
1 4
lim / 3
2
2
1
+
+ +

x x
x x
x


1
2 1
lim / 4
3
+
+

x
x x
x

) 2 ( lim / 5
3
1
x x
x
+ +


2
25
lim / 6
2
5
+

x
x
x
Dang
0
0

Bai tap 2: Tnh cac gii han:

1
2 3
lim / 4
4
6
lim / 1
2 3
3
1
2
2
2
+
+

x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x

8
4
lim / 5
20
16
lim / 2
3
2
2
2
2
4
+

x
x
x x
x
x
x

9
3
lim / 6
3
3 4
lim / 3
2
3
2
3

x
x
x
x x
x
x

Bai tap 3: Tnh cac gii han:

x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
2
1 2 1
lim / 7
4
2 3
lim / 4
2
1 2 1
lim / 1
0
2
2
0
+

2
2 4
lim / 8
3 3
2 2 3
lim / 5
3 9
4
lim / 2
3
2
1
0

+
+ +
+

x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x

25
3 2
lim / 9
3 4
4 7 2
lim / 6
3 2
3 7 2
lim / 3
2
3
5
3
1
1

+
+
+ +
+
+

x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
Bai tap 4: Tnh cac gii han:

3 3
27 6
lim / 7
2 2
2
lim / 4
1
1
lim / 1
2 3
2 4
3
2
2
2
3
1
+ + +

+

x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x

3 3
3 2
0
1
2
2 3
1
2 3 2
1 1
lim / 8
4 5
3 2
lim / 5
4 3
4 2
lim / 2
+ +

+
+

+ +

x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x

3 1 4
2
lim / 9
2 3
2 4 2 3
lim / 6
1 1
lim / 3
2
2
2
1
2
0
+
+
+

+ + +

x
x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
x
x
Bai tap 5: Tnh cac gii han:

x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+

5 1
5 3
lim / 5
6 2
2 3
lim / 4
) 1 )( 1 (
lim / 3
3
3 4
lim / 2
1 1
lim / 1
4
2
2
2
2 3
2
3
2
3
3
0

2 3
1
lim / 10
3
1 1
lim / 9
2
3 2 1
lim / 8
1
1 2
lim / 7
2 3
1
lim / 6
2
3
1
3
0
4
2
2 3
1
2
3
1
+
+

+ +
+

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tnh cac gii han bang cach them, bt lng lien
hp.
Bai tap 6: Tnh cac gii han:


3
5 1
lim / 3
1 1
lim / 2
2 3
7 11 8
lim / 1
3
3
3
0
2
3
2

+ +
+
+
+ +

x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x

2
1 2 2
lim / 6
2
6 6
lim / 5
1
3 9
lim / 4
2
1
2
3
2
3
1

+
+
+ +

+ +

x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x

Dang

Bai tap 7: Tnh cac gii han:

3
2
2
3
2 5
2
3
2
) 4 3 (
) 4 1 )( 1 2 )( 2 (
lim / 5
5 3
1 3 2
lim / 4
1
1 2
lim / 3
2
1
lim / 2
3 2
1
lim / 1
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ +

+ +
+
+



+

x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

1 2
3 2
lim / 10
1 3
1 4
lim / 9
1
3 2
lim / 8
5 3
7 3 4
lim / 7
1 6
8 3
lim / 6
3
2
2
3 3
2
2
3
4
2
+
+

+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+





x x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x

S:
27
8
/ 5
3
2
/ 4
/ 3
/ 2
2
1
/ 1

0 / 10
3
2
/ 9
1 / 8
/ 7
0 / 6
t
t

Bai tap 8: Tnh cac gii han:

x x
x x x
x
+ +
+ + + +

2 1 4
4 1 3 2
lim / 1
2
2

1
1 2 4 1 9
lim / 2
2 2

+ + + +

x
x x x x
x

S:

5
1
/ 1

1
1
/ 2

Dang


Bai tap 9: Tnh cac gii han:

,
_

+

+

+
3
1
2
2
3 2 3
1
3
1
1
lim / 4
) ( lim / 3
) 3 4 4 1 2 ( lim / 2
) ( lim / 1
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x

,
_

+
+
+
+ + +
+
+

+

6 5
1
2 3
1
lim / 8
) 1 1 ( lim / 7
) 1 ( lim / 6
) 3 ( lim / 5
2 2
2
2 2
2
3 3 2
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x
x
x
S:
1 / 4
2
1
/ 3
0
/ 2
3
1
/ 1

2 / 8
1 / 7
0 / 6
1 / 5

Dang : Tm gii han cua cac ham so lng giac:

Cho biet : 1
sin
lim
0

x
x
x

Bai tap 10: Tnh gii han cac ham so lng giac sau:

2
0
0
0
0
2
4 cos 1
lim / 4
sin
2 cos 1
lim / 3
1 1
2 sin
lim / 2
2
5 sin
lim / 1
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

2
0
0
2
2
0
3
0
6 cos 1
lim / 8
2
3
lim / 7
3
sin
lim / 6
sin
lim / 5
x
x
x
x tg
x
x
x
x tgx
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x x
x tg
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
cos 2 1
3
sin
lim / 12
sin
cos sin 1
lim / 11
cos 1 2
lim / 10
5 cos 1
3 cos 1
lim / 9
3
2
2
0
2
0
0

,
_

+
+

S:
25
9
/ 9
2
1
/ 5
2
5
/ 1

8
2
/ 10
9
1
/ 6
4 / 2

1 / 11
2
3
/ 7
2 / 3

3
1
/ 12
18 / 8
4 / 4
------------------------------------ Het
----------------------------------------
HAM SO LIEN TUC

Kien thc can nh:
1. Ham so lien tuc tai mot iem:
nh ngha: Cho ham so f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;
b). Ham so f(x) c goi la lien tuc tai iem

0
x
(a; b) neu:
) ( ) ( lim
0
0
x f x f
x x

.
Neu tai iem x
o
ham so f(x) khong lien tuc, th no c goi
la gian oan tai x
o
va iem x
o
c goi la iem gian oan cua
ham so f(x).
Theo nh ngha tren ham so f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;
b) la lien tuc tai iem

0
x
(a; b) neu va ch neu
) ( lim x f
o
x x

va
) ( lim
0
x f
x x
+

ton tai va
) ( ) ( lim ) ( lim
0
0 0
x f x f x f
x x x x

+

2. Ham so lien tuc tren mot khoang:
a. nh ngha:
Ham so f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a; b) c goi la
lien tuc tren khoang o, neu no lien tuc tai moi iem cua
khoang ay.
Ham so f(x) xac nh tren oan [a; b] c goi la lien
tuc tren oan o, neu no la lien tuc tren khoang (a; b) va
), ( ) ( lim a f x f
a x

+

) ( ) ( lim b f x f
a x

.
Lu y: o th cua mot ham so lien tuc tren mot
khoang la mot ng lien tren khoang o.
b. Mot so nh ly ve tnh lien tuc:
nh ly 1: Tong, hieu, tch, thng ( vid mau khac 0) cua
nhng ham so lien tuc tai mot iem la lien tuc tai iem o.
nh ly 2: Cac ham so a thc, ham so hu t, ham
so lng giac la lien tuc tren tap xa nh cua no.
nh ly 3: Neu ham so f(x) la lien tuc tren oan [a; b], th
no at c gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat va moi gia tr
trung gian gia gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat tren oan
o.
He qua. Neu ham so f(x) la lien tuc tren oan [a; b]
va f(a).f(b) < 0 th ton tai t nhat mot iem c

(a; b) sao cho

f(c) = 0.
Noi cach khac: Neu ham so f(x) la lien tuc tren oan
[a; b] va f(a).f(b) < 0 th phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat mot
nghiem tren khoang (a; b).
MOT SO DANG TOAN

Dang 1: Tm cac iem gian oan cua cac ham so:
Bai tap: Tm cac iem gian oan cua cac ham so sau:

.
2 3
4 5 2
/
. 3 4 5 /
2
2
2 3
+
+

+
x x
x x
y b
x x x y a

.
2
2 sin cot
/
. 5 cos /
x tg
x gx
y d
x tgx y c
+

+
Dang 2: Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so:

Bai tap 1: Cho ham so:

'

1
2 3
2
) (
2
2
x
x x
x
x f

) 1 (
) 1 (

<
x
x

Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x
0
= 1.
Bai tap 2: Cho ham so:

'

2
4
2 1
) (
2
x
x
x
x f

) 2 (
) 2 (
<

x
x
Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x
0
= 2.
Bai tap 3: Cho ham so:

'

+
+

1 1
1 1
2
3
) (
3
x
x
x f

) 0 (
) 0 (
>

x
x
Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x
0
= 0.
Bai tap 4: Cho ham so:

'

5
1
1
) (
2
x
x
x f

) 1 (
) 1 (

x
x
Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x
0
= 1.
Bai tap 5: Cho ham so:

'

1
1
2
) (
3
x
x
ax
x f

) 1 (
) 1 (
<

x
x
nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tai x
0
= 1.
Bai tap 6: Cho ham so:

'

x
x
x f
2
3 2 1
1
) (

) 2 (
) 2 (

x
x
Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so f(x) tai x
0
= 2.
Bai tap 7: Cho ham so:

'

+
+

x
x x
x
x
a
x f
1 1
2
4
) (

) 0 (
) 0 (
<

x
x
nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tai x
0
= 0.
Bai tap 8: Cho ham so:

'

+
+

2
2 2 3
4
1
) (
3
x
x
ax
x f

) 2 (
) 2 (
>

x
x
nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tren R.
Bai tap 9: Cho ham so:

'

2 3
2 4
3
2
) (
2
3
2
x x
x
ax
x f

) 2 (
) 2 (
>

x
x

nh a e ham so f(x) lien tuc tren R.
Bai tap 10: Cho ham so:

'

x
x
x f
cos 1
1
) (

) 0 (
) 0 (

x
x
Xet tnh lien tuc cua ham so tren toan truc so.
Dang 3: Chng minh phng trnh co nghiem:

Bai tap 1: CMR cac phng trnh sau ay co nghiem:

0 100 10 /
0 10 9 6 /
0 1 3 /
3 5
2 3
4
+
+
+
x x c
x x x b
x x a
Bai tap 2: CMR phng trnh 0 1 6 2
3
+ x x co 3 nghiem trong
khoang (-2 ; 2).
Bai tap 3: CMR phng trnh 0 1 3
3
+ x x co 3 nghiem phan
biet.
Bai tap 4: CMR phng trnh 0 20 12 6 4 3
2 3 4
+ x x x x co t
nhat hai nghiem.
Bai tap 5: CMR cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan
biet:

. 0 ) 5 ( ) 9 ( /
. 0 3 2 ) 2 )( 1 ( /
2
+
+
x x x m b
x x x m a

--------------------------------------- Het
---------------------------------------------
CAP SO CONG
Kien thc can nh:
1. nh ngha: Cap so cong la mot day so ( hu han hay
vo han), trong o, ke t so hang th hai, moi so hang eu
la tong cua so hang ng ngay trc no vi mot so khong
oi goi la cong sai.
Goi d la cong sai, theo nh ngha ta co: u
n+1
= u
n
+ d (n = 1,
2, ...).
ac biet: Khi d = 0 th cap so cong la mot day so trong o
tat ca cac so hang eu bang nhau.
e ch rang day so (u
n
) la mot cap so cong,ta k hieu

u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
, ....
2. So hang tong quat
nh l: So hang tong quat u
n
cua mot cap so cong co
so hang au u
1
va cong sai d c cho bi cong thc:
u
n
= u
1
+ (n - 1)d
3. Tnh chat cac so hang cua cap so cong
nh l: trong mot cap so cong, moi so hang ke t so
hang th hai ( va tr so hang cuoi cung oi vi cap so
cong hu han), eu la trung bnh cong cua hai so hang ke
ben no, tc la

2
1 1 +
+

k k
k
u u
u (k 2).
4. Tong n so hang au cua mot cap so cong
nh l: e tnh S
n
taco hai cong thc sau:
S
n
tnh theo u
1
va d
[ ] d n u
n
S
n
) 1 ( 2
2
1
+
S
n
tnh theo u
1
va u
n
) (
2
1 n n
u u
n
S +
BAI TAP AP DUNG
Bai tap 1: Xac nh so hang can tm trong moi cap so
cong di ay:

,... 8 , 5 , 2 / a
tm u
15
.
,... 3 2 , 4 , 3 2 / + b tmu
20
.
S:
3 18 40 /
44 /
20
15

u b
u a
Bai tap 2: Xac nh cap so cong co cong sai la3, so
hang cuoi la 12 va co tong bang 30.
Giai:
Ta co: ) (
2
1 n
u u
n
S +
) 12 (
2
30
1
+ u
n
ma
n n d n d n u u
n
3 15 ) 1 ( 3 12 ) 1 ( 12 ) 1 (
1

nen ) 12 3 15 (
2
30 + n
n

+
5
4
0 60 27 3
2
n
n
n n
Vi 3 : 4
1
u n ta co cap so cong
12 , 9 , 6 , 3
Vi 0 : 5
1
u n ta co cap so cong
12 , 9 , 6 , 3 , 0
Bai tap 3: Cho cap so cong:

'

+
+
26
10
6 4
3 5 2
u u
u u u
Tm so hang au va cong sai cua no.
Giai:

'

'

+ + +
+ + +

'

+
+
3
1
26 5 3
2 4
26
10
1
1 1
1 1 1
6 4
3 5 2
d
u
d u d u
d u d u d u
u u
u u u
Bai tap 4: Tm cap so cong co 5 so hang biet tong la 25
va tong cac bnh phng cua chung la 165.
Giai:
Goi cap so cong la:

u
3
- 3d, u
3
- d, u
3
, u
3
+ d, u
3
+ 2d
Theo gia thiet ta co:

'

'

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
2
5
165 ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 (
25 ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 (
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3 3 3 3 3
d
u
d u d u u d u d u
d u d u u d u d u

Vi d = 2 ta co
9 , 7 , 5 , 3 , 1

Vi d = -2 ta co
1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9
Bai tap 5: Tm 3 so tao thanh mot cap so cong biet so
hang au la 5 va tch so cua chung la 1140.
Giai:
Xet cap so cong
d d 2 5 , 5 , 5 + +

Theo bai ra ta co:
1140 ) 2 5 )( 5 ( 5 + + d d

+
2
29
7
0 203 15 2
2
d
d
d d
Vi d = 7 ta co
19 , 12 , 5
Vi d =
2
29
ta co 24 ,
2
19
, 5
Bai tap 6: Tm chieu dai cac canh cua mot tam giac
vuong biet chung tao thanh mot cap so cong vi cong
sai la 25.
Giai:
at 3 canh can tm la:
, 25 , , 25 + x x x
vi 25 > x
Theo nh l Pitago ta co:

2 2 2
) 25 ( ) 25 ( + + x x x

+ + + +
100
) ( 0
0 100
625 50 625 50
2
2 2 2
x
loai x
x x
x x x x x
Vi x=100 ta co cap so cong tng ng 3 canh la:
75,100,125
Bai tap 7: Cho cap so cong

u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, ...
Biet u
1
+ u
4
+ u
7
+ u
10
+ u
13
+ u
16
= 147.
Tnh u
1
+ u
6
+ u
11
+ u
16
.
Giai:
Ta co: u
1
+ u
4
+ u
7
+ u
10
+ u
13
+ u
16
= 147

(u
1
+ u
16
) + (u
4
+ u
13
) + (u
7
+ u
10
)

= 147

(2u
1
+ 15d) + (2u
1
+ 15d) + (2u
1
+ 15d) = 147

3(2u
1
+ 15d) = 147

2u
1
+ 15d = 49
Mat khac: u
1
+ u
6
+ u
11
+ u
16
= (u
1
+ u
16
) + (u
6
+ u
11
)
= (2u
1
+ 15d) + (2u
1
+ 15d) = 2(2u
1
+ 15d) = 2.49 =
98.
Suy ra: u
1
+ u
6
+ u
11
+ u
16
= 98.
Bai tap 8: Mot cap so cong (a
n
) co a
3
+ a
13
= 80.
Tm tong S
15
cua 15 so hang au tien cua cap so cong
o.
Giai:
Ta co: S
15
=
2
15
(u
1
+ u
15
).
Mat khac ta co: u
3
+ u
13
= (u
1
+ 2d) + (u
1
+ 12d)
= u
1
+ (u
1
+ 14d) = u
1
+ u
15
= 80.
Do o:S
15
=
2
15
(u
1
+ u
15
) =
2
15
.80 = 600.
Bai tap 9: Mot cap so cong co 11 so hang. Tong cua
chung la 176. Hieu cua so hang cuoi va so hang au la
30. Tm cap so o.
Giai:
Ta co: S
11
= 176 =
2
11
(u
1
+ u
11
)

2
11
(2u
1
+ 10d) = 176 (1)
va u
11
- u
1
= 30

(u
1
+ 10d) - u
1
= 30

10d = 30

d = 3 (2)
Thay (2) vao (1) ta c: u
1
= 1
Do o: Cap so cong can tm la:

1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31

Bai tap10: cho cap so cong (a
n
) co a
1
= 4, d = -3. Tnh a
10
.
Giai:
Ta co: a
10
= a
1
+ (10 - 1)(-3) = 4 + 9(-3) = -23
Bai tap 11: Tnh u
1
, d trong cac cap so cong sau ay:

'

'

+
35
19
/ 2
129
14
/ 1
9
5
13
5 3
u
u
S
u u

'

'

7 2
31
/ 4
2
45
9
/ 3
9 4
10 3
6
4
u u
u u
S
S
S: 1/ u
1
=
13
53
va d =
39
38
; 2/ u
1
= 3
va d = 4.
3/ u
1
= 0 va d =
2
3
; 4/ u
1
= va
d = .
Bai tap 12: Cho cap so cong (u
n
) co u
3
= -15, u
14
= 18.
Tnh tong cua 20 so hang au tien.
Giai:
Theo gia thiet ta co:

'

'

+
+
21
3
18 13
15 2
1 1 14
1 3
u
d
d u u
d u u

Vay: S
20
= 150 ) (
3
20
20 1
+ u u
Bai tap 13: Cho cap so cong (u
n
) co u
1
= 17, d = 3.
Tnh u
20
va S
20.

S: u
20
= 74, S
20
= 910
Bai tap 14: Cho cap so cong (u
n
) co a
10
= 10, d = -4.
Tnh u
1
va S
10
.
S: u
1
= 46, S
10
= 280
Bai tap 15: Cho cap so cong (u
n
) co u
6
= 17 va u
11
= -1.
Tnh d va S
11
.
S: d =
5
18
va S
11
= 187
Bai tap 16: Cho cap so cong (u
n
) co u
3
= -15, u
4
= 18.
Tm tong cua 20 so hang au tien.
S: S
20
= 1350
------------------------------------------ Het
-------------------------------------------------
CAP SO NHAN
Kien thc can nh:
1. nh ngha:
Cap so nhan la mot day so ( hu han hay vo han),
tronh o ke t so hang th hai moi so hang eu la tch cua
so hang ng ngay trc no vi mot so khong oi goi la
cong boi.
Goi q la cong boi, theo nh ngha ta co
u
n+1
=u
n
.q (n = 1, 2, ...).
ac biet:
Khi q = 0 th cap so nhan la mot day so dang u
1
, 0, 0, ...,
0, ...
Khi q = 1 th cap so nhan la mot day so dang u
1
, u
1
, ..., u
1
,
...
Neu u
1
= 0 th vi moi q, cap so nhan la day so 0, 0, ..., ...
e ch day so (u
n
) la mot cap so nhan ta thng dung
k hieu

..
..
u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
n
, ....
2. So hang tong quat
nh l: So hang tong quat cua mot cap so nhan c
cho bi cong thc:
u
n
= u
1
1 n
q
(q
0
)
3. Tnh chat cac so hang cua cap so nhan
nh l: Trong mot cap so nhan, moi so hang ke t so
hang th hai (tr so hang cuoi oi vi cap so nhan hu
han) eu co gia tr tuyet oi la trung bnh nhan cua hai so
hang ke ben no, tc la:

1 1
.
+

k k k
u u u
) 2 ( k
4. Tong n so hang au cua mot cap so nhan.
Cho mot cap so nhan vi cong boi q 1
u
1
, u
2
, ...,u
n
, ...
nh l: Ta co:

1
1
1

q
q
u S
n
n
(q 1)
BAI TAP AP DUNG
Bai tap 1: Tm cac so hang cua cap so nhan biet:
1/ Cap so nhan co 6 so hang ma u
1
= 243 vau
6
= 1
2/ Cho q =
4
1
, n = 6, S
6
= 2730. Tm u
1
, u
6
.
Giai:
1/ Ta co:
3
1
3
1
243
1
. 243 1 .
5
5 5
1 6
q q q q u u
Vay cap so nhan la: 243, 81, 27, 9, 3, 1
2/ Ta co:

512
1024
1365
2730
4
1
1
4
1
1
2730
1
1
1 1
6
1
6
1 6

,
_

u u u
q
q
u S
va
2
1
1024
512
4
1
. 512
4
4
1 6

,
_

q u u
Bai tap 2: Cho cap so nhan co: u
3
= 18 va u
6
= -486.
Tm so hang au tien va cong boi q cua cap so nhan o
Giai:
Ta co:

'

'

5
1
2
1
5
1 6
2
1 3
. 486
. 18
.
.
q u
q u
q u u
q u u

) 2 (
) 1 (
Lay (2) chia (1) ve theo ve ta c:
3 27
3
q q
The q = -3 vao (1) ta c: u
1
= 2
Vay ta co: u
1
= 2, q = -3
Bai tap 3: Tm u
1
va q cua cap so nhan biet:

'

144
72
3 5
2 4
u u
u u
Giai:
Ta co:

'

'

144 ) 1 (
72 ) 1 (
144
72
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
4
1
1
3
1
q q u
q q u
q u q u
q u q u

) 2 (
) 1 (

Lay (2) chia (1) ve theo ve ta c: q = 2
Thay q = 2 vao (1) ta c: 12 72 ) 1 4 ( 2
1 1
u u
Vay u
1
= 12, q = 2.
Bai tap 4: Tm u
1
va q cua cap so nhan (u
n
) co: u
3
=12,
u
5
=48.
Giai:
Ta co:

'

'

48
12
48
12
4
1
2
1
5
3
q u
q u
u
u

) 2 (
) 1 (
q = 0, u = 0 khong la nghiem cua he
Chia (2) cho (1) ve theo ve ta c:
2 4
2
t q q .
Thay vao (1) taco: 3
1
u
* q = 2, ta co cap so nhan 3, 6, 12, 24, ...
* q = -2, ta co cap so nhan -3, -6, -12, -24, ...
Bai tap 5: Tm u va q cua cap so nhan (u
n
) biet:

'

+ +
+ +
351
13
6 5 4
3 2 1
u u u
u u u
Giai:
Ta co:

'

+ +
+ +

'

+ +
+ +

'

+ +
+ +
351 ) 1 (
13 ) 1 (
351
13
351
13
2 3
1
2
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1 1 1
6 5 4
3 2 1
q q q u
q q u
q u q u q u
q u q u u
u u u
u u u

) 2 (
) 1 (
Lay (2) chia (1) ve theo ve ta c:
3 27
13
351
3
q q
Thay q = 3 vao (1) ta c u
1
= 1
Vay u
1
= 1, q = 3.
Bai tap 6: Tm cap so nhan (u
n
) biet cap so o co 4 so
hang co tong bang 360 va so hang cuoi gap 9 lan so
hang th hai.
Giai:
Theo bai ra ta co:

'

+ + +

'

+ + +
q u q u
q u q u q u u
u u
u u u u
1
3
1
3
1
2
1 1 1
2 4
4 3 2 1
9
360
9
360

) 2 (
) 1 (

T 3 9 ) 2 (
2
t q q
Thay q = 3 vao (1) ta c: 40u
1
= 360

u
1
= 9
Ta co cap so nhan: 9, 27, 81, 243
Thay q = -3 vao (1) ta c: u
1
= -18
Ta co cap so nhan: -18, 54, -162, 486.
Bai tap 7: Tong 3 so hang lien tiep cua mot cap so
cong la21. Neu so th hai tr i 1 va so th ba cong
them 1 th ba so o lap thanh mot cap so nhan. Tm ba so
o.
Giai:
Goi u
1
, u
2
, u
3
la ba so hang cua cap so cong cong sai d
Theo bai ra u
1
, u
2
-1, u
3
+1 lap thanh cap so nhan
Ta co:

'

+
+ +
) 1 ( ) 1 (
21
3 1
2
2
3 2 1
u u u
u u u

'

'

'

'

+
+

'

+ + +
+ + + +

5
4
7
0 20
7
) 8 )( 7 ( 36
7
8 6
7
) 1 2 ( ) 1 (
21 ) 2 ( ) (
1
2
1 1
1
2
1
1 1
2
1
1 1 1
d
d
d u
d d
d u
d d
d u
d u
d u
d u u d u
d u d u u
Vi d = 4 th u
1
= 3 ta co cap so cong: 3, 7, 11
Vi d = -5 th u
1
= 12 ta co cap so cong: 12, 7, 2
---------------------------------------- Het
---------------------------------------------------