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Modeling at Different Length Scales of The Wormholing Phenomenon
Modeling at Different Length Scales of The Wormholing Phenomenon
IFP
PhD Student : Charles Edouard COHEN IMFT : Michel QUINTARD IFP : Didier DING
Modlisation et simulation de la stimulation acide des puits carbonats Charles Edouard COHEN - 03/12/2007
Outline
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Introduction
Application of wormholing : matrix acidizing
Stimulation of a well when it is damaged after the drilling or a long period of production
Formation damage
IFP
Introduction
Application of wormholing : matrix acidizing
Stimulation of a well when it is damaged after the drilling or a long period of production Injection of acid in the well to dissolve the formation and create wormholes (instabilities) that go beyond the damaged zone and reconnect the well to the reservoir Dissolution instabilities wormholes
IFP
wormholes
Introduction
Dissolution Length-scales
Pore-scale (m)
phase phase
Core-scale (mm-cm)
Section-scale (cm-m)
Reservoir-scale (m-Km)
Wormhole
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Introduction
Example of experimental studies
Different systems :
Water-plaster (Daccord, 1987) Water-salt (Golfier et al., 2001) HCl-dolomite (Schechter et al., 1969, Daccord et al., 1993, ) Emulsion-dolomite (Hoefner et al., 1988, Bazin et al., 1999)
Melting metal (Hoefner et al., 1988) Melting metal + radiography (Fredd et al., 1997) Scanner (Bazin et al., 1999) NMR (Ziauddin et al., 2007) Injection of mercury (Ziauddin et al., 2007)
CT scanner (Ziauddin et al., 2007)
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Introduction
Dissolution Patterns
compact conical dominant ramified uniform dissolution wormholes wormhole wormhole dissolution
V0l Pe = D
with
l Da = V0
= dissolution coefficient
l = characteristic length injection velocity number of Pclet Pe
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Number of Damkhler Da
Introduction
Modeling of wormholing
Several models :
Small scale :
Pore network (Fredd et al., 1998, Daccord, 1989) Stochastic model (DLA) (Daccord, 1987, Pichler, 1992) Capillary tube (Hung et al., 1987, Huang et al, 1999, ) Local non-equilibrium model (Golfier et al., 2001, Panga et al., 2004, ) Equations of transport (Chen et al., 1997, Fan et al., 1997) Wormhole density model + capillary tube (Huang et al., 1999, Gdanski, 1999) Fractal dimension (Daccord et al., 1989, Frick et al., 1994, ) Pe-Da diagram (Gong et al., 1999) Correlations: volume for breakthrough (Buisje et al., 2005, Tardy et al., 2007) Dual porosity model (Golfier et al., 2004)
Large scale :
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C A t
+ V . C A .( D * C A ) = C A
Dissolution compacte V0 = 9.2710-8 m/s Wormholes coniques V0 = 4.6410-6 m/s
Darcy equation
r p g + K 1.V = 0
Fluid mass balance
.V = 0
Solid mass balance
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C A
Wormholes dominants V0 = 9.2710-5 m/s Wormholes ramifis V0 = 9.2710-3 m/s
Introduction
Dissolution Patterns
10 number of Damkhler Da
-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
10-4 10-3 compact dissolution conical wormhole 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
dominant wormhole
number of Pclet Pe
(Golfier et al., 2001)
Transitions between compact dissolution, conical and dominant wormholes regimes depend on the Pclet number Transitions between dominant wormholes regime, ramified wormholes and uniform dissolution depend on the Damkhler number
10
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Introduction
Dissolution Patterns
10 Damkhler number, Da
-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
10-4 10-3 compact dissolution conical wormhole 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
dominant wormhole
milieu poreux
11
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wormholes
10
Length of the dominant wormhole (m) 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 10000 20000 30000 time (s) 40000 50000
height = 40 cm height = 10 cm height = 5 cm
10 -2
12
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Dominant wormhole growth rate increases with domain height Optimum injection velocity increases with height decreasing
Vbt/Vp 1
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V0 = 3.5510-7 m/s
V0 = 1.7710-5 m/s
V0 = 1.7710-3 m/s
V0 = 1.7710-2 m/s
13
14
IFP
V0 = 4.9610-7 m/s
V0 = 1.6510-6 m/s
V0 = 1.6510-4 m/s
V0 = 1.6510-2 m/s
Vbt/Vp
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
Volume for breakthrough is higher in 2D than in 3D Compact dissolution occurs at the same injection velocity Transitions to other dissolution regimes occur at higher injection velocities in radial geometry than in linear geometry
10-1
Section-Scale Modeling
Development of a dissolution section-scale model with a dual porosity approach Matching of the model parameters with core-scale reference data Simulation of a matrix acidizing treatment Optimization method of the treatment design
16
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Section-Scale Modeling
Modeling of reactive transport in porous media : the dual porosity approach
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(Golfier, 2001)
17
Section-Scale Modeling
New Dual porosity approach
1
VH
porosity
VM
Transfer term
VM
Vtotal = VM + VH
18
IFP
VH
x (m)
Volume VH contains only dominant growing wormholes Volume VM contains wormholes of short growth and face dissolution
Section-Scale Modeling
Volume averaging of core-scale equations
Core-scale model
Acid transport equation
Section-scale model
H
mediaVH
* H * H * CH * * * * * + . H VH f H *CH M PM PH = g H t
C A t
+ V . C A .( D * C A ) = C A
Darcy-Brinkman equation
K* * V = H . PH * * H H = gH t
* . H VH
r p g + K 1.V V = 0
Fluid mass balance media VM
(P
* M
* PH = 0
* M
* CM * * * * * + . M VM f M + *C H M PM PH = g M t
.V = 0
Solid mass balance
* VM =
IFP
C A
K* * M . PM * M * = gM t
* . M VM +
(P
* M
* PH = 0
19
Section-Scale Modeling
Permeability-porosity relation (~heuristic)
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH * H * H = gH t * H
media VH
K wh
* 0 = K0 + ( K f K0 ) 1 0
Transverse direction
. HV
* M
* H
) (P
*
* M
* H
)=0
* CM * * * * * M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t
* . M VM +
Kt =
( 1 A) K
K 0 .K f
f
+ AK 0 )
avec
media VM
* 0 Kt = 1 0
K0 = initial permeability Kf = dissolved media permeability
20
IFP
(P
* M
* PH = 0
Section-Scale Modeling
Transfer term
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH 1 * H * Vsec tion H = gH t * H
* . H VH
media VH
AH M
V .n M ds
* * 4 K t _ eq ( PM PH )
y2
* * PM PH = 0
avec
K t _ eq =
K t _ H .K t _ M
M Kt _ H + H Kt _ H
* CM * * * * * M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t * M
* . M VM +
miedia VM
4 K t _ eq
y2
21
IFP
(P
* M
* PH = 0
Section-Scale Modeling
Modeling of dispersion : fraction flow
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH * H * H = gH t * H
* . H VH
media VH
( )=
* CH
(P
* M
* PH = 0
* * CH CH + (1 )/ HH C0 C0 * CM
* CH
* * CM * * * * * M M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t
* . M VM +
* CM
)=
media VM
* * CM CM + (1 )/ HM C0 C0
22
IFP
(P
* M
* PH = 0
Section-Scale Modeling
Dissolution term
* CH * * * * * H + . ( H VH f H ) *CH M ( PM PH ) = g H t K* * * VH = H . PH * H * H = gH t * H
* . H VH
media VH
Linearised model
* g L,H = H * g L,M = M L,H * CH * CM
L,M
(P
* M
* PH = 0
* CM * * * * * M + . ( M VM f M ) + *CH M ( PM PH ) = g M t K* * * VM = M . PM * M * M = gM t * M
* . M VM +
media VM
BFA, M
23
IFP
(P
* M
* PH = 0
Section-Scale Modeling
Injection velocity reference (core-scale) Section-scale AFB model
porosity porosity
4.6410-6 m/s
porosity
x (m)
x (m)
x (m)
porosity
porosity
9.2710-5 m/s
x (m)
x (m)
porosity
x (m)
9.2710-3 m/s
IFP
porosity
porosity
x (m)
x (m)
porosity
x (m)
24
Section-Scale Modeling
Injection velocity reference (core-scale)
pressure (Pa)
4.6410-6 m/s
porosity
x (m)
time (s)
9.2710-5 m/s
x (m)
pressure (Pa)
porosity
time (s)
9.2710-3 m/s
IFP
x (m)
pressure (Pa)
porosity
time (s)
25
Section-Scale Simulation
Simulation of matrix acidizing
PUNQ reservoir
Layer n5 19.53 mD 0 = 0.1857 Layer n4 15.53 mD 0 = 0.1691 Layer n3 154 mD 0 = 0.345 Layer n2 13.38 mD 0 = 0.1544 Layer n1 17.53 mD 0 = 0.1666
IFP
K (m)
90 m
K (m)
26
Section-Scale Simulation
Simulation of matrix acidizing treatment
Rservoir PUNQ
Layer n5 19.53 mD 0 = 0.1857 Layer n4 15.53 mD 0 = 0.1691 Layer n3 154 mD 0 = 0.345 Layer n2 13.38 mD 0 = 0.1544 Layer n1 17.53 mD 0 = 0.1666
IFP
K (m)
90 m
z (m)
Matrix acidizing
porosity variation
K (m)
r (m)
2D simulation
3D simulation
27
Section-Scale Simulation
Simulation of matrix acidizing
Initial formation Sglobal Slayer,1 Slayer,2 Slayer,3 Slayer,4 Slayer,5
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 -1 -2 -3
100
200
300
400
500
Dissolution is controlled by heterogeneities at the largest scale Most of the skin decrease occurs at the beginning of the stimulation
IFP
Sglobal
time (s)
28
Section-Scale Simulation
Stimulation Optimization
cumulated oil produced
optimisation software
zmax
reservoir simulator
skin
stimulation simulator
zmin
Optimization of the injection flow rate Q and fluid placement (zmin, zmax) The optimization process includes :
IFP
29
Section-Scale Simulation
Results of the optimization procedure
8 cumulated oil produced at surface condition (106 m3) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1000 2000 days 3000 4000 5000 damaged well without treatment damaged well after optimized treatment
production increase (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Q = 10-4 m3/s Q = 1.9510-3 m3/s zmin = 4.5310-4 m zmax = 90 m
optimized layer 1
layer 2
layer 3
layer 4
layer 5
entire well
30
IFP
Optimized treatment gives a 53.3 % increase of the production Optimization indicates that the entire well must be treated
Conclusion
Confinement effects are important on wormholing dynamics Differences between radial and linear geometries, 2D and 3D Development of a section scale model to simulate full acid treatment, based on a dual-porosity approach Development of a treatment optimization process
31
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32
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Section-scale simulation
Permeability-porosity relation in the wormhole growth direction
K wh * 0 = K0 + ( K f K0 ) 1 0
avec
Reference porosity at wellbore-scale Kwh(*) relation Kwh permeability at the wellbore-scale Solving the pressure field Pressure gradient through the core Exact pressure gradient
Pressure (Pa)
Time (s)
2000
3000
33
Section-scale simulation
Acid Flux Balance model (BFA)
g * ,H = BFA g
* BFA, M * H BFA, H . H VH f BFA, M M
( .(
) )
avec
BFA, H
V f
* M
BFA , M
* * VH H + VM M * n1 = ( H ) * VH n2 * * n1 VH H + VM M * = ( M ) * VM
n2
I terme convectif I 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 I terme de dissolution I
V0,1, C0 V0,2, C0 V0,3, C0
1.2 1.2
kg.m-3.s-1
0, roche,
BFA =
1 Nac 1+ ( 1 0 )
11
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6
200
400
600
AFB
IFP
00
AFB BFA
750 750 950 950 1150 1150 time (s) temps (s)
thorie
1350 1350
AFB - theory
1550 1550
34
Section-scale simulation
Transfer term
1
M y/2 y/2 H y/2 x
* * 4 K t _ eq ( PM PH )
Vsec tion
AH M
V .n M ds
y2
avec
K t _ eq =
K t _ H .K t _ M
M Kt _ H + H Kt _ H
VM
VH
Priodicit spatiale
4 K t _ eq
y2
milieu poreux
( = 0, K0)
Kt _ H =
K t ()
( 1 A
K 0 .K f
) K f + AH K 0 ) K 0 .K f ) K f + AM K 0 )
avec
* H 0 AH = 1 0 * M 0 AM = 1 0
wormhole
IFP
( = 1, Kf)
Kt _ M =
(1 A
avec
35
Section-scale simulation
Parameter of the model AFB
0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 10-8 10-6 10-4 vitesse (m/s) 10-2 1
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 10-8 10-6 10-4 vitesse (m/s) 10-2 1
HM HH
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10-8
10-6
10-2
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-2
10-1
36
Section-scale simulation
Parameter of the linearised model
10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 1 10 10
-1
10-3 10
-5
s-1
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 vitesse (m/s) 3 y
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 vitesse (m/s) 0 m m
HM HH
37
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