Derivation of Smith Chart Equations The relationship between impedance and reflection coefficient is given by: .1(Gz.

+ ) Z(z= )Z (1) o.. 1(Gz) .. where Zo is the characteristic impedance of the system. The normalized impedance is 1 (z+G +G)1 Z(z)== (2) n 1(z-G -G)1 The reflection coefficient and the normalized impedance have the form: GG G (3) = r+ji and Zn rj (4) =+x Therefore 1+Gr+jGi rj+x= 1-j Gr

Gi [(1+G)j +G][(-Gr)j i] 1 +G = ri (1-Gr)2+Gi2 12j 1 +G )2 G+G( +G)j 1 (G G rir iri = (1-Gr)2+Gi2 Separating real and imaginary components, 1-G2-G2-2jG ri i rjx= + (5) (1-Gr)2+Gi2 Isolating the real part from both sides 22 1-G G r-i r= (6)

(1-Gr)2+Gi2 Multiplying through by the denominator,

2 22 .+. r1 G GG 2+=1GG . r ri . ri 2(r 1) G2(r+-1) 2r =1-r G++ G ri r 2 22rGr1-r GG += (7) r i1r+ 1r + Completing the square 2 22rGrr2 1-r r2 GG + +

+= ri 22 1+r (1+r) 1+r (1+r) . r .2 21 G+G= .r . i2 . 1r+. (1 +r) This is the equation of a circle centered at .r . 1 ,0 and of radius .. .1r+ 1r .+

Equating the imaginary parts in (5) 2G x= i (8) (1-r )2 +i2

GG . 22. x1+2+ =G G GG 2 (9) . r ri .i G2x 2x +x2 -2 =-x (10) -GG G r rii 2 22Gi1 1 +11 GG 2 +1 G +=-+ rri 22 xxx 2 . 1.21 (Gr1).i .= 2 -

+ G. x. x This is the equation of a circle centered at 11 .. 1, of radius .. xx ..

The reflection coefficient is given by Zn -1 -+jx r1 G= = Zn1r ++ jx + 1 We also have 22 .(r 1) -+x .1/2 G= =1 . 22 . .(r+1) +x . 1+G(z) Zn = 1-G(z)

11-G(z) y==

Zn 1+G(z) Thus, going from normalized impedance to normalized admittance corresponds to a 180 degree shift. 3 ways to move on the Smith chart 1 Constant SWR circle .. displacement along transmission line 2. Constant resistance (conductance) circle .. addition of reactance (susceptanc e) 3. Constant reactance (susceptance) arc .. addition of resistance (conductance)