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The 8th IALE World Congress 18 - 23 August, 2011, Beijing, China

ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN BRIEF

Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin

Prof. Hadi Susilo Arifin (IPB) and Prof. Richard TT Forman (Harvard University)

DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP FAPERTA - SPs - IPB 2011-2012

JADWAL PERKULIAHAN
Physical Environment Aquatic Environment Population and Their Regulation Evolutionary Ecology Ecological Communities Energy and Matter in Ecosystems

THE SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY

A useful back ground to landscape ecology Ecology: the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment Natural ecosystem Basic ecological balancing process

Courtesy slide from Ong BL

Landscape Ecology focuses on

(a) STRUCTURE, the spatial patterns of landscape elements and ecological objects (animals, biomass, mineral nutrients); (b) FUNCTION, the flows of objects between landscape elements; (c) CHANGE, alterations in the mosaic through time

Four Basic Concepts in LE

Landscape Ecology Function

Structure

Change

C U L T U R E
Arifin & Nakagoshi, 2010

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Early Greek and Roman era: How plants and animals were related to the environment The 17th-18th century: natural historians, agriculturist, geographers, human demographers The 19th century: plant geographers, aquatic biologist, zoologist developed principles The 20th century: quickening and broadening of the ecological sphere animal behaviorists, evolutionist, statisticians, animal geographers, plant community ecologists.

TWO BROAD PRESPECTIVES PERMEATE ALL BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY

FEED BACK SYSTEMS: feedback loop (Negative feedback when one component stimulates a second, but the second inhibits the first e.g. predator and prey; Positive feedback one component stimulate the second, which in turn stimulate the first e.g. parents reproduce and increase the number of offspring; offspring grow up and increase the number of parents) PROXIMATE and ULTIMATE FACTORS in determining organism environment interactions. A proximate factor has a direct or relatively direct effect on an organism An ultimate factor causes or control the proximate factor.

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Climate: T, RH, Wind and Light primary environmental controls on terrestrial organism
http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mariet
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CARBON Cycle
http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mariet Pertanian
Kuliah IX, Pengantar Ilmu 10

400 300 200 100 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

400 300 200 100 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tipe Lokal

400 300 200 100 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tipe Equatorial

400 300 200 100 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Soil: a wide variety of soil types is influenced by climate, vegetation, soil animals, and bedrock chemistry soil texture, soil porosity (physical characteristics); acid, sulfuric, nitric, carbonic acid (chemical characteristics).

Tipe Monsoon

Types of Precipitation Distribution in Indonesia (source; PIP)

06/03/2012 Kuliah 6. Pengantar Ilmu Pertanian 11

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Sumber Foto: Hadi Susilo Arifin

SOILS TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION

Berdasarkan distribusi ukuran partikel tanah dan plastisitas Menggunakan: Segi-tiga tekstur untuk pertanian
1. 2.

International Society of Soil Science (ISSS) US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Contoh: Leuwikopo : Pasir (x) 25%, Liat (y) 62%, Debu (z) 13% - Source: PIP

Fire ~ some areas undergo frequent fires on which the animals and plants can literally be said to depend. Adaptations to frequent fire burrowing in the soil, sprouting from roots, opening cones only when hot, feeding on fruits of other fire-adapted species.

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
Hydrologic cycle: water evaporates from the surface of oceans and land to the air, falls on the land precipitation, run off in stream and rivers passing through lakes and ponds, enters estuaries, and finally returns to oceans

Source: Internet

WATER CYCLE

Sumber Foto: Hadi Susilo Arifin

Hyougou Prefecture Magazine

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LOTIC & LENTIC ENVIRONMENT

Lotic environment: water bodies with fast moving water streams and rivers (flow rate, turbidity, the effect of Temperature on the biota of rapids and pools aquatic insect larvae are the major consumers in lotic environment) Lentic environment: water bodies with slow moving water lake ponds and bogs/marsh/swamp (small particle-sand/silt can accumulate on the bottom some aquatic plants; burrowing worms play major roles.
Sumber Foto: Hadi Susilo Arifin

MARINE ENVIRONMENT
ESTUARY: when fresh water from the land mixes with salt water from the ocean produces the brackish water Nutrients from four sources: fresh water flowing of the land, the ocean tides, the atmosphere, and sediments from its bottom. Animal species diversity is relatively high, but plant species diversity is usually low.

TWO DISTINCT AREAS IN ESTUARIES

A bay of open water separated from the ocean by a narrow, sandy barrier beach A salt marsh or mangrove woodland in tropical areas where tides leave exposed mud surfaces

Sumber Foto: Hadi Susilo Arifin

POPULATIONS & THEIR REGULATION

A population is a group of individuals of the same species located at a particular time and place. Population ~ density: the number present per unit area of suitable habitat Age pyramid three categories: prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive individuals.

Population Grows with No Limitation in Available Resources

Exponential ~ J-shaped

dN/dt = rN
N: the population size dN/dt : the change in population size in a time interval t r: the intrinsic rate of increase of the species the r is simply equal to the birth rate minus the death rate.

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Environmental Resources do Become Limiting a term for Environmental Resistance dN/dt = rN (K-N/K) K : Carrying capacity of the environment N: the present Population A sigmoid ~ S-shaped, or Logistic form COMPETITION when two populations are inhibited by the interaction, we have competition. dN1/dt = r1N1 (K1-N1-N2 / K1) N2 : the population size of the second species Constant ; present that is a measure of the inhibitory effect of one individual of the second population on the first population

NEXT
PREDATION POPULATION REGULATION -----EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES ENERGY AND MATTER IN ECOSYSTEMS

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