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Stop, Station, and Terminal Capacity: Today's Topics
Stop, Station, and Terminal Capacity: Today's Topics
Stop, Station, and Terminal Capacity: Today's Topics
May 4, 2004
Todays Topics
Station elements Sizing station elements Emergency evacuation considerations
Station Elements
Elevator
Stairs
Bench
Not Pictured
Faregates Park-and-ride access Bike storage Artwork Electronic displays Station agents Doorways Moving walkways Restrooms Driver break areas Vending Escalators Kiss-and-ride access
Transit centers
Usually off-street Few to many amenities
Transit stations
Off-street Many amenities
Design Issues
How many bus bays (loading areas) are needed? Is there enough room for passengers to wait and circulate? Is there enough space & passenger demand for particular amenities?
Design Issues
Additional considerations for stations and terminals:
Are passenger processing elements (e.g., stairs and fare gates) adequately sized? What station element constrains capacity? Emergency evacuation needs
Design Issues
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
ADA requirements affect design Addressed in TCQSM to the extent it impacts the sizing of station elements TCQSM provides input into the design process, but isnt a design manual
Passenger Access
Location Bus Stop Transit Center Bus/Rail Station Intermodal Terminal Walk/Bike
Typical practice is to provide a separate bus stop for each route More than one berth might be needed, depending on route frequency and layover/recovery time needs
& Design
HCM has similar concepts, but intended for sidewalksTCQSMs levels of service are intended for transit facilities Level of service measure: average space per person
>= 13 ft2 per person 10-13 ft2 per person 7-10 ft2 per person 3-7 ft2 per person 2-3 ft2 per person < 2 ft2 per person
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11
Use walkway procedures (shown later) From stairs/escalators to platform From trains to stairs/escalators Transferring passengers traversing the platform
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Walkways
13
Flow (how many pedestrians can pass by a given point) is the product of speed and density:
V=S*D Units: pedestrians per foot width per minute
Result is a station element sized to accommodate a given number of persons per hour, at a design level of service
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Walkway LOS
LOS A LOS B LOS C LOS D LOS E LOS F
>= 35 ft2/p, avg. speed 260 ft/min 25-35 ft2/p, avg. speed 250 ft/min 15-25 ft2/p, avg. speed 240 ft/min 10-15 ft2/p, avg. speed 225 ft/min 5-10 ft2/p, avg. speed 150 ft/min < 5 ft2/p, avg. speed <150 ft./min
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Walkway LOS
Walkways
Typical ped speed for design: 250 ft/min Capacity occurs at LOS E/F threshold
Peds walk at a shuffle
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Stairway LOS
LOS A Avg. Ped. Space Flow per Unit Width (ft2/p) (m2/p) (p/ft/min) (p/m/min) Description Sufficient area to freely select speed and to 20 1.9 5 16 pass slower-moving pedestrians. Reverse flows cause limited conflicts. 15-20 1.4-1.9 5-7 16-23 Sufficient area to freely select speed with some difficulty in passing slower-moving pedestrians. Reverse flows cause minor conflicts. Speeds slightly restricted due to inability to pass slower-moving pedestrians. Reverse flows cause some conflicts. Speeds restricted due to inability to pass slower-moving pedestrians. Reverse flows cause significant conflicts. Speeds of all pedestrians reduced. Intermittent stoppages likely to occur. Reverse flows cause serious conflicts. Complete breakdown in pedestrian flow with many stoppages. Forward progress dependent on slowest moving pedestrians.
10-15
0.9-1.4
7-10
23-33
7-10
0.7-0.9
10-13
33-43
4-7
0.4-0.7
13-17
43-56
0.4
Variable
Variable
35
40
45
50
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Where stairs will be the primary vertical circulation element, design to LOS C to D Emergency evacuation needs may require better LOS (discussed later)
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Escalator Capacity
Nominal capacity values based on one person every other step (single-width), or one person every step (double-width)
Elevators
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Elevator Usage
Vertical circulation within station Deep station access
New York: 168th, 181st, 191st Washington, DC: Forest Glen Portland, OR: Washington Park
Elevator Capacity
Calculated similarly to transit vehicles
Car capacity is combination of loading standard (area per passenger) and elevator floor area Time to make round-trip, including loading and unloading passengers
Station access elevators often have doors on both sides for simultaneous loading/unloading
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Moving Walkways
Moving Walkways
Typical speed 100 ft/min, some up to 160 ft/min
Less than typical walking speed
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Doorways
Doorway Capacity
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Fare Control
26
Ticket Machines
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Emergency Evacuation
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29
Passengers on platform during peak 15 minutes, assuming trains are one headway late
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31
P15 =
Ph 4( PHF )
P15 =
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Total area required under normal operations and LOS C conditions: 5,685 ft2
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