Фотоволтаици

..............
4
..7
1.
8
1.1. ...8
1.2. .11
1.3. ............16
1.4. ............24
1.5. 29
1.6.
...36
1.7....39
1.8. .41
1.9. ............45
1.10....47
2.
50
2.1 ...51
2.2 ...53
2.3 .55
3.
60
3.1. 60
3. 2. 60 kWp .63
3.3 ..89
4. ...93
.94

. - ,
, - ,
,
, .

.
.
()
- (),
,
20 - 30 , "
. ()
,
. , ,
. ,
.
2040-2050 .
- . 2020-2025 .

, , ,
. 20
30

". -
,
, , ,
. . " . -

. ,
, .
1,96.10 , 10
.
,
.
,
.

.
-,
. , -
.
4
,
,
. ,

. ,
,
. ,

.
.
,
, .
,
2150 ( 49%
). 77% ,
,
.
-
. 1300 - 1700
kWh/m2 (
, ).

.
, ,

. 19 2007 .

,
. 2013 . ,
,
. , , ( ), .

.
,
,
, ,
. ( )
. (
) 100% ,
.

.
2013

.
-
,
:
1. , ,
.
2.
.
3. ,
, .
.
.
4.
5. ,
.
, ,
.
6. -
.
7.
, ,
- .
8. , ,
- .
9.
, - .
10. ,
40 ,
.
11. .

, .
12. (.62)
, ,
6

.
-
.
()
, - .

.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
- .
60 kWp ,
, .
.

1839 .
. - 1877 . ,
,
.
:
, .
. .
1% .
, -
(Phovoltaic Cell, PV Cell) V. 1927-1930 .
V .

(Energy Conversion Efficiency) h,
, 1%.

, (19491954)
- .
1954 . Chapin, Fuller Pearson
h=6%.
,
15-17%, 24%
. ,

.
1.

1.1.
,
.1.
N m PN,
, ,
. ,
V .
(TiO2
SiN), 5% .
-
. 0,18 0,35 mm, -
10x10 16x16 cm.
.1
.2
,
. , -
,
. -
,
.

N-,
, - - ( ) .2.

0,6 V, 0,45-0,5 V.

9
. ,
- .
,
3-6 .1 .
, V,
(Concentrating Photovoltaic, CPV)
.

- .

.. . :
-
Eg
NA ND

- NA
- ( )
e p = NA,
- .
n- ND

no=ND.
.
g
.
, 4-8 V
0.6-2 V.
, = h -
Eg (h Eg)
.
.
( - ()).
h > Eg
: -
- , n p. n=p,
.

.

. n - p
.3
10
.3 n - p
. 4 n p .
.4 n p
n p
n+ ,
.
.

:
.5
11
I dark - ;
Iph - ;
Rs - ,
;
Rsh ,
;
.6 n / p
.
.6 n/p
1.2
,
.
.

. "" ,
.
.

. ,
""
. ,
,
.

,
12
, N
. .7 .
, ,
.
.7
() ,

. 1010
16x16 cm , . . 8 ,
.
.8
13

, . . 9 .
,
.
. 9
Iph, e . p/n
, .
:
:
ID ;
IS ;
m m = 1...5VT ;
VT = 25,7mV 25C;
k k = 1,380658 10-23 JK-1;
T ; [T] = K = -273,15C;
e e = 1,60217733 10-19 As.

.
14
.
- .10 - RS.
RP.
. 10
,
.
0 = IPh - ID - Ip I :
:
, ,
,
.
. -
. . 11 -
1010 cm,
. . 9,
, (m=1)
, -
(m>1).
15
. 11
. -
- , .10 , .
11 . .
=430W/m2,
T=300 K (=26,850).
. 12
. 12 -
. ,
-.
.
15 V, , .
. ,
. 2 ,
30 W,
..
16
1.3
,
(Standard Test Conditions) STC,
25, l = 1000W/ m 2
(Air Mass, Spectrum, Spectral Distribution) 1.5.
, 1,5
- -, .

, 1.5
. STC :
El- [W/ m 2 ] ,
,
. 300 1100nm ,
(380 740nm.) 740nm .
45%
, ( ) 7% , - 48%
( ) .

. .13
.
.13
17

, m 2 1300 kWh/ m 2
, 1700 kWh/ m 2 - .
,
:
1. -
2100 , . , -
2200-2300 .
2. .

.
,
15 , 8 .
3. . ,
20%
.
- (Nominal Operating Cell
Temperature) NOCT, l = 800W/ m 2 , 1.5,
1 m/s 20.
-Wp ( ) kWp ( ) , ,
,
- (Open-Circuit Voltage) Voc
l 200 W/ m 2 .
a Voc
-0,2%/ -0,5%/.
Voc(t).
- (Short Circuit Current) -Isc
.
5 A/ m 2 - 20 A/ m 2 ,
10 A/ m 2 .
l < 1000W/ m 2 , l/Isc .
, aIsc
+0,02%/1 +0,06%/1.
18
.14
- .14 .15 ,
, ,
. V
.
19
.15
- - Pmax. ,
.
(Maximum Power Rating) Pmax ( Pmpp). ,
-
(Maximum Power Voltage) Vmp ( Vmpp)
0,65V 0,8Voc.
(Maximum Power Current) Imp ( Impp), 10-15% - Isc.
Pmax
a Pmpp -0,6%/1.
20
. 16
- h - (Energy Conversion
Efficiency).
, h =
Pmax
,
Ac
V. , l.
- Pm,
Uoc Isc-
,
. 0,35-0,45%
1 . , 20 ,
20% - 70 ( ).
. 17 Pm
21
. 18 U
. 19 I
- (Fill Factor)
V FF =
Pmax
, ,
Voc I sc
1.
. 20 ()
Rv
.
22
maximum power point MPP

3.5
1.4
PMPP
ISC
3.0
1.2
cell current [A]
IMPP
A
V
2.5
1.0
2.0
0.8
1.5
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.5
output power [ W]
STC:
T = 25C
AM = 1.5
E = 1000 W/m2
0.2
VOC
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
cell voltage [V]
0.6
0
0.7
VMPP
. 20
:
Voc - RL=
Isc - RL= 0
Pm - Pm = Im.Vm
FF
: FF=
Vm . Im
, .. Im.Vm
Voc .Isc
Voc. Isc. FF 0.75 0.85.

3.5
3.0
cell current [A]
IMPP
area A
ISC
2.5
MPP
area B
2.0
1.5
area
B
Flche
B
fill factor
Fllfaktor
FF==------Flche
A
area
A
1.0
0.5
VOC
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
cell voltage [V]
0.5
VMPP
0.6
0.7
. 21 FF
23
( )
,
Im.Vm ph :
=
Im .Vm
Pph
FF .Isc .Voc
Pph
Rs Rsh,
. 5 . . 22 (,)
.
. 22 Rs Rsh
Rsh Voc
, .
24
Rs
.
Rs 0.05 /cm2 .
1.4
- .

, .
(),
.

. ,
:

. 23
25
,
,
. .24
.
.24
,
, .
-- ,
.

.
- -
, ,
,
. ,
.
, , , .
--
,
. ,
,
.
- , ,
, ,
.
-.
,
.
, , .
26
-
.
,
, . .25
.

.
. 25
:

/

27
. 26

. 27

,

.

-

-
. 27
,
, .
.
,
.
.
28
,
.

,
. . ,
( )
.
.
.
( ) ( ).
.
-
.
.
- ,

.

.
.
- (PV Stand-Alone System),

.
, ( )

- (PV System with Battery)
, .
Deep-Cycle,
.
, -
- . ,
29
- , ,
-, GSM ,
.
V (Portable Solar
Module, Solar Panel Kit).
- ,
,
. , -
,
.
- , - ,
(PV Connected to Utility Grid).
,
, .
,
, .
,
.
.
. , ,
-
, .
,

. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
1.5
,
,
.
30
-(Photovoltaic Cell, PV
Cell) V:

,
p-n .
, .

14% .
,
24% .
,
, ,
.
. 28

, .
-, -.
12%. ,
20
,
1% .
,
1 m2
120 Wp/m2.
31
. 29

-
, .
,
. ,
0,2 mm 200
,
.
. ,
,
.
.
,
, -
.
32
. 30

.

, 40 ,
1mm, , .
V .
- V,
- , ,
- .
HIT Cell (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer)

V,
N .
,
.
, N,
, .
h 17,8%. - ...
(Tandem Cell, Stacked Cell)

(Nanocrystaline Silicon, nc-Si),
.
33

h
(CdTe),
. V
, 100-
.
- (CuInSe2)
CIS, I, III V
h = 13,5%.
V
, .
(Pliable SIC Solar
Cell). h 19,5% CIGS, G
CuGaSe2.
h
= 14,1%.

- (
1%) . 1 m 2
1g .

, :
- , 1000 W/m2,
- - 25 C,
- AM 1.5

- Al
1 2.
,
(EVA)
.

/

.
1. ,

.
2. , .
34
3.
.
,
.
4
. ,
.
, , ,
. (
)
12 14%,
- -.
,
1000 W/m2 . ,
, 1 ,
120 - 140 W 1000 W/m2.
, 1000 W/m2 (
970 W/m2, - 1000), , -
, 12-14 %.

,
.
. -
.
. ,
.
.
.
-
.
,
- .

. , ,
, .
50%,
39%. 3 - 4 -.

.
, ,
, ...
, .
- ,
35
( )
0 14% , .
, - 0 7%,
-. ,
,
-
.
.
, ,
.

.
, ,
, 100 300 -,
.
,
- .
, .
,
, .
,

.
,
,
, .
, -

( ) , -
. ,
, -,
,
, , ,

( )
. -
,
, -,
.

.
36
,
.

2.9 4.5 3.3
*
.
1.6
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ( 100%)
()
, ,
- . ,
, ,
,
. win-win
,
, 90%.
,
. :
37
,
. ,
. ,
( ),
(
) ,
.
.
-
-
. ,
.
.
,
,
. ,
/ ,
" : :
". ,
,
.
. 31
,
. ,
,
, ,
, ..
,
.
38
.
1:1
.
, ,
100- ,
,
, /
.
( -) .
. 32

39
. 33

1.7

220, 380V/50, 60Hz.
, ,
,
() . ,
,
:
( )

a 2-3 %

.. 96 %
>1 MWp .
, , 100 KW
.
10 KW ..
98%, -
. e
:
(off grid)
(grid-connected)
50 Hz
. ( ).
50 Hz.
. ,
..
:
-

.
- (
, 50Hz )
40
.
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
- ,
( .)

- ,
(
,
)
-
.
- ,
, -

, ,
,
.
.
1.8

.
20-30 .
.34
30 .
41
. 34
,
.
:

. ,

. .

.

,
. , ,
. () .

. ,
.
, ,
. - -
- .
, 60%
80% .

42
. ,

. . 35 . 36
, . 35 , . 36
.
. 35
. 36

.
:
( )
()

, . ,

,
, 32 - 33.
43
37
,
(
), .
75 kg/m2 DIN 1055 102 km/h.
, ,
:
, ,
.

.
,
:
-

( 25 )

.
44
38

30% 40%
, .
, -,
-
. ,

, 10 m/s.
- , .
39 ,
45
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
1.9

,

.
: .
:
o

;
o

( - ), - ;
o

( ) .

,
:
o
(
, - n );
o
Rs ( ), ;
o
( R-).
.40
, ( ).
, 200 m,
24% ,
15%. -, . 18%, 14%
. - -
(GaAs) .
. 25%
.. 1000Wm-2, 28%
. GaAs
30%.
46
.40

( )
.

(gF).
()
( ).
-
.
.
-
DC/AC - ,
.
,
.
47
- ,
. 2 -.
-
.

. 1000V
.
, .

,
1.10
,
.
.. " ,
.

. -
.,
, ,

. ,

. - ,
"
, .

,
.
,
,
. ,
.
-
.
. , ,
22 .

. .
, ,
.
(22 ) ,
48
(4-10 ).
.
.

,
, .

. ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
1. , ,

2. DC
, ( , ).
, -
.
(C DC) .
,
. ,
- DC
,
. , ,
(, )
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.

,
.
.
.
, .
:
1.
4
..
2.
.
49
3. .
.
4 ,
- 0.5 .
..
- .
- 1000 800 .
10-15% .
.
,
.

:
IP2x - 12 mm
IP4x - 1 mm
IP5x - ,
IP6x
IPx0
IPx1
IPx3
60
IPx4 - ,
IPx5
IPx7
)

, -
. IP65
.
IP54 Mastervolt , ,
.
, .
. SMA
. , .
,
, , - .
SMA
. ,
IP54
.
. , IP65 IP54
. IP65 , IP54 , .
. IP65 , ,
, , , ( ).
50
2. -

,
. ,

25 .
.
,
.
,
, - ,
. ,
,
.

. ,
, .
,
.
- ,
, ,
.

. -
,
.
51
2.1
:
5 10 ,

- . , ,
:

[ ]

(...)
[V] [A]
[-- mm]
[kg]

:
[W]
[mm2 m2]

:
:
( ) ,
;

52
: (landscape)
(portrait)
[%]
[%]

:
, .
,
,
.
. 41
53
/ .2.1.1
[ kg ]

[ mm ]
125 W
1500 680
13
325
, ,
,

150 W
1600 800
17.5
380
, ,
,

200 W
1500 1000
19
520
, ,
,

220 W
1650 1000
22
560
, ,
,

. .2.1.1 1616 .
2.2

.
, .
,
: .

50Hz, , , .
kHz.
-
. -
. -
,
DC , .
-
,
.
kW - .
.
. -
54
-
. . 2.2.1 - ,
.
SMA Sunny Boy SB 1100 + ESS

SMA Sunny Boy SB 2100TL + ESS
SMA Sunny Boy 5000TL HC MS +
ESS
SMA Sunny Boy SB 3300TL HC +
ESS
SMA Sunny Boy SB 3000TL-20 +
ESS
KACO Powador2500xi
Mastervolt XS6500
ESS
KACO Powador4000xi
KACO Powador4500xi
KACO Powador3500xi
ESS
KACO Powador5000xi
KACO Powador6400xi
SMA Sunny Mini Central SMC
6000TL + ESS
KACO Powador7200xi
7000TL + ESS
KACO Powador8000xi
8000TL + ESS
9000TL + ESS
10000TL + ESS
11000TL + ESS
91,6
91,8
93,2
95,2
EUR
484
731
891
529
EUR
1223
1686
2150
1679
0,46
95,5
1180
3850
0,670
3795
0,40
94,6
934
2438
0,642
3200
3450
0,40
94,7
834
2201
0,638
3000
3200
3450
0,45
96,0
629
2193
0,636
1546
1216
1591
1999
3600
2500
3800
5000
3820
3200
4040
5500
4140
2875
4370
5750
0,37
0,42
0,36
0,35
94,4
95,8
94,7
94,5
1057
551
1056
1442
2603
1767
2647
3441
0,629
0,614
0,606
0,598
1921
4000
4300
4600
0,42
96,2
797
2718
0,591
1763
1795
1457
4000
4500
3500
5250
6000
4200
4600
5175
4025
0,38
0,35
0,36
95,8
95,3
95,8
881
1109
771
2644
2904
2228
0,575
0,561
0,553
2190
5000
5300
5750
0,38
96,5
918
3108
0,540
1837
2178
5000
6400
6800
7200
5750
7360
0,32
0,30
95,3
95,8
1232
1409
3069
3587
0,534
0,487
2609
6000
6200
6900
0,38
97,7
724
3333
0,483
2201
7200
8100
8280
0,27
95,8
1586
3787
0,457
2726
7000
7200
8050
0,34
97,7
844
3570
0,443
2308
8000
9000
9200
0,25
95,8
1762
4070
0,442
2770
8000
8250
9200
0,30
97,7
965
3735
0,406
3047
9000
9300
10350
0,29
97,7
1085
4132
0,399
3239
10000
10350
11500
0,28
97,7
1206
4445
0,387
3424
11000
11400
12650
0,27
97,7
1326
4750
0,376
AC
Power
DC
Power
Real
Max DC
Power
EUR/
Wp
Euro
Eta
[%]
1100
1700
2500
2100
1210
1850
2700
2200
1265
1955
2875
2415
0,58
0,49
0,44
0,48
2670
5000
5300
5750
1504
3300
3440
1368
3000
1564
EUR
739
955
1259
1150
. 2.2.1
:
1. - 1 , -
EUR/Wp.
2. -
.
3. - SMA
SMC 11000TL 0.40 EUR/Wp.
4. - SMA SMC 6000
0.57 EUR/Wp.
55
EUR/
Wp
0,967
0,862
0,748
0,695
5. -
0.17 EUR/Wp , - .
6. ( 5 kWp) - 0.25..1.00 EUR/Wp
- . - 7-30%.
5 kWp (
).
2.3
E-
,
,

*:
.
(,
), .
- ,
(,
)
56
( ).
, .
.
()
.
.
.

.
.
72 , .
16.
.
57
,
.
, .
.161, .163,
.166 .
/
/
,
.
.
,
58
:

.

- / / ;
-, ,
;
;
-, , , ..
, . ,
;
- / /
.
-
/ /.

) - , ,
, ,, ., ,
,
.
) / / - :
; ; ; ;
, ; ; ,
;
)
) -

, .

.
59
:

=
* [%]*
:
[]=
*

= /
[]
,
:
,
(
):
5 - 823 ./.
5 - 755 ./.
: .

1200
1300 kWh/kWp.
460-500 EUR .
3500
3800 EUR/kW ,
.
. 3900 EUR/kW.
() 4500-5000 EUR/kW,
35%
.

:

8 9 .

9 10 .
60

9 10 .
3-4
.
312 ,
3-4 ,
, 4-5 , .
3.
.

, , ,
() 312
.
1 . ,
(70%), 300 . .
3.1
(.50 6 )

. 90
,
,
. ,

.
..

,
(380 V) 20 kV 110 kV
.

.
61
. 42

,
.
GSM
.

, ,
.
,
.

.
62
. 43
63
3. 2 60 kWp

60 kWp ,
- .

10 .

.

PVSYST v4.1 (January 25 th, 2007)
www.pvsyst.com
PVSYST
,
.
,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
:
-
a.
e
,
,
.
.
, , ,
,
. (, ..),
.

.

, ,

. ,
,
.
, (Grid
connected).
(Location),
,
.
,
.

, .
, ,
, METEONORM.
( , ,
), 60kWp.
, -
, 30
34 .
, -
30 .
, ,
.
,
kW.
-
,
. "",
. a
(
), .
e a
( ), ,
.
,
- -
.
, a
, ..
,
,
. ,
,
,
.

.

- .
,
,
.
:

.
, .
,
.
-
,
(
,
:
, ,
, ,
.

.

()
,

(kWh/m2),
(h), ,
,
.
-
.

(kWh/m2)
, Meteonorm1.
,

,
.
.
-
(kWh/m2)
().
. 3.2.1 /
METEONORM

(kWh/m2) ,
1298 kWh/m2.

(kWh/m2/year)
. (134 m)
1298
43 9' 57'' N, 27 15' 37'' E
. 3.2.2
.
(4)
60 kWp 500
.
300
- .
KANEKA T-ED120 (120W
), (- )
UV .
, ,
.
,
, ,
(e
12.5 35 140 /
100 . ..).
.
,

. - .
IEC 61646:2008
II. 90% 10
80% 15 .
KANEKA T-ED120
*
120 W
(ISC)
2.38
(UOC)
91.8 V

2.14

56 V

530 V

0.608 V/C

960 x 1978.8 x 46 mm
27 kg

-2/+ 3%
IEC 61646:2008

TUV Rheinland
* (STC): 1000W/m2; 25C; AM 1,5
-
10
POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD,
IP65 .
.. 96.5-97 %
, .. 9294%. - -
. POWER
ONE PVI-6000-OUTD -250C 600C.
,
, DC (DC
Switch). POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD
, .
,
.

.
POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD

Pdc
6400 W

Ipv, max
10.67 A

DCmax
600 V
DC
DC Switch 600Vdc/25A

Riso>1MW

<2W

Pacnom
Pac, max
6000 W
6000 W
Iacnom
KIAC
27 A
< 2%
Uac, nom
Uac
Fac nom
Fac

(50Hz)

Cos phi
208/240/277V
180...265 V
50/60/ Hz
50 Hz: 45.5 Hz - 54.5 Hz
60 Hz: 55.5 Hz - 64.5 Hz
1
III
2,2 kV
4 kV
0,25 W
97 %
96.4 %
(DIN EN 60529)
max
euro
IP
26 kg
IP65
740 x 325 x 195
. 43 POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD
. 44 POWER ONE PVI-6000OUTD

Schletter.
.
Schletter ,
. ,
, ,
( ),
.
,
,
.
,
.
. 45

75 kg/m2 DIN 1055
102 km/h.
10x25 ,
.
. 46

. :
. 47 KANEKA TED120
. 48

. 49
DC
DC Switch. ,

,
.
DC Switch

25

600V

15kW
(
50
25 )

2ms

( )
1000

IP65
DIN EN 60529

-250C +600C
EN 60947-3
AC (30 )
Icn 60898 EN 609472. - :
;
;
;
;
TN
IT
AC o ,

.
.

40/4 ,

40 .
, ,
.
AC .
.

10 .

FlexiSun, 42 UV .
FlexiSun

(AC)
UO/U 0.6/1.0 KV
(DC)
2.0 KV
AC/DC
6 kV/10 kV ( 15 .)

--40C +120C
IEC60216

UV
DIN EN 60811-2-1
DIN VDE 0282-2,
HD 22.2 test type B
UL 1581 xeno test
AC ( PVC
) 4 mm2 AC
1.5%.
PVC ,
.

(AURORA EASY CONTROL). AURORA EASY
CONTROL , ,
,
. 31 .
GSM
,
, ,
.
,
.
AURORA EASY CONTROL

DIN EN 60529
32 MB
( 0 +55 )
115V-230V/50-60 Hz
<7.5 W
160 mm x 90 mm x 73 mm
360
PVI-AEC-IRR (0-10V)
PT100
PT1000
PVI-AEC-WIND
IP30
. 50 AURORA EASY CONTROL

,
.

(TUV, IEC, CE).
, ,

.
.
3.3

PVSyst
60kWp
, .

. .
. 3.14.1 . .
PVSyst
60 000 Wp
500
POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD
( 30 )
64670 kWh/year
. 3.14.2 .

823 ./MWh. 5
kWp. 755 ./ MWh.
5 kWp.
4500 /kWp
60 kWp
270 000 .
( EUR - 1.95) 11,5 ,
.
, :
25 ,
10 90% ... 80%
15 ;
12
5%, - 4%;
755 . / MWh. 10

.

4%
;
1 301 kWh/m;
0.42 kWh,
0.25% ;
70% ,
300 000 .
:
60 kWp
(PV)
:

,
;
PV
-
;
,
- 3 % ;
,
, -
;
,

.
4.
.
-
().
-

,
.
60 kWp
.

(PVSyst).

.
.
:

.

,
,
.
.

, .. .
:
1.
.., .., .. ,
2002.
2.
http://www.tonchev.org/presinfopvtermocogenerator.html,
- ()
3.
, , ,
2009.
4.
:
www.sma.de ( SMA Sunny Design)
www.pvsyst.com ( PV )
www.meteonorm.com ( )
http://earth.google.com/ ( )
http://www.pvresources.com
http://sunbird.jrc.it
http://www.dker.bg/

Фотоволтаици

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Фотоволтаици

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

..............

maximum power point MPP

cell current [A]

cell voltage [V]

Voc. Isc. FF 0.75 0.85.

cell current [A]

cell voltage [V]

- (PV Stand-Alone System),

HIT Cell (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer)

2.9 4.5 3.3

SMA Sunny Boy SB 1100 + ESS

POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD

. 43 POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD

. 44 POWER ONE PVI-6000OUTD

. 50 AURORA EASY CONTROL

POWER ONE PVI-6000-OUTD

You might also like