Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek arkitekton, arkhitektonike, from chief or leader and builder or carpenter) is the

the art and science of designing buildings and other physical structures. Architecture is both the process and the product of designing and constructing spaces that reflect and functional, aesthetic and environmental considerations. Architecture requires the use of materials, technology, textures, light, and shadow. As a process, architecture also includes the pragmatic elements of design, such as planning, cost and construction. A wider definition may comprise all design activity from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). In fact, architecture today may refer to the activity of designing any kind of system. Architectural works are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

Origins and the ancient world

Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, architecture became a craft. Here there is a process of trial and error, and later improvisation or replication of a successful trial. What is termed Vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day.

Angkor, Cambodia.

Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of atal Huyuk in Anatolia andMohenjo Daro in Pakistan.

In many ancient civilizations, like the Egyptians' and Mesopotamians', architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and thesupernatural, while in other ancient cultures such as Persia architecture and urban planning was used to exemplify the power of the state. The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural styles developed. Texts on architecture began to be written in the Classical period. These became canons to be followed in important works, especially religious architecture. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of Vitruvius, the Kao Gong Ji of ancient China[9] and Vaastu Shastra of ancient India and Manjusri vasthu vidya sastra ofSri Lanka[10] . The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe, Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. In many Asian countries a pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape. [edit]The

medieval builder

The Taj Mahal, in India

Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, developing from a blend of architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and from Byzantium but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, and were to become a significant stylistic influence on European architecture during the Medieval period.

Wells Cathedral, Somerset,England, United Kingdom.

In Europe, in both the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individuals and the names of the architects frequently unknown, despite the vast scale of the many religious buildings extant from this period. During the Medieval period guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. Over time the complexity of buildings and their types increased. General civil construction such as roads and bridges began to be built. Many new building types such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities emerged. [edit]Renaissance

and the architect

La Rotonda, Italy by Palladio

With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progress and achievements, a new chapter began. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects - Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio - and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. [edit]Early

modern and the industrial age

With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design.

St Pancras Midland Hotel,London, United Kingdom

There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. [edit]Modernism

and reaction of architecture

Main article: Modern architecture

The Bauhaus Dessau architecture department from 1925 by Walter Gropius

The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession ofindustrial design is usually placed here.

Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in 1919, consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology. When Modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order.

Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright.

The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings that displayed their construction and structure, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind traditional forms, were seen as beautiful in their own right. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution. Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles. As the founders of the International Style lost influence in the late 1970s, Postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (a building in which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach. [edit]Architecture

today

Main article: Contemporary architecture

Postmodern design at Gare do Oriente, Lisbon, Portugal, bySantiago Calatrava.

Part of the architectural profession, and also some non-architects, responded to Modernism and Postmodernism by going to what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment. The Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Christopher Alexander started searching for more people-oriented designs. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioral, environmental, and social sciences were done and started informing the design process. As the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary. Architecture today usually requires a team of specialist professionals, with the architect being one of many, although usually the team leader. During the last two decades of the twentieth century and into the new millennium, the field of architecture saw the rise of specializations by project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [a] from the 'project' architect.[b] Moving the issues of environmental sustainability into the mainstream is a significant development in the architecture profession. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. It is now expected that architects will integrate sustainable principles into their projects.[11] An example of an architecturally innovative green building is the Dynamic Tower which will be powered by wind turbines and solar panels.[12] The Architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the Philippines. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are from the Spanish Colonial period, though much Philippine architecture is also influenced by Japanese, Malay, Hindu, Chinese, and American cultures. The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural materials but there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spanish colonizers came but not well documented. An example of this is the pre-colonial walled city of Maynilad although later after the Spanish colonization, dismantled by the Spaniards and rebuilt as Intramuros. There are also other minor pre-colonial walled cities like Betis and Macabebe. During three hundred years of Spanish colonialization the philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish culture. During this period Intramurous, the walled city, of Manila, was built with its walls, houses, churches and fortresses. The Augustinian friars built a large number of grand churches all over the

Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino "Bahay na Bato" style for the large mansion emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements. The best preserved examples of these houses can be found in Vigan , Ilocos Sur and Taal, Batangas. After the Spanish American war the architecture of the Philippines was dominated by the American style. In this period the plan for the modern city of Manila was designed, with a large number of art deco buildings, by famous American and Filipino architects. During the liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945 large portions of Intramurous and Manila were destroyed. In the period after the second world war many of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt. At the end of the twentiest century modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects was introduced. During this period many of the older structures fell into decay. Early in the 21st Century a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture returned.

Pre-colonial
Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the main form of dwelling for a family in the Philippines was the nipa hut, a single room house composed of wood, bamboo or other native materials. Though the styles of the nipa hut varied throughout the country, most all of them shared similar characteristics including having it raised slightly above ground on stilts and a steep roof. Aside from nipa huts, other small houses were built on top of trees to prevent animal as well as enemy attacks. [edit]Colonial

Spanish

Spanish colonization introduced European architecture into the country. The influence of European architecture and its style actually came via the Antilles through the Manila Galleon. The most lasting legacy of Spain in terms of architecture was its colonial churches which were designed by anonymous friar. In this era, the nipa hut or Bahay Kubo gave way to the Bahay na Bato (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The Bahay na Bato followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them. The Bahay na Bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo materials. [edit]Bahay na Bato The Bahay Na Bato, the Colonian Filipino House, is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. In Vigan, Ilocos Sur, excellently preserved examples of the houses of the noble Filipinos can be admired. In Taal, Batangas, the main street is still ligned with examples of the traditional Filipino homes.

[edit]Fort Santiago

The front entrance of Fuerza de Santiago towering 40 metres high

Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, Miguel Lpez de Legazpi. The fort is part of the structures of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila, Philippines. The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, chieftain of Manila of pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by theconquistadors upon arriving in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571. [edit]Intramuros Intramuros, located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, was built by the Spaniards in the 16th century and is the oldest district of the city of Manila. Its name, taken from the Latin, intra muros, literally "Within the walls", meaning within the wall enclosure of the city/fortress, also describes its structure as it is surrounded by thick, high walls and moats. During the Spanish colonial period, Intramuros was considered Manila itself. [edit]Paco Park Paco Park was planned as a municipal cemetery for the well-off and established aristocratic Spanish families who resided in the old Manila, or the city within the walls of Intramuros during the Spanish colonial era. Most of the wealthy families interred the remains of their loved ones inside the municipal cemetery in what was once the district of Dilao (former name for Paco). The cemetery was built in the late 1700s but was

completed several decades later and in 1822, the cemetery was used to inter victims of a cholera epidemic that swept across the city. The cemetery is circular in shape, with an inner circular fort that was the original cemetery and with the niches that were placed or located within the hollow walls. As the population continued to grow, a second outer wall was built with the thick adobe walls were hollowed as niches and the top of the walls were made into pathways for promenades. A Roman Catholic chapel was built inside the walls of the Paco Park and it was dedicated to St. Pancratius. [edit]Augustinian Churches

San Augustine church Paoay, Ilocos Norte, July 2005

The order of the Augustinians, Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines, build many churches all over the Philippines. These magnificent structures can still be found all over the Phlippine Islands. The Augustinian historians Fathers Policarpo F. Hernndez and Pedro G. Galende,coffetable book "Angels in Stone" documents all the churches built by the Augustinians throughout the Philippines over the centuries. The San Augustine church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, is the most famous of these churches. This unique specimen of Filipino architecture from the Spanish area has been included in the World Heritage Sites List of the Unesco.The church was built by the Augustinian friars from 1694 until 1710.It shows the earthquake proof baroque style architecture.

The interior of the San Agustn Church in Intramuros, with magnificent trompe l'oeil mural on its ceiling and walls

San Agustn Church and Monastery, built between 1587 and 1606, is one of the oldest churches in the Philippines, and the only building left intact after the destruction of Intramuros during the Battle of Manila (1945). The present structure is actually the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major earthquakes, as well as the wars in Manila. The church remains under the care of the Augustinians who founded it. The San Agustn Church lies inside the walled city of Intramuros located in the capital city Manila, Philippines. It is the first European stone church to be built in thePhilippines designed in Spanish architectural structure. The church also houses the legacies of the Spanish conquistadors, Miguel Lpez de Legazpi, Juan de Salcedo and Martn de Goiti who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church. The church has 14 side chapels and a trompe-l'oeil ceiling. Up in the choir loft are the hand-carved 17thcentury seats of molave, a beautiful tropical hardwood. Adjacent to the church is a small museum run by the Augustinian order, featuring antique vestments, colonial furniture, and religious paintings and icons. Together with three other ancient churches in the country, it was designated as part of the World Heritage Site "Baroque Churches of the Philippines" in 1993.

[edit]Lighthouses

Cape Bojeador Lighthouse

During the Spanish and American Area many lighthouses were constructed around the Phlippine Islands. The most Northeastern Lighthouse can be found in Burgos, Ilocos Norte. An overview of Philippine lighthouses can be found through this link [edit]The

20th Century
Architecture during American colonization

[edit]Philippine

After the Spanish American war in 1898 the Americans took over rule of the Philippines until after the second world war. During this period the Americans constructed many Art Nouveaux buildings in Manila. In 1902 Judge William Howard Taft was appointed to head the Philippine Commission to evaluate the needs of the new territory. Taft, who later became the Philippines' first civilian Governor-General,[1] decided that Manila, the capital, should be a planned town. He hired as his architect and city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham, who had built Union Station and the post office in Washington. In Manila, Mr. Burnham had in mind a long wide, tree-lined boulevard along the bay, beginning at a park area dominated by a magnificent hotel. To design, what is now known as, the Manila Hotel Taft hired William E. Parsons, a New York architect, who envisioned an impressive, but comfortable hotel, along the lines of a California mission, but grander.[2] The original design was an H-shaped plan that focused on well-ventilated rooms on two wings, providing grand vistas of the harbor, the Luneta, and Intramuros. The top floor was, in fact, a large viewing deck that was used for various functions, including watching the American navy steam into the harbor.[3]

Many of these buildings were heavily damaged during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the second world war many were rebuilt. Many buildings in Manila were designed by the Filipino architect Juan M. de Guzman Arellano. In 1911 the Army Corps of Engineers constructed the Manila Army and Navy Club at the shore of Manila Bay bordering the Luneta Park. The building consisits of a Grand entrance and has three stories that housed the various function rooms and the Hotel rooms. It has been in use far into the eighties however it has fallen into dacay and is in need of restoration. At T.M. Kalaw Street stands on of the remaining structures that survived the liberation of Manila in 1945 , the "Luneta Hotel." The Hotel was completed in 1918 . According to study by Dean Joseph Fernandez of the University of Santo Tomas the hotel was designed by the Spanish architect-engineer Salvador Farre. The structure is the only remaining example of the French Renaissance architecture with Filipino stylized beaux arts in the Phlippines to date. This famous landmark fell gradually into decay. In 2007 the renovation activities have started and it is hoped that this building will be restored to its old grandeur.

Metropolitan Theater Manila August 2006

The Manila Metropolitan Theatre is an art deco building designed by the Filipino architect Juan M. de Guzman Arellano, and built in 1935. During the liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945, the theatre we totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the Americans it gradually fell into disuse in the 1960s. In the following decade it was meticulously restored but again fell into decay. Recently a bus station has been constructed at the back of the theatre. The City of Manila is planning a renovation of this once magnificent building. The sculptures in the faade of the Theatre are from the Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti, who lived in Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958, and worked closely together with J.M. de Guzman Arellano. Highly stylized relief carving of Philippine plants executed by the artist Isabelo Tampingco decorate the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building. In 1940 the Jai Alai building was constructed along Taft avenue, designed by architect Welton Becket. It has been built in the Philippine Art Deco style. In addition to the Jai Alai game it included the famous " Sky

Lounge". Unfortunately, demolition began on July 15, 2000 on the orders of Mayor Lito Atienza. The building is now gone for ever. The [Far Eastern University (FEU)][1] was awarded the UNESCO Heritage Award in 2005 for being the only preserved and enduring Art Deco structure in the Philippines. Although the FEU was totally damaged during World War II, the university was restored to its original Art Deco design in the American Period. [2] [edit]The

National Monument to Dr. Jose Rizal

The bronze and granite Rizal monument located in Rizal Park, Manila, has long been considered among the most famous sculptural landmarks in the Philippines. The monument is located near the very spot where Dr. Jose Rizal was executed December 30, 1896. On 28 September 1901, the Philippine Assembly approved Act No. 243, granting the right to use public land upon the Luneta in the city of Manila where a monument shall be erected to Jose Rizal. As conceived by the Act, the monument would not merely consist of a statue, but also a mausoleum to house Rizals remains. A Committee on the Rizal Mausoleum consisting of Poblete, Paciano Rizal (the heros brother), Juan Tuason, Teodoro R. Yangco, Mariano Limjap, Dr. Maximo Paterno, Ramon Genato, Tomas G. del Rosario and Dr. Ariston Bautista was created. The members were tasked, among others, with raising funds through popular subscriptions. The estimated cost of the monument was P100,000. By January 1905, that goal had been oversubscribed. When the campaign closed in August 1912, the amount collected had reached P135,195.61 More than twelve years after the Philippine Assembly approved Act No. 243, the shrine was finally unveiled on December 30, 1913 during Rizals 17th death anniversary. The Rizal Monument in Luneta was the work of a Swiss sculptor named Richard Kissling. Kissling was only the second placer in the international art competition held between 1905 1907 for the monument design. The first-prize winner was Professor Carlos Nicoli of Carrara, Italy. His scaled plaster model titled Al Martir de Bagumbayan (To the Martyr of Bagumbayan) bested 40 other accepted entries. Among his plans were the use of marble from Italy (in contrast to the unpolished granite now at Luneta) and the incorporation of more elaborate figurative elements. [edit]Standalone

movie theaters of the Philippines

During the advent and continuous growth of Philippine cinema in the early 90's, came with the establishment of Philippine theaters in the Metropolitan Manila along with those in the Philippine provinces during the said period. Regular live performances, film showings, and festivals used to be held on the theaters that lead to significant improvements on Philippine culture including film, and performing arts. A number of Philippine cinemas were built within the City of Manila in the 90's, and were designed by prominent architects and currently recognized as Philippine National Artists, but are closed due to postWorld War damages and to give way to these days' city developments.

[edit]Examples

of Filipino Architecture

[edit]Parish of the Holy Sacrifice

The Church of the Holy Sacrifice

The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the first circular church and the first thin-shell concrete dome in the Philippines

The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice is the landmark Catholic chapel in the University of the Philippines, Diliman. Known for its architectural design, the church is recognized as a National Historical Landmark and a Cultural Treasure by the National Historical Institute and the National Museum respectively. It was designed by the late National Artist for Architecture, Leandro Locsin, which was only one of the five national artists who collaborated on the project.Alfredo Juinio served as the structural engineer for the project. Other

Filipino artists contributed to the design of the interior of the church: Around the Chapel are fifteen large murals painted by Vicente Manansala depicting the Stations of the Cross; The marble altar and the large wooden cross above it were sculpted by Napoleon Abueva; The mosaic floor mural called the River of Life was designed by Arturo Luz. The church is adjacent to the U.P. Health Service Building and the U.P. Shopping Center [edit]Bahay Kubo mansion National artist for architecture Francisco Manosa, on May, 2008 built his own Ayala alabang village Bahay Kubo mansion. With only 3 posts or "haligi", it has 5 one-inch coconut shell doors, 2nd floor, a "silong", Muslim room, sala, and master's bedroom with a fish pond therein.[4][5] [edit]Antipolo Church The image of "Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage" has been venerated in the church of Antipolo for centuries. The old church that housed the virgin was destroyed in February 1945 when the Americans bombed Antipolo as part of the liberation campaign of Manila. In 1954 a new church was build designed by the renowned Filipino architect Jose de Ocampo. This church is of a coupular design centered around the image of the Virgin. It functions as the center point of the pilgrimages to Antipolo.

architectural design
Hide links within definitionsShow links within definitions

Definition (1)
1.

Concept that focuses on the components or elements of a structure or system and unifies them into a coherent and functional whole, according to a particular approach in achieving the objective(s) under the given constraints or limitations. See also behavioral design.

Different kinds of Architectural Design

Architectural design committed to giving you the best architecture design and drafting conversion results on all your architecture designs, architectural drawings, architectural drafting, architectural renderings, floor plans and house plans. Architectural design, architectural drafting and architectural rendering services have enabled to carve a very special for ourselves in the market. Architectural design outsourcing helps us provide design and documentation support solutions to your in-house. You can leverage our in-house infrastructure

and architectural professionals by outsourcing your architectural design and documentation. Advantages of Architectural Design Services are: The final output is editable and will be in DXF or DWG formats (we re-create the architecture design as a new file). We will create as many layers as you require. We can generate separate layers for dimensions, text, body, hidden lines, and centerlines. Dimensions are intact and are shown by a separate layer. Text is separated and has its own layer. Architecture can be considered as the collection of key decisions concerning the design of the software of a system. Knowledge about this design, i.e. architectural knowledge, is key for understanding software architecture and thus the software itself. Architectural knowledge is mostly tacit; it only exists in the heads of the creators. A problem is that this type of knowledge is easily lost. This phenomenon is called architectural knowledge vaporization and contributes to a number of problems that the industry is struggling with: expensive system evolution, difficult stakeholder communication, and limited reusability. Different types of Architectural designTechnical Architecture: Technical Architecture is a common first attempt to describe architecture but without the need to be specific about what type of architecture you're referring to. Therein lays a failing when using this term: it is too unspecific to be particularly meaningful when discussing a responsibility or project requirement. System Architecture: System Architecture refers to the way in which desired functionality is met by hardware and software components as well as how these components relate to each other and the intended users of the system. The term "architecture" is often generically used to refer to the system architecture, at least within the context of software systems development.

Different Architectural Styles

Various styles of architecture have evolved with time. From the traditional designs to the modern forms, one can see a phenomenal change in terms of design. Heres a look at some of the different architectural styles, which are unique in their own way! Architecture as a profession is growing in leaps and bounds today. From the olden days till date, the architectural styles have undergone a massive change. When one studies the different architectural styles, one can understand the kind of creativity that existed since the ancient days. Modern architects often look up to the olden styles of architecture, which continue to inspire professionals in terms of their design and functionality. Today, one can find modern architectural drawing software to make things easier for professional architects. These modern architectural renderings help to showcase the design even in a three-dimensional form. Here, we shall take a look at some of the different architectural styles from the olden days to the modern times.

Different Architectural Styles: Architectural Style Description Adirondack architecture is recognizable due to the rugged finish. The basis of this style is used for log cabins, rustic kitchens, boathouses etc. This architectural style particularly refers to the sites in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. This style of architecture refers to the designs that were seen during the colonial period in the United States. (French Colonial, Spanish Colonial etc.) It refers to a style that originated during Napoleons rule. This style also refers to the elaborate furniture created during this period. The Adam style of architecture refers to the designs created by architect Robert Adam. This style is a part of neoclassical architecture. This refers to the buildings constructed in Britain. This style is simple and was seen from the mid-5th century till the Norman Conquest. This architectural style refers to structures of the late 1930s. It represents a basic square design, hipped roof with common rooms and generally, 4 rooms on each floor. This architectural style is about rounded facades and the use of decorative elements. This style was prominent in the early period of the 20th century and was seen in the Netherlands. Ancient Egyptian architecture is about the major use of mud bricks and stones for the architectural structures. The beautiful Egyptian temples and pyramids are some examples of this style of architecture. If Egypt interests you, then read more about ancient Egyptian culture, Egyptian mummies, and ancient Egyptian fashion. Ancient Greek architecture can be distinguished by the specific elements such as the rectangular buildings and the large columns. Read about Greek culture, ancient Greek language, ancient Greek

Adirondack Architecture

American Colonial Architecture American Empire Style

Adam Style

Anglo-Saxon Architecture American Foursquare Style Amsterdam School Style

Ancient Egyptian Architecture

Ancient Greek Architecture

music and all other things related with Greece. It was particularly popular at the turn of the 20th century. This architectural style is about encompassing artistic and floral motifs in the structure. Architecture belonging to this style is all about highly stylized designs. There are many historical buildings that belong to this type of architecture. This architectural style was visible during the years, 1925-1939. It refers to a decorative and elegant style of architecture that encompassed many other basic techniques of architecture. This style is further divided into the residential and the non-residential style of architecture. The Australian architectural style is directly related to the climatic conditions of the place, hence the use of specific materials. This style was dominant in the beginning of the 17th century. Baroque architectural styles always played around with a dramatic use of light, central projections, ornamental decoration, pear domes etc. The works of Michelangelo created for the late Roman buildings belong to Baroque architecture. This term represented a school in Germany which taught a combination of art and craft. The Bauhaus style is recognizable because it focuses more on functionality rather than ornamentation. This particular style was dominant in the mid-1990s. It is recognizable because of the use of unusual blob-like shapes in the structure. It is marked by the use of baked red bricks. There is minimal use of figures and more emphasis on the appropriate division of space.

Art Nouveau Style

Art Deco Style

Australian Architectural Styles

Baroque Architecture

Bauhaus Style

Blobitecture Brick Gothic Architectural Style

Bristol This style was popular in Bristol. It is characterized by the simple Byzantine Style outlines used for the architecture and colors such as red or yellow. Beaux-Arts Style Beaux-Arts style was initially taught in Paris. This architectural style is about the use of symmetry and implementation of a precise style for the design elements.

Biedermeier Style Byzantine Architecture

The Biedermeier style architecture is about a simple and elegant style of architecture. This refers to the style that was seen during the Byzantine period. The use of the circular dome is one of the typical elements of Byzantine architecture. This architectural style is seen on the Chiloe Island and all the neighboring areas. All the earlier houses were built with wood, and roof shingles were also incorporated in the construction. Chinese architecture is all about the balance and symmetry in the design. The designs have an emphasis of the use of a horizontal axis. The Chinese architectural styles have influenced architectural styles in Japan, Vietnam and Korea. Read more about Chinese culture and Chinese art. There was a revival of this architectural style in the latter period of the 19th century. The style is distinguishable because of the gambrel roofs (symmetrical two-sided roofs that have two slopes on both sides) and the curved edges. This style was predominant in England. One can recognize English Gothic architecture from the pointed arches, the very large windows, and the conical structures on top of the buildings known as spires. This style draws its inspirations from the architectural style used in Ancient Egypt. This revival was particularly noticeable in the United States. This term refers to the architectural style that was followed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabethan architecture actually represents the early Renaissance architectural style in England. You might also enjoy reading about Elizabethan music and clothing in Elizabethan Era. This style was developed in Europe during the early decades of the 20th century. This style is more inclined towards the Gothic architectural style. Futurist architecture was seen during the early period of the 20th century. This style laid emphasis on the implementation of long

Chilotan Architecture

Chinese Architecture

Dutch Colonial Style

English Gothic Architecture Egyptian Revival Architecture

Elizabethan Architecture

Expressionist Architecture Futurist Architecture

horizontal lines in the design. Georgian Architecture It refers to the style that was prevalent from 1720-1840. It featured buildings that had chimneys on both sides of the house with a portico in the middle of the roof along with a central window. This style belongs to the category of futuristic architecture. The features include the use of geometrical shapes and materials such as glass and steel. Here, the emphasis is on futuristic designs and the development of themes such as Space Age. This particular movement was during the latter period of the 18th century and all through the 19th century. The Greek revival movement was particularly seen in Northern Europe and the United States. This architectural style was prominent during the high and the late medieval period and began at the Abbey of Saint-Denis. There are certain characteristics that are particularly symbolic of Gothic architecture such as the pointed arches, large individual windows, flamboyant designs and the emphasis on the creation of vertical lines in the design. Read all about Gothic culture, Gothic artwork and Gothic literature. The term refers to a movement that began in England during the 1740s. There were many people who wanted to revive the style and this move was particularly noticed in the United Kingdom along with Australia and America. This architectural style was prevalent from the 1920s to the 1930s. This style focused on balance and symmetry in the architecture, instead of decorative elements. Indian architectural designs are based on the deep culture of India and have religious significance. One can note the early beginnings from the Indus Valley civilization. The Indian temples styles are unique in their own way with every region having its own specialty. From the Buddhist stupa to the Colonial Era, there were many other influences from outside as well. Ancient Indian architecture has some of the most magnificent forms and carvings of various Indian Gods and Goddesses seen particularly in the temples. Read more about India.

Googie Architecture

Greek Revival Architecture

Gothic Architecture

Gothic Revival Architecture

International Style Architecture

Indian Architecture

Inca Architecture

The lost city of Machu Picchu is a fantastic example of the beauty of the Inca architecture. This style was prominent in South America. This architectural style is known for the use of precisely shaped stones which were fitted into each other without mortar. Islamic architecture has evolved over the years. This style includes all the mosques, tombs and the beautiful palaces and forts. There is a great amount of religious significance for this style. The typical domes, geometrical shapes, the use of decorative Islamic calligraphy style, the towers etc, are some of the features of Islamic architecture. Read about Islamic art. This style is developed by Thomas Jefferson. It was particularly popular during the early American period. The typical features of his designs are the use of octagonal forms, red bricks, use of Chinese railings and the elevation of the main floor which is always above ground level. Japanese architecture has been heavily influenced by the Chinese architecture. Some of the earliest examples were built from stone. Temples also formed a part of Japanese architecture. You can read all about Japanese culture and Japanese gardens. This style is based on the Portuguese style architecture. This architectural style is decorative with the use of elements that are seen on ships or even elements from the sea. One can also see botanical motifs and symbols of Christianity used as part of Manueline architecture. This refers to the architecture style that belonged to the Merovingian Dynasty. It was particularly seen during the 5th century to the 8th century. This style uses a blend of the Roman Classical style and the Germanic-Frankish traditions. The structures are abstract and there is a use of geometrical shapes. Mayan pyramids are the most recognizable structures of this style. Read about Mayan pyramids, Mayan culture and Mayan clothing. The term refers to specific structures which are basically simple in design with a minimal use of ornamentation. This style was particularly dominant in the 1920s. This term refers to a revival style that was particularly seen in

Islamic Architecture

Jeffersonian Architecture

Japanese Architecture

Manueline Architecture

Merovingian Architecture

Maya Architecture Modern Architecture Neo-Byzantine

Architecture Neoclassical Architecture Neolithic Architecture Ottonian Architecture

Western Europe during the 1840s. The Neoclassical style was dominant in Europe particularly during the 1750s to the 1850s. The basis of this style is on the lines of the Classical Greek architecture. The term refers to the architecture seen during the Neolithic period. This period is the last phase of the Stone Age. This term represents the architectural style seen during the reign of Emperor Otto the Great. It forms its base from Byzantine architecture and the Carolingian architecture. This style is based on the designs of Andrea Palladio, an Italian architect. This particular style of architecture was popular during the mid-17th century. A typical feature of this style is the large Venetian windows. This architectural style was named in memory of Marquis of Pombal. It focuses on simplicity with a touch of elegance and the eradication of all the decorative elements. The Postmodern style could be seen in the 1950s and it continues to influence architects even today. There is a use of unusual surfaces and the basics often contradict with the modernist ideas. This type of architecture was seen during the 19th century to the early period of the 20th century. This architecture can be identified due to the typical flat roofs and a certain discipline in the ornamentation of the structures. It was particularly popular in the latter period of the 19th century. It uses features of the English architecture and was popularized by Richard Norman Shaw. This style refers to all the architectural works in the Northern area of Spain that were completed from the late 9th century to the beginning of the 11th century. Some typical characteristics of this style were the use of grouped columns and horseshoe arches. It refers to the buildings that were built during the early 19th century in Britain. There is an elegant touch to this style of architecture, on

Palladian Architecture

Pombaline Style

Postmodern Architecture

Prairie Style

Queen Anne Style Architecture

Repoblacion Architecture

Regency Architecture

similar lines to the Neo-classical Georgian style. Richardson Romanesque Architecture Rococo Architecture This American architectural style refers to the designs created by Henry Hobson Richardson. The characteristics are the Romanesque arches, short columns and the cylindrical towers. This style was particularly seen in France. It can be distinguished from other styles with the carvings and decorations that are based on nature themes. There was a use of asymmetry in the design. The Roman architecture had a lot of influence from the Greek architecture. The use of the arches and domes are some of the characteristics of this style. The Roman temples, amphitheaters, baths, basilicas etc stand testimony to the greatness of this style. Read all about Roman coliseum facts, and many other articles about Rome. This term refers to the architectural monuments built from the 15th century to the early 17th century. The common features of this style are the use of balance in the design, geometrical shapes, the beautiful columns and domes etc. You might also love to read about Renaissance art, Renaissance paintings, Renaissance clothing, and Renaissance in Italy. It represents architecture of the Middle Ages in Europe. The Romanesque architecture is known by the rounded arches, the very large towers, decorative arcades, walls of massive thickness and the overall symmetry in design. Russian architecture has always been predominantly religious. Some of the basic elements of Russian architecture are the sharp sloping roofs, domes that cover the structure, the tent shaped spires etc. Read articles about Russia.

Roman Architecture

Renaissance Architecture

Romanesque Architecture

Russian Architecture

It means a kind of architectural style particularly popular from 1865 to Second Empire 1880. This was all about rectangular towers, mansard roofs with Architecture either symmetrical or asymmetrical balance in the design. Spanish Colonial Style Spanish This style was predominant in the Spanish colonies of America and the Philippines. One of the noticeable elements is the combination of a simple style with an influence of the Baroque architecture. This style draws its inspiration from various other types of

Architecture

architecture. Spanish architecture denotes those structures that are built in Spain. Some of the major developments of this style happened with the arrival of the Romans. This style is used to denote an architectural style of the Soviet Union (1933-1955). In the initial years, one could witness only stand-alone structures but these rules were altered later on. Also known as a high-tech modernism style, this style was in focus in the 1960s. One of earliest architects who practiced this style was Norman Foster, who was known for his skeleton-style designs. Read about the worlds tallest buildings.

Stalinist Architecture

Structural Expressionism Style

The Soft Portuguese architectural style incorporated many elements of modern engineering. This style could be seen in all the public as Soft Portuguese well as private buildings in Portugal. It is about a combination of many Style elements such as modern engineering, with aesthetically pleasing elements from the ancient Portuguese architecture. Streamline Moderne This particular style of architecture was the first to include electrical light. The features of this style were the use of horizontal lines and the addition of curving forms in the design. The Sumerians used clay, mud-brick or fired brick for their early constructions. Therefore, many of their structures resembled pyramids. The architects used innovative methods to make the walls of these structures look interesting. This style of architecture served as the base for many other architectures such as Persian, Babylonian, Islamic, and to some extent, Western architecture. This style refers to the structures seen during the Tudor period from the years 1485-1603. The features of this style were the Tudor arches, oriel windows (Seen in the Gothic Revival style) etc. Also known as the Tudor Revival style, the influence of this style was particularly seen in the British colonies. The revival of this design was seen particularly in the mid 19th century. This term refers to an architectural style that found its base in Ukraine. The features of this particular style are about simplistic forms and minimal ornamentation. Victorian architecture refers to many types of architectural styles that

Sumerian Architecture

Tudor Style Architecture

Tudorbethan Architecture Ukrainian Baroque Architecture Victorian

Architecture

belong to this category. This includes the following - Gothic Revival, Jacobethen, Queen Anne, Renaissance Revival, Romanesque etc. Victorian architecture refers to the styles that were seen in the Victorian Era. If you love the Victorian Era, you might also love reading about Victorian fashion and Victorian tea party ideas.

One can thus see the various interesting architectural structures that have been designed and constructed since the olden days. Amongst the various structures, pyramids (Aztec pyramids, Mayan pyramids, Egyptian pyramids etc.) and castles (medieval castles, Irish castles, castles of Holland, Scottish castles etc), are amongst the most admired and studied amongst all architectural forms. These beautiful structures are a source of inspiration for budding architects till date!

RETHINKING THE ENTRANCE TO ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW Ayla Ayyldz Potur, Dr., mr Barkul, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Architecture, Yldz Technical University, Turkey aylaayyildiz@yahoo.com, barkul@yildiz.edu.tr Akasya Villalar Mevlana Mah. 869.3 Sk. GOP, Istanbul, Turkey Moda Bostan Sk. 45-47, D12, Kadkoy, Istanbul, TN 34710, Turkey Abstract Architecture has much in common with other disciplines: social sciences, management, history, operational research, philosophy, graphic design, math and etc. These features that distinguish architecture from other disciplines impute different kind of responsibilities for architectural education. Besides technical and professional skills, an architect must have imagination and be creative at many levels, and must gain artistic and intellectual ability as well. This issue gains importance especially in countries that are experiencing a development process. For developing countries, integration of creative thinking skills in university education is a crucial need for shaping their future orientations and actualizing reforms in political, economic, and cultural areas. In Turkey, because of increasing population and limitation of resources, the process of architectural student selection changed to standardized, quick achievement tests that assessed general intelligence (g factor) but not spatial cognition ability and creative skills. Today, students are selected and placed in schools of architectural education according to their university entrance examination (OSS) scores. OSS is given once every year to select the best performers among almost 1.6 million high school graduates and to place the most brilliant students in the departments they have chosen. When the candidate size is considered, this elimination

system is the only predictor of an individuals capacity for higher education. Although, some researchers demonstrated that, OSS has high reliability and validity for both verbal and numerical tests, it is criticized by educators as relying on only linguistic - logical mathematical forms of intelligence and ignoring the humanistic characteristics such as personality, interests, abilities, attitudes and creativity of individuals including potential architect candidates. However, it is believed that, for design related disciplines, some keywords such as motivation, ability and divergent thinking has effective role on the academic achievement. This study aims to focus on the self-reported perception of students with respect to interest - ability - creativity when entering architectural education. In order to accomplish this goal, a research was conducted in the Department of Architecture at Yldz Technical University. In addition to the use of quantitative measures accepted in the scientific literature for validity and reliability, some other instruments and self - evaluation tests were employed for gathering data. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package. Results not only demonstrated the profile of architectural students selected using current admittance methods but also suggested a number of directions for further research. Keywords: architectural education, architectural design, psychology of design, architectural students, university entrance examination. Introduction and Theoretical Framework Before the discussion on empirical study which examine self perceptions of interest - ability - creativity, the student selection and placement system for higher education should be discussed in general manner. In order to compare the situation in Turkey with the situation in other countries, selection and placement processes for architectural education will be summarized in all over the world. Although today, there are no test which is known reliable to measure the aptitude of individuals aspiring to become architects, the research on this issue has been needed to consider over the past fifteen year period. The first major study attempting to construct a series of predictors of an applicants potential success in an undergraduate architecture curriculum was sponsored by the AIA and the ACSA and conducted by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) in Princeton from 1956 to 1964. An experimental battery of seventeen tests was designed to measure those factors, which in the opinion of the AIA Committee on Aptitude Tests, were related to success in architecture. During the 1956 the experimental battery was administered to approximately 600 entering freshmen in eleven schools. Those tests showing highest promise were included in the Architectural School Aptitude Test (ASAT), first administered nationwide in 1964. The ASAT is designed in six parts. The first four parts are multiple-choice questions which are machine scored;

the last two are open-ended free response tasks which are hand scored (Moore, 1970). In order to explore the validity and reliability of ASAT for architectural education an experimental study was conducted in the 1960s. According to research results, a more accurate prediction of success for architecture students could be made by using tests designed specifically to tap abilities which architects had judged were related to success in architecture school along with the traditional tests used to predict college performance. Course grades and faculty ratings were predicted for 228 students from ASAT scores. The scores alone, however, predicted long-term criteria poorly but when supplemented with other intellective measures or with biographic data, the best predictions over all architecture criteria were made. Results showed the ASAT to be useful as a tool for guiding prospective architecture students (Lunneborg and Lunneborg, 1968). Although in the first years of the system it was believed that the validity and reliability of ASAT is sufficient for predicting success, the test has been abandoned decades ago due to its unsuitability for predictive validity. Currently, there are very few architectural school using the Architectural School Aptitude Test in order to predict the probability of success in a professional program in architecture. The University of Kentucky which use some supplementary tests (portfolio, controlled test, personal interviews, home project assignment, etc) is one of them. Today, there are no known tests that reliably measure the aptitude of individuals aspiring to become architects. To date, no other test has replaced it (Akn and Akn, 1996). In order to assess the potential of applicants several methods have been applied by the instructors of architecture schools such as portfolio reviews, interviews, pre-college programs and etc. In spite of the fact that, the curricula of higher education in Turkey looks similar to the rest of the world, the selection and placement system is different with some regards. Today, Turkish high school graduates are selected and placed in higher education according to their university entrance examination scores (Oral, 2006). The exam was first applied in the late 1960s. With the increasing number of youth and the overloaded applications, the universities gathered and founded Higher Education Council, and subdivision named "Student Selection and Placement Centre". During the 1970s, because of increasing population, and limitation of resources, the process of selection was changed to standardized, quick achievement tests that assessed basic theoretical knowledge but not creative skills. The main aim of this system was to select and place students with the highest probability of success in the available higher education programmes, taking into consideration their preferences and performance on OSS (Student Selection

Exam). In 1980, the number of the exams were increased to two, namely the OSS and OYS. This system continued until 1999. In 2006, the system is upgraded again. The exam is now similar to the dual ranked system (1980-1999) in terms of topics. The most significant reason why OSS is being conducted instead of aptitude tests and personal interviews is the limited total capacity of universities for the approximately 1.6 million candidates which is increasing every year. Although, some researchers demonstrated that, the exam has high reliability and validity for both verbal (Dursunolu, 2002) and numerical tests (Sezen, 1998; Kksal 2002), it is criticized by educators as relying on only linguistic, logical, mathematical forms of intelligence and ignoring the humanistic characteristics such as personality, interests, abilities, attitudes and creativity of individuals including potential architect candidates. Life = 180 minutes? This is a slogan used by Turkish Education Association in order to criticize the system. The system attempts to encompass all the work of a student throughout his or her 12 years of academic life in a 3 hour multiple choice exam. In the light of the current selection and placement system it can be claimed that students, who applied to an architectural program, dont have any supplemental exam and aptitude test for measuring their ability on creativity and efficiency. In addition, there are no sufficient vocational guidance services which help secondary and high school students wishing to start professional education in design. Thus, at their point of entry to the architecture school, students different from each other in terms of their interests and abilities (Ochsner, 2000). Empirical research The empirical study aims to focus on the self reported perception of students with respect to interest - ability - creativity when entering architectural education. Data were gathered from the sample of first year architecture students at their point of entry to the university. A total of 98 freshmen students of the Department of Architecture at Yldz Technical University were recruited for the study. Participants were selected randomly. Participation was on a voluntary basis. All participants were informed that the questionnaire was a part of a research. The data were analysed using SPSS statistical package. Two methods of data collection were analysed. The first one was the "Recognition Questionnaire", and the second one was the Self Assessment Inventory. In order to collect demographic data for individual differences a Recognition Questionnaire was designed for the particular aims of the present research. Types of questions can be summarized as following: Questions examining socio demographic variables (sex, age, educational background, educational levels of parents, occupational levels of parents, etc), Questions examining students

self awareness of their interests and abilities related to architectural profession. Questions examining students perceptions of their suitability for architectural education. Measures were answered directly by the interviewer in a place of their own choosing. While the Recognition Questionnaire was answered by 98 respondents, the Self Assessment Inventory was answered by 70 respondents. Self Assessment Inventory is a self-reported questionnaire which was designed in order to help high school graduates to become more aware of their own personality and individual differences for vocational selection (Kuzgun, 2000). The reliability of SAI is quite satisfactory, with correlations generally above 0.73. There are three section of SAI: Interests, Skills and Values. The inventory includes 23 sub tests (Interests: 11 subtests, Skills: 3 sub tests, Values: 9 sub tests). Each of the consonant sub tests includes 10 items. For the purpose of this research, only third section (Values: ability utilization, creativity, variety, competition, leadership, cooperation, regular life, prestige, economic rewards) which includes creativity as an intrinsic value was employed. Participants filled out the questionnaire at the beginning of their first year of studies to avoid possible effect of education on the dependent variables. In order to explore the relative position of all intrinsic and extrinsic indicators in their own value orientation, 90 Likert-type items ranged from 1 (very little) to 4 (very much) were administered. The mean percentile ranks of the participants were calculated according to the data from the standardization sample of 1902 high school graduates. Results When using Recognition Questionnaire, respondents were asked did you choose an architecture school with a conscious decision the most common answer was conscious (approximately 44%) and absolutely conscious (approximately 34%). Only 1 per cent of participants stated that the decision was unconscious. Of the students 21 per cent answered this question by neither conscious nor unconscious (Figure 1). Figure 1. The distribution of answers to the question: Did you choose an architecture school with a conscious decision?" Similarly, the question of do you believe that architectural profession is suitable for your interests and abilities was most commonly answered by suitable (approximately 61%). Nearly 10 per cent of participants preferred the answer of absolutely suitable. Among the participants, only 5 per cent undergraduates considered that architectural profession is not really suitable for their own interests and abilities (Figure 2). Approximately 24 per cent students answered this question by neither suitable nor unsuitable.
neither conscious nor unconscious;

21% absolutely conscious; 34% conscious; 44% unconscious; 1% neither yes nor no; 41% yes; 36% no; 16% absolutely yes; 5% absolutely no; 2% suitable; 61% neither suitable nor unsuitable; 24% absolutely suitable; 10% unsuitable; 5%

Figure 2. The distribution of answers to the question: Do you believe that profession is suitable for your interests and abilities?" When the participants were asked How much do you know about the architectural discipline? Is it enough for making vocational decision?, approximately 41 per cent participants said neither yes nor no. Nearly 36 per cent of whole sample selected the answer of yes. Participants who preferred the answer of absolutely yes are limited in number for this question (approximately 5%). The repeated usage of the negative expression no increased in number for this question (Figure 3). The answers of the respondents showed that although they believe that architectural profession is suitable for their own interests and abilities, they dont know enough about architectural profession. Despite the fact that choosing an architecture school is described as a conscious decision by the participants, they dont believe that they get enough occupational and educational information and advice. Figure 3. The distribution of answers to the question: How much do you know about the architectural discipline? Is it enough for making vocational decision? Table 1. The distribution of answers to the question: What are your reasons for giving a place to an architecture school in the preference list of OSS (Student Selection Examination).
N min max mean std. dev. Because it takes part in the occupations which I enjoy very much. 71 1 4 1.96 .99 Because it takes part in the occupations which is suitable for my own interests, abilities and personal characteristics. 63 1 4 1.86 .91 Because it takes part in the occupations which seems more suitable from the other possible alternatives. 62 1 4 2.31 1.15 Because it takes part in the occupations

which is respected for values of community. 44 1 4 3.14 1.00 Because it takes part in the occupations which provides economical satisfaction and comfortable life for individual. 41 1 4 2.83 1.02 Because it takes part in the occupations which provides social guarantee and employment guarantee. 25 2 4 3.12 .78 Because it takes part in the occupations which provides comfortable occupational environments. 17 1 4 3.24 .97 Because it takes part in the occupations which provides the maintenance of parents employment opportunities. 14 1 4 2.57 1.08 Because of the influences of my social environment (parents, relatives, friends, etc.). 7 1 4 2.43 1.13 Because I dont have any idea about this occupation and I placed it in my preference list by chance. 6 2 4 2.83 .75

Participants were given 10 alternative definitions for the question of What are your reasons for giving a place to an architecture school in the preference list of OSS (Student Selection Examination). Respondents were asked to select and enumerate the 4 most important reasons (Table 1). The most preferred item within the list was this sentence: Because it takes part in the occupations which I enjoy very much. 71 participants from the whole sample gave a place to this item in the most important 4 reasons (1st alternative 28%; 2nd alternative 26%; 3rd alternative 9%; 4th alternative 8%). Because it takes part in the occupations which is suitable for my own interests, abilities and personal characteristics followed the previous mentioned one according to repeated frequency among ten items. 63 participants gave a place to this reason in the most important 4 items (1st alternative 27%; 2nd alternative 22%; 3rd alternative 10%; 4th alternative 4%). One of the other most selected sentences was Because it takes part in the occupations which seems more suitable from the other possible alternatives. Although 62 participants from the whole sample gave place to this item in the most important 4 reasons, the repeated frequency in the first and second alternative is less than the above mentioned ones (1st alternative 22%; 2nd alternative 11%; 3rd alternative 17%; 4th alternative 12%) (Table 1). Figure 4. The mean percentile ranks of SAI according to the data

from the standardization sample of 1902 high school graduates. Results of Self Assessment Inventory (SAI) which was designed in order to help high school graduates to become more aware of their own personality and individual differences for vocational selection showed that creativity as an individual value orientation had most important role for the participants. Figure 4 shows the mean percentile ranks of the participants, while using the standardization sample. Self perception scores of freshmen architecture students through creativity measure significantly was higher than the standardization sample of 1902 high school graduates. They feel themselves as creative persons. The mean percentile ranks according to the data from the standardization sample of 1902 high school graduates showed that, ability utilization was the another important intrinsic value for the participants. The value of variety followed the first mentioned ones (Figure 4). Conclusion The results of the present study which aims to focus on the self reported perception of students with respect to interest - ability creativity at their point of entry to an architecture school showed that architectural profession is a conscious choosing and it is suitable for their own interests and abilities. In their value orientation creativity have most important role among the all intrinsic and extrinsic values. According to this finding, most of participants have some sense that they will be undertaking a different kind of education with different goals from that which they have previously encountered. In similar with the results of previous research the present study indicated that, students from design related disciplines (even at their point of entry to the university) are aware of the fact that creative thinking is a key competency for the purposes of design education. When the selection and placement system for higher education is considered, these results can be identified as unexpected. Because the process of architectural student selection is achieved with standardized, quick achievement tests that assessed general intelligence (g factor) but not spatial cognition abilities and creative skills. Although students enrol in design schools across the world mostly without being evaluated on the basis of their ability and creativity, this issue gains importance especially in countries that are experiencing development process like Turkey. Despite the preuniversity education which can not exactly prepare students for design professions and despite the selection and placement system, students showed a conscious approach even over the expectations. However, although they believe that architectural profession is suitable for their own interests and abilities, they indicated that they dont know enough about architectural profession. In spite of the fact that choosing an architecture school is identified as a conscious

decision, they believe that they dont get enough occupational and educational information and advice. This result is important for the benefits of further study on vocational guidance related to design training. It should be taken into account that the results of the present study is only based on students own self perceptions. Measures that were employed for gathering data for the particular purposes of the study is only based on the self-reported questionnaires. Quantitative measures accepted in the scientific literature for validity and reliability only measured their own ideas about their own level of interest - ability - creativity. Despite this fact, when the limited number of research examining high school graduates level of abilities and skills with direct methods is considered, it can be suggested that self evaluation issue is also important for their choosing process of a vocation. Providing self evaluation tools for candidates in order to test their potential and skills for design related disciplines should be one of the fundamental aims of vocational guidance services. It is authors hope that the research demonstrated the profile of architectural students selecting current admittance methods might contribute to the future investigations and might be useful for whom interested in improving vocational guidance services for design training.

Application Architecture: Application Architecture is really a subset of the system architecture. The scope of the application architecture, as opposed to the system architecture, is often determined by business function. Enterprise Architecture: Enterprise architecture is a term often mistakenly used by architects that work on "enterprise" systems or systems that involve components that are touted as enterprise-level. However, enterprise architecture is more concerned with mapping the business processes and needs to the technical capabilities of the organization, including personnel, strategy and distribution. By Revit Services Team