Torsion of a Thin Rectangular Section z

ds = dy

n y = 0, nz = 1

1 d 2 = ( y + z2 ) n 2 ds 1 d = ( y2 + z2 ) = y z 2 dy

ds = dz
n y = 1, nz = 0
ds = dz
1 d 2 = ( y + z2 ) n 2 ds 1 d = ( y2 + z2 ) = z y 2 dz =z y

n y = 1, nz = 0
1 d 2 = ( y + z2 ) n 2 ds 1 d 2 = ( y + z2 ) = z y 2 dz

ds = dy
1 d 2 = ( y + z2 ) n 2 ds 1 d 2 = ( y + z2 ) = y z 2 dy

n y = 0, nz = 1

z 2 2 = 2 + 2 =0 y z
2

= yz
=z y =z y

y t

z y + y xz = G z

xy = G

T = GJ eff
2 2 J eff = z + y+ dA y z A bt 3 2 = 4 y dA = 4 I z = bt 3 J eff = 3 A

xz = 2G y = xy = 0

2Ty J eff

xz

max

Tt = J eff

Out of plane warping >> z= linspace(-5,5, 20); >> y =linspace(-0.5,0.5,10); >> [zz, yy] = meshgrid(z,y); >> ux=zz.*yy; >> mesh(zz,yy,ux) >> axis equal >> view (50,20)

u x = yz

no warping

no warping

The results we obtained for the torsion of a thin rectangle can also be used, with some qualifications, for other thin open sections such as shown in the figure below

For example, the effective area moments for the cross sections shown can be calculated as 1 (a ) J eff = bt 3 3 1 1 (b) Jeff = b1t13 + b2 t23 3 3 1 1 1 (c ) J eff = b1 t13 + b2 t23 + b3 t33 3 3 3

Also, the maximum shear stress formula can still be applied as

max

Ttmax = Jeff

where

t max

is the largest thickness of the cross section. However, this maximum shear stress occurs on the outer edges of the thickest section and does not account for the stress concentrations that occur at reentrant corners such as those marked with a C in Fig. 1. At such locations, the stresses depend on the local radius of curvature of the corner and may be considerably larger than the value predicted from Eq. (1). Such stress concentrations can be taken into account by finding either numerically or experimentally a stress concentration factor, K, for each re-entrant corner and then examining all high stress points and choosing the one with the highest stress, i.e.

max

Tt = K J eff max

Stress Concentrations

t r

open section

max
t

2.5

max K=

1.5

max
closed section
0.5 1.0 1.5

0.5

r /t

Centerline warping of thin open sections

u x =

= r ds + 0

sectorial area function

ds
r
T O

d
since we are taking T as positive counterclockwise, is positive if the area is swept out in a counterclockwise manner

d = r ds 1 r ds 2 = 2 d = 2 + 0 d =

center of twist

To locate the center of twist, O, we must have

y dA = 0 z dA = 0
To fix

y and z are measured from the centroid of the cross section

we can specify

dA = o
An satisfying all three of the above conditions is called a principal sectorial area function, p

u x = p