Kassandra Bruzola Year I-Section A

1. Surface water - Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface 2. Under river flow - Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and true ground-water receiving water from the ground water when aquifers are fully charged and contributing water to ground-water when ground waters are depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common 3. Ground water - Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water"). 4. Desalination - Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most extensive use is in the [Persian Gulf]. 5. Frozen water - Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asias largest rivers flow from there, and more than a billion peoples livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are rising more rapidly here than the global average. In Nepal the temperature has risen with 0.6 degree over the last decade, whereas the global warming has been around 0.7 over the last hundred years. 6. In Oceans 7. In the Atmosphere / In the Biosphere

Ocean Environment the seabed The seabed can be classified as having two main parts, the continental plate and the deep seabed. Over 200 million years ago the Earths landmass was linked as one supercontinent. Over time, the heat beneath the Earths crust broke this supercontinent into smaller sections along oceanic and continentaltectonic plates. As the landmass broke along the continental plates, the ripping action created the seabed. Scientists divide the continental plate into three environment types: the continental shelf, slope and rise.

The deep seabed is also called the abyssal plain or benthos. Animals and plants that live close to the seabed are called benthic. the water column The deeper you plunge into the ocean, the less light there is. The top 100 metres is called the photic (light) zone. This is the only area where enough light penetrates for photosynthesis to occur. As you dive down you pass through the mesopelagic, bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones. Pelagic comes from the Greek word meaning "relating to the sea". Scientists use is to refer to the mass of water in the ocean. Scientists divide the ocean into environment types. The environment types relate to ocean depth, distance from the coast and the way they are formed.

What is the ocean environment? Obviously, it consists of a great deal of salt water (about 3% solution.) The disolved salt causes two problems -- first, it causes many materials to corrode and second, it renders the water unfit for drinking. In addition to the water, the ocean environment has weather. This includes temperature variation, wind, humidity, rain, etc. Convection and Coriolis effects cause movement of the air (wind) and water (currents) in roughly consistent patterns. The wind causes the growth of waves which can become quite significant. The ocean is full of life, from tiny algae to the largest living creature: Balaenoptera musculus , the blue whale. The most dangerous marine creature, however, is homo sapiens, whose warships have teeth sharper than any shark. Correspodingly, the most complicated element of the ocean environment is the labyrinthine system of laws and regulations that humans have developed to govern it. The Oceans are a complex system. They interact with the Earth's other systemsthe atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphereto form a dynamic planet. The oceans and atmosphere formed primarily from gasses trapped deep in the Earth that were released by volcanic activity. Evidence shows that life may have begun in the oceans. Early photosynthetic bacteria played a key role in creating an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Ocean basins are created by plate tectonic activity (the movement of rigid plates across Earth's surface). The unique properties of the water molecule have remarkable implications for regulation of the Earth's temperature and climate and for supporting life. The ocean is a layered and circulating system. Surface currents are driven by winds, while deep-water circulation is driven by changes in water density. Both interact with the atmosphere to shape climate. New technologiessuch as deep-ocean observatories, ocean-going robots, satellites, and rock cores from the sea floorare giving oceanographers a first look at many ocean and atmospheric processes. The oceans and the solid Earth interact to support life in extreme environments. The Earth's growing population is putting a great strain on ocean resources.

Kassandra Bruzola Year 1-A Indarapatra at Sulayman (Buod) Noong araw ay may isang dakilang hari. Siya ay si Indarapatra, hari ng Imperyo Mantapuli. Ang Mantapuli ay matatagpuan sa kanluran ng Mindanao, doon sa ilayong lupain kung saan ang araw ay lumulubog. Si Indarapatra ay nagmamay-ari isang mahiwagang singsing, isang mahiwagang kris, at isang mahiwagang sibat. linagud, aking sibat, magtungo ka sa silangan at lupigin ang aking mga kaaway!" utos I hari. Pagkatapos magdasal, inihagis niya si Hinagud nang malakas. Pagkatapos akarating ni Hinagud sa Bundok Matutun, bumalik ito sa Mantapuli at nag-ulat sa myang panginoon.

Epiko:

Aking panginoon, maawa kayo sa mga taga-Maguindanao. Sila'y pinahihirapan at pinaglalamon ng mga halimaw. Sinira ng mga halimaw ang kanilang mga pananim at ang kanilang mga kabahayan. Binabalot ng mga kalansay ang kalupaan!" ulat ni Hinagud.

Nagalit si Indarapatra sa narinig. "Sino ang mga halimaw na iyon? Sino ang mga valangawang pumapatay sa walang kalaban-labang mga taga-Maguindanao?" galit w tanong ni Indarapatra.

"Una'y si Kuritang maraming paa at ganid na hayop sapagkat ang pagkaing laan sa limang tao'y kanyang nauubos," sagot ni Hinagud. "Ikalawa'y si Tarabusao. Isa siyang halimaw na mukhang taong nakatatakot pagmasdan. Ang sinumang taong kanyang mahuli'y agad niyang kinakain. Ikatlo'y si Pah, isang ibong malaki. Ang bundok ng Bita ay napadidilim niya sa laki ng kanyang mga pakpak. Ang lahat ng tao'y sa kweba na nananahan upang makaligtas sa salot na itong may matang malinaw at kukor matalas. Ikaapat ay isa pang ibong may pitong ulo, si Balbal. Walang makaligtas sa bagsik ng kanyang matalas na mata pagkat maaari niyang matanaw ang lahat ng too sunud-sunod na paliwanag ng sibat.

Nang marinig ito ni Indarapatra, nagdasal siya at inutusan ang kapatid na Sulayman, ang pinakadakilang mandirigma ng kaharian, "Mahal kong kapatid, huma> ka at tulungan ang mga taga-Maguindanao. Ito ang aking mahiwagang singsing at Juru Pakal, ang aking mahiwagang

kris. Makatutulong ang mga ito sa iyong pakikidigmc Kumuha si Indarapatra ng isang batang halaman at ipinakiskis niya ang singsing r ibinigay kay Sulayman sa halaman at kanyang sinabi, "Ang halamang ito ay mananatilir buhay habang ika'y buhay at mamamatay kung ika'y mamatay."

At umalis si Sulayman sakay ng kanyang vinta. Lumipad ang vinta pasilangan c lumapag sa kaMaguindanaoan. Biglang dumating si Kurita. Biglang tumalon si Jur Pakal, ang mahiwagang kris, at kusang sinaksak si Kurita. Taas-baba. Taas-baba Juru Pakal hanggang namatay si Kurita. Sa pakikidigma ni Sulayman, nawala niya ar kanyang singsing.

Pagkatapos ay kinalaban ni Sulayman si Tarabusao. "Lisanin mo ang lugar r ito... kung hindi, mamamatay ka!" utos ni Sulayman.

"Lisanin ang lugar na ito! Nagkasala ang mga taong ito at dapat magbayad!" sage ni Tarabusao.

"Nandito ako upang alisin ang lagim mo rito sa Maguindanao . . . ang aking Diyos ay mabait sa mga nagdurusa at pinahihirapan ang mga demonyo," sabi ni Sulayman.

"Matalo man ako, mamamatay akong martir!" sagot ni Tarabusao. Naglaban si at duguan si Tarabusao. "Binabati kita sa iyong kagalingan, sa iyong kapangyarihai Paalam," huling sambit ni Tarabusao at tuluyan na siyang namatay.

Naglakad si Sulayman sa kabilang bundok upang sagupain si Pah. Ang Bundok Bita ay balot ng mga kalansay at ng mga naaagnas na bangkay. Biglang dumating: Pah. Inilabas ni Sulayman si Juru Pakal at pinunit nito ang isang pakpak ni Pal Namatay si Pah ngunit nahulog ang pakpak nito kay Sulayman. Namatay si Sulaymai

Sa Mantapuli, namatay ang tanim na halaman ni Indarapatra. Agad siyang nagtung sa Maguindanao at hinanap ang kapatid. Nakita niya ito at siya'y nagmakaawa s Diyos na buhay in muli ang kapatid. Tumangis siya nang tumangis at nagdasal kc Allah.

Biglang may bumulwak na tubig sa tabi ng bangkay ni Sulayman. Ipinainom ito ni Indarapatra kay Sulayman na biglang nagising. "Huwag kang umiyak, aking kapatid napatulog lamang ako nang mahimbing," sabi ni Sulayman. Nagdasal sina Indarapatr at Sulayman upang magpasalamat sa Diyos. "Umuwi ka na, aking kapatid. Ako na ar tatapos kay Balbal, ang huling halimaw," utos ni Indarapatra. Umuwi si Sulayman c nagtungo si Indarapatra sa Bundok Suryan at doon nakipaglaban kay Balbal.

sa-isang pinutol ni Indarapatra ang mga ulo ni Balbal hanggang isa na laman ang natira. Matapos ito, lumisan si Balbal na umiiyak. Inakala ni Indarapatra n namatay na si Balbal habang ito'y tumatakas. Ngunit ayon sa mga too ngayon a buhay pa si Balbal... patuloy na lumilipad at humihiyaw tuwing gabi.

Pagkatapos ng labanan, naglakad si Indarapatra at tinawag ang mga taong nagtago sa kuweba ngunit walang sumagot. Naglakad siya nang naglakad hanggang siya'y nagutom at napagod. Gusto na niyang kumain kaya pumulot siya ng isda sa ilog at nagsaing. Kakaiba ang pagsaing ni Indarapatra. Inipit niya ang palayok sa kanyang mga hita at umupo siya sa apoy upang mainitan ang palayok. Nakita ito ng isang matandang babae. Namangha ang matandang babae sa taglay na kagalingan ni Indarapatra. Sinabihan ng matanda na maghintay si Indarapatra sa kinalalagyan sapagkat dumaraan doon ang prinsesa, ang anak ng raha. Umalis ang matandang babae dala ang sinaing ni Indarapatra.

Pagkalipas ng ilang sandali ay dumaan nga ang prinsesa at nakuha ni Indarapatra mga tiwala nito. Itinuro ng prinsesa kung saan nakatago ang ama niya at ang nalalabi sc kaharian nifa. Nang magkita si Indarapatra at ang raha, inialay ng raha ang innyang pag-aari kay Indarapatra. Ngunit tinanggihan ito ni Indarapatra bagkus knyang hiniling ang kamay ng prinsesa.

Nanatili si Indarapatra nang maikfing panahon sa Maguindanao. Tinuruan niya kg mga too kung paano gumawa ng sandata. Tinuruan niya rin sila kung paano maghabi, magsaka, at mangisda. Pagkalipas ng ilang panahon pa, nagpaalam na si Indarapatra. tapos na ang aking pakay rito sa Maguindanao. Ako ay lilisan na. Aking asawa, manganak ka ng dalawa, isang babae at isang lalaki. Sila ang mamumuno rito sa inyong kaharian pagdating ng araw. At kayong mga taga-Maguindanao, sundin ninyo ang aking mga kodigo, batas, at kapangyarihan.

Gawin ang aking mga utos hanggang may isang mas dakilang haring dumating at mamuno sa inyo," paalam ni Indarapatra.

Habang kumakain, nakita ni Indarapatra ang kanyang mahiwagang singsing na naiwala ni Sulayman sa isdang ulam. Pagkatapos nito ay bumalik na siya sa kanyang kaharian sa Mantapuli.