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Published by: .' Shelter publi,cations CA 94924 -USA . n n - Paljer copies are-$10.00. e *" 0 J .' Available froms .Home: Book- Se'rvice P.O.. Box 650 180 CA 9492.4 &A Bolinas, Bolinas, Reproduced by petimission
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-~Paixi7,2J,lt Ghana Anders Grwn J&endille, Jack Fulton -East Africa ;,D.&ster Housing I lan &is Ajit Mangar New Guinea ; games Warfield Urus Padfic Islands D. Stafford Woolard 1 Menorea
Regan Bite & Josep Mascard

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-80 Flows 2oilet.s _I ,%~ L.%;~ . ~ ~-81~ - 82 \ .Alternative Energy Local Energy Nrd;be;&$ :: Cold Climate Thermal Mass wMichae/ C&t~ers \ 8 5 86 Building Costs ~ P L ~__ ~-- --- ~-~ 87. Small Btddings* Flat Roof Shed Roof Low Gable High G&e Saltbox Gambrel Hip Roof Gambrel. Barn lg Greenhouses 4 The Building Cod& Building Inspector
Herb Wmwer

Ok Wik -i44 LRigid Fr;3we t&u Lesrnger 146 Log Octagon. :. 148 Idaho Log Cabin West Virginia Log Cabin Pete iu;ldeD 149 Build$g with S&e * ~i=ds & Sbhroa Watson 150 r ..,

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22 _~ 28
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88 90 92 ,.,94 96 98
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Orkney Islands Hoedad Yurts Sod Roof Vermont Cabin Starting Over Cblor Tent Top Bark to the C&y Interiors * 1i -

Ruth Cbarks Robert Robert

&-&zi5.2 : , ~ Wheeler 15 6
Cr&ford Stowell Stow/i 15 8

160 16i- Ian Ingersoll 162 164 O/e Wik 166

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Suha Ozknn Turkish Yurts Mangolian Yurts .. Suha Ozkan Tents Aris.Konstan.&idis Greece Platis Towns , ,of Northwest Italy Hamilton Doyle *jojohn M. Pie+ GUC Celtic Dwelling Les Maisons \ Paysannes Franchises RlogerFkber, English C&ages .. o Ireland
Gypsy Van Denis E.
Peter Harvey

33 -34 36
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-102 104 105 108

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170 172 J74 176 , 182 188 190 192

194

Cities..

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Cbptruction

Homeownersl Rehab ,Homesteaders in the Bronx

Ned Chery

,Amsterdam 112 , Foundations 119 Floor Framing 120 Wall Framing 122 Roof Frafning 125 Roofing -vI 126 Window,s Do& 627 128 Siding 1* 129 Insula;ion/Vapor Barrier ,<,Sheetrock ~, 139 Stairs _, t . 231 ,132 Plumbing/Wiring .133 Metal Chitineys/Safety 134 Nailing -------k l.?cT -XZ%.sary Studs Trike/ 13 5Working * 136 High SchoolCarpeqters Peter yanev 138 Earthquake n

Houseebats , Paul de

Leenbeer

Ohmega Salvage House Inspection

Vito San Jpquin

peorge Hoffman Hoffman

Kickapoo

Nabokov

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North American
~ Houses and Barns
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54 54 56 60 62 63. .;; -70

Termites

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196 198

yoger Welscb sod .Did Texas Buildings Burton W&on Count? Buildings Nova Scotia ,n Mississippi California _ Bar& * : ,Bungalows

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200 Domes 202 Dome Letters Coam Domes a suha uzkan -DYF. 266 Polyurethane FoanI 207 Sunbeams from Cucumbers 208 Space Colonjes ,,
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-Materials.
Basic Adobe Bamboo ,P. G. McHenry

140 J 140 142

Letters Biblidgradv Credits j Index

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214 .._ 220r 222 224 t . 1

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Shelter Publica&sis a non-profit educational (c) 1978 by Shelter Publications a corporation formed for the purposes of pronon-profit California corporation. %I1 fights viding r:search, design and Pducation in the reieived. No part of this publieaiion may be reprod&ed~or Wnsmitted in any form or by : fields of housing and tlx building crafts; cataloguing and preserving traditional as well as any-means, electronic or mechanical, including innovative conscrucrion techniques; maintainrecording, or any information photocopy. ihg a net&ork,of contributors; and disseminatstorage and ritrieyal system without chq writ.liiig information fo _ ,~___ by-~~~ the bublic pu~bJc%th. mssiouf tlxp&lishg. ~_ ,of dirG%iyFAated fiterarure. Distributed in the United.Scates by Random House and in Canada l5y Random Ho@ of &&y of Congress Catnloguing In Publication Data _ Canada, Ltd. < Main entry under title: Individual ppies of this book ;ivailable ;by -. She,rer ,! +I -6 --. 7 I ., ., mall; see p. 222 for details. 1. Dwellings 2. H&se donsrrucrion. 1. Kahn,

Copehr

We are gmtcful f~ aufh~rs nnd puhlishcrs of the following e books for permission IO reprint copyright mwzri~l: CALIFORNIA LlVlNCMAGAZINEbf rhc Sw Francisco Sunday @xminer and Chronil;lc. Seprc?brr 19. 1,976; copyright (c) 1976. Ssn Franc,rco ,:.xammcr. Reprlnred e with permission. VOLUME 2.. .,EUNDAMENTALS OF GiKPENTHY. PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION (Third Edition) by Walter E. Durb+hp.+nd Elmer W. Sundberg:.copyrighr (cl l?dJby American Tech&.! Sociery. Rcprinrcd,wirh pcrmlrsion. PIONEER TEXAS BUILbINCS, Clovi\ Hctmanrh. Univec 1 %icy of Texas Press. l@_qqyr?gMs)-l%f3XGwis AND CLIMATB by James ,Mrprsron Firch and Daniel P. Bwnch: copyrighr (c). D~Lember 1960 by Scientific American. Hcpr~nrcd wlrh permission. SC,&.,CE YEAR - T,,E WOHh BOOK SClliNCE ANNUAL; copyrjghr (c) 1976 Field Entcrpriws liducational Corporation. Reprinrcd with prrmission. A SMALL HOUSE IN ;!Ile SUN. copyrighr cc) 1971 hy, Samd Chamberkun. perm&sion by I-lnwny; lloure P Publishers:

_- PRIMITIVE ARCI1ITECTUHli Ei@qsarw--

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Lloyd. Sbelckr P.O. Box Publicatiom 279 Cd/if 94924 U$A .

Eolinas,

728 TH481?.S53: .ISBNJl394-50219-l ISBN-O-394-73611-7,pbk.

78-57133
division of Random Hduse. Inc. ~

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Introduction ~.~ - ~..~ .~-

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[hc t)r,c~k btqds

\vl>th simple

shcltcrs

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lived 11, pcc~t,iin7rtl niinimnt rescj!lrccs .the\ i:~n t,c \ I~~\w<I I,\,
clthcr for hlsr<>riC,ll or ;Inthrotlc)ln~l~al Intcrcll. or a\ \c~n\lt~iy c~amplcs of efflclcnt consTrucTI()n II\ th(i\< , ~~~~~L!kxlL~wKTfI.; \vho Inclc rhc choice5 .~va~lat~lc in inklusrrlnll/ed Srx~lcTlc<. \lc can al\ti Ir:lrn frow rhe farm antI cclunrrl. h~lil~llngs of Nf)rrh rrlll-~tdn~l~n~~r~~~~~~~~l~r~ ok dn crd of pr;lcricdl, ~lcslgrl :\merlc.i and \rrnIghr-tcIr\\ar<l cllnsrrrl(Tlon. pr.lctic.c\. siring to n11n1 rnlfc ~v~nd cspu\urc. roof5 \haticd I0 shed r.LIn or sno\\, \hail\ b porche\ tar \ummcr coolnc\s ;riId -franilhg hx5 txcn the tnc,Fr c~n~m~n huuwt~uli~tlng slncc snwmltls trcp(;ln tttrning f11lT technl~tuc 111[his c.rlunrr\ 2 Y 1s .ind 2 Y 65 111rhc rrll-tl-nin~rccntil ccnTur\ .1n~l i5 \hoWn ncyt nj rhe n10sI prxcrlcal forln of houw c~,nslructlon In mll$r \ituarlons rl,cln\,. thcrc 15 an ~ntroduct~,)n io fhc princlplc\ 01 design, tr~ming clrdwings elf xven root \hapcs. and,3 I+-tJagc gbbreviatrd c~~nstrucrion n~anual fol: t)ullding a snlall honlc.

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ITI old'en three ttme w& once a fairy who lived i77a thick grove, bf trees. This gave him* shelter and protection as be ?,, did11t k770-wbow to bztild 17house. The fairy was a farnier with great knowledge of the plarlt iirzd-animal kingdom; and i * hL7d ~Z~~I.PIIIP cont[7ct with the eah l3 spiGts. David isa Nabdam tribesman+.native 077P day. I hmtr,; P&rgPd fW??l the of ($han$ de metin the silent white-hot dush: extx72;sted after the long pursuit glare of late Novembers: noonday\ sun. ofgL7we. The heat fanned by 8theGdti~st-laden\ IlarHe ,$yed the fairys activities with mattan w!nd prematurely withered all life beiore it. David stood in. a group of -grear slrrprise, uIlable to believe that a,ryot,e could survive by eatiug grassboyi and+ old $men who waited with SUS. seed and plauts. picious eyes while I explained my inThe fl7ir.y r.xplaiRed his cn7ft ~711d the terest in: their picttire decor&,$ houses. hz;t?ter was so plfasrd that be implored I present+$ a customary gift;$S@la nuts t/.Te. fhy to teach his villagel-s. wrapped in a leaf, asking pcWnssion to The fairy dent w-it/l him iri1dspe17t a visit their / compound. z+nd.2~@hotograpl~ ,ytm i7r Ibe village so that the people the beautifully drawn croc@iles and wokld know the coynplete fin:mingcycle. birds. The expressions r$ cIo% which The hater WC& dtlighted andgavc the had ,contorted these ag d yet..youthful fairy L& yozorgest daughter for ~7 wife. faces of the,earth began%0 &;--ASWC The fairy returned to the grove i777d started to move around the his new wife showed him how to build DaCid became the vehicle a house and live i77it with ~7 wife. tradition unbroken for at leas Their 5017s aud daughters became the and I began to describe the Teudaauas (High Priests) of the Land. &. gins of his people. ? by P&/l ;I4a&nlt 4, _

David asked meif 1 i&$@Q,o~vptch 1 his uncle - a soothsa.yer g b~&.gi&irq-.~ work on a new house, act@; the fields. / ,We would visit his fat,ge;f,* .Kapeons house on the way y$ ylcked our 1 way along a narrow time&$iden,path. On either side, spiky stubble p.rotruded From, the rippling hFap9 of soil moving away from a compound at their centre. A few weeks befoi-e, guin,ea-corn and :millet hard been a vivid gr.een barrier ten -feet hPgh, obscuring the houses and sm,all ., Bees. Now. the strewn remains of the crops burned, yellow and brownin the strong. heat, in the mid-nineties during was ,typical of ounds, co&sting. of cylindrical cells measuring eight or nine feet irTdiameter and connected by screen walls. A single entrance opened into the internal livestock yard, separated from the living courtyards and sleeping rooms at ahe far end by a major dividing wall containing the gr nary. Indigenous maI+ terials make opqmum use of environ- j mental potential: all walls were laterite yG
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Wall at whichdann&ous

fobd is cooked.

11vc \\rith him 111 the housr. form the ~.ISIL, wc~al unit of the Nal~dam. rhc mlnlnial linz,lgc: I:hc mqlmunl Iinc.lgc, \vhIch 15 the- b,lsls 01 clan sIru(turc. cons~sts of men a$Qi wonicn dcsccndc~l in an unt)rokcn lint front .t 51nglc .Iii.llt ~IICTS~I)I-. Ihc clan un~lc\ 0nc .()I- mow
~AIIlIIIC\ ;ln~CI~~c7. tote-nl I11 r~;~~,,;:::rsp <IS 01 .I11 <;;~~;,;cy:;

answcrcd to grant permission. lhc sccund srcp \va\ to clcar the s~tr. lr 15 c.ustoniar!, for [rlcntl\ ;ind rcldlivcs
~0 help [tic ncu housr~o\vncr. IhcIr nuni-

..

earth) rcndcrcd with co,v* Jung/ : * clay, roofs were conical thatches or flat: even household lmplenlcnrs (including cilaba\h dfnncr plates and leaf fosd wrappings) w~rr.aludegraJabl~; and wasrag~ 1s compararivel~; unkno\vn. Davids rtroni was the only rcctillncar cell in rho comptrund~. hc told mc rKc ald mm build rhcw r~uoms for rhcir sen: ior sonq. Kapeon and his children, who.

(red

111 ihclr m\.th\ of urlpn :\t the end .of a fi\~emlnute \\-~ll, from Kapcons house, WC rnrrrcd a L,lcAring and grcctrd L)avlds uncle I.ln~sln, thr sourhsa\.cr, at rhc Ned h~)usc SIW Iir \ras a till Ican flgurc wlrh well-formed fcarurcs framing wise. bright cycs. I Ic And his hclpcrs \vere complcrlng Locuursc of the walls. l\vo cgr;cs \\:crc rhr Iqlnnlll~ nc 1111L .lI Illd. Nlt@$lT .!llr c~ic!clt the CIJ\ It \va\i nu\v aplIr~~Clch Tng ~~~sta-t~nic and rhc builders \v~)uId soon retreat to the tree shade of <I local bc,cr bJr till the cvcning cool .I Slsltcd David, Whar does a man haye-to do III order ro acquire land and start a house With rhc help of an Elder, David relarcd that a man 1s eligible Co build a house if hc IS the first born of a hVusrholdcr and has a wife wlrh children, The implementation of this right c@stltutes initiation into an advanced sta&yf manhood. !.amsin .first acqulrcd land fro& the. Ten&ana. Lvhlch \vas cl,nfirmcd b\s the chlcf._ I Ic then bcg~n the prelim~inar! rites d\. going LO vlsir the soothsa!~er wlrh. 3n elder (even though he was a soorh.saycr himself): The soothsayer divined whcthrr it was propltl ds for him, to erect the dGclling, . &Y the ancestors :

bcr\ dc~~~ndlng on hi\ good rcI)uIatlon. I,.lmsin Icd ;I large M.I)I.IC flrrcc 01 2(!U30 n1c.n (:crt,iln rcl.lti\,c\ mu\{ hc.111on rhe 11rII d.k\, ot l)uild~ng, .illcr \\lllcll .lII bell\v~th fcrod .~ncl Lltir cr\ <ire rc\vdrdcd (Ioc~l beer fcrnicntcd 1rl)nl gulnckc.tirn). Elders \vc?c InformcJ al?l)ut [hc ild\. ~,t gathcrlng ar the. new house SIIC. once rhe) were tugcrhrr in rhclr clrclc. the third step \vas to rr! <jut a fu\vl. A par conraIned rhc roots of ctrtaln auspl>lous trees and water A shallo\\ domr 11d \v.I\ fltted crcarlng a rough sphcrc. Ihc I)lrcl \~a\ then 5acrificcd over this round. It\ t)lood .1nd small brca\t fcathcr\ \vcrc smcarcd on the 11~1dnd the 1)~1d!, cast grt)und\vard< tar I[\ clr*ath :trugglc. lhe cnclrcllng :lud~cncr m,altcd IN Jntlclpatlon f?r? 1.E fInal resting posltlon. If rhe f[,wl came to rcsr facing the sky then (;od 2nd [tic anctstors were pl;ased and it \yas the correct sit&. If rhc fo\vl Ia). faq$ downwards the site was lvrung. Ihc &I., 1s ,~>~~nonymous wrh the patriline~l -clan and the earth or blood wtb the female. clan LamsIn got ,a negative result frym the first krlal and hurriedlk consulted another soothsa\.cr. I It was told that his tathsr. \vho had been a powerful hoorhsayer before -him, still had a Ilvmg in-, flucnce over the vlllake although he died 1; 1YhH lhc so6thsaycr concluded at the _ that the JUJU must & eshlblted
new see hbuw, \vho site was so rharjhc people would

responsl~lc

for

I.amslns

coirlirlzred

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\$re highI\ clcCurdtC Ihc Irldcrs dclratcd SIY courses and a flat roof seven, pro. I,JOV~ to ~~C~~II~LCJ bui~ld~ng. lhis \va~ ? carriqd uut and anoP,hcr fi,\CI \vas sac&c ,ifc .dnJ p~l>~tlo~i of rh? roonl And &lIlg walls bctwccn seven and eight . the plan \<.Ls c.r.lscJ an11 J,~n~,ccl ag21n fccr )jgh, kept vertical b;; hind and rificed; produc~l+ the ?eslrrd result. n unrd al .1grccmcnt \\.I) rc,lchcd I .ams~us e! c albnr. \Vhcn struck, Hfter drying, , A da!, wa\ then srlcctcd f.or the woroom w.~s first to be built, tl;c next \vds rhr! resonated with the pure timbre ing mud men ~0 fetch water for m?R, \ fur his \vlte. tallowed 1)) rhuw torhls of a iveIl made par. The wails were play. bricks useJ in wall qnstruction. lhe -. women startecl carr)il)g \vater on- the chllclrrn ,i.nJ animCtl> rct;cJ with-a mixrur,e of CUM dunk, cla+ a Fhc granary, the most v~r>;l cell (its anJ \~qctable ~uIc--?s., wvzrk,ed \vith woodfourth da!, after the gathering r,f the from sufflcn gro\\-c!s, rhcn sizetl;h\vlth an extract Elders. The young men &sisreJ in mismg . grairi contents f&ctuiitt cicncv* to starvation lyvcl) s!~mbollsCJ bo11cJ from Dawa Dawa~~oJs. Th.c finish for the soil, which wai left in mo~~ncls _I tic L;nitv of the famil\~.it wa\ Cello thc V.IS a rcddlsh-bruwn colour, proviciing the follow& day. Oni rhc day when most ..t&au.tifull\~ t?,rn;ed cell. utlllslng rhc, ground for wall d,ccoratlons of anii house builJing commented, the+~~ung *t&a! of ~llllcric,r,..clastici~}. spcual maI pre\,erbs These paintings, executed, --l-l cmr Lll tm+in-+heTldmT@cla!, mixed \\rlth c,,<C dung,1 stra\v and in the uocal earth paints of rrd, whi&c *i start Turning the soil in breparation t%r 1 L. and black, arc visually maJe by a mans okra sap. the arrival of the Elders:- 1he lcndaana t<cfore the. {vet bricks \Wrc 1,11(1 \\I\Ys In cc)mpetltion for his yrrlued1 accompanied th:m and .lacl the foundai -. tar the- first room. I.amsin sprInklcd i pralscs.3Ihc finished wall lasts between tio6 by niaking his mark (jn ahe gr&nil,. prc)tcctive water frcjm the sacrlflclal t\vo anJ three vears.IIc cailcd on- C;oJ and ?he ancestors, ;\ pltchcci roof (acerage, gradient askrng for a-good beginn;+ anJ a good , pot into rhc fLirro\vcJ clrclc tic A~J his helpers forlncd round lumps from 1 l!h) \vas erected on the mud cylinder,. end to the building and long andhealthy, the mixed latcrite mouncls poslrloning first using A half c;Cqhedronconstructed lives for its occup>nts. , them round ths? circle. Thcy began at - lvith four main rafter $he masmn (in this casd, Lams.jn, or \vere thrust. ,.~~%te~~~ about a foot in-diameter and decreascci another masoli if he had be Mith each subscqucnt courst. The WYIII . eaves and bound atthe crown with rope. marked the plan of the tapered from a foot at the base to bc- . d.amsln judged -Iheir position and filled cell: without a in th; conical frame work between the tween four anJ sir lnq,)es at the top. a: circle furrowing the rafters of t,l& original pyramid, The The, courses mcasurcd 1?.;15. Lamsin t+s. llc made apparcntLy added strut$vcre placed at 18 Centers showed ,that a pitched roof required cukr plans:-,whcn nicasure > h

The house *was /fortified against such around the top circumference of the earth drum. A rope was laid in a spirdl ; animal influenc s when the first roo* * was cut open d Lamsin Lmrmd wjfe his over the rafters and lashed down to form spent the night f thkrq.itogether. a purlin support for a covering.of thatch&hen the $ompound was completed \ ilig mats four inches deep. These were Lanrsin held d feast for all who h,clped rolled on, tied back to the <rafters and ra+iseit. Hed/rc&ted~the Pito be brewed finished at the top with a woven grass and himself!slaughtered several guinea knot OF. a broken pot. A gpod roof P ,lasts for about three years. , fowl. Young and old came together in the cod1 OF evening-time and sat down Flat roofs were made with a basi n to a spgcial ) T.Z. containing meat stru!cture ,of .s& inch diameter jgists (which is,rarely eaten). The party soon csupported on,, forked timber columnsj became 1 ud and>oyful - children litheequally.spaced around the inside of the: ly dance x and chased one anothb, lovers earth drum.. . . The columns gr.ried the looked on, de&ed out in their brightest roof weight independently of t&%valls. print cl,othes and old boys grated their pl layer of two-inch joists ptaced over &la-nuts on perforated sardine cans. .the base joists in the opbosite direction The apcient Elder stood up, Calming were topped with twigs and bark; the r$ucous enjoyment he turned his covered with laterire mud and a crust face to the failing light in the. sky..lIe * of laterite gravel. Laterite also makes called on God to be present and grant, immaculately smooth floor surfaces. c ti,ches and long life to Lamsins family (r Gargoyles, to drain rain water were let and all those who ha&toiled in the earth into a parapet wall rising about g foor > to make the new house. above the rooftop. The first two room,s built had small On the day David and I parted we shield, walls attached-to them. The first visited Bolgatanga ?arke? together, food was cooked here by Lamsins iirife. where he helped me buy a local smock. This T.Z. (millet gruel) is called dangerI-le told me rhat he srudied at+Agriculc ~ ous food (sage bee). It was. eaten in tural college and expreys?d a d&ire to private by the cook and her husband. travel abroad and learn poultry farming to help his people -- I believe hewill The food symbolised that he was now a man who couldilook after himself and probab!y do this. ;PerhapS soori, irrigadon projects will. bring barer to this guide his family through allllifes hardships. Once the first two rooms were area making cash crops a possibility arid .subsistence farming culture will recede standing, the goats, sheep and cattle int.o thr past. Hopefully a few tradi-L were confined well away from the tionally educated young i-nen like David, area. If they had strayed onto the s;& who are not afraid of their cultuye, will ahd slept there before Lapsin and his wife, he would have broken down the help humanise modern progress. ,.:, oopstruction and rebuilt it next year. -

bigbly prized tririm71; dmppirrgsj

ca%ad

V&p

basin b:ecomes

fertile platerru fmmed b~$ the Nabdam. Here the Sciva77nah woodla%d landscape of wizerled trees uuifomly dotted, on monotonous plains of sgunted, bleached grass hfts, explodesinto lus$ greel?ery. eventually grow Grasses tbat will shoulder higf3 aYe dottekwith the colors of flowhug trees. Early millet is uow . sob, fpllowed by other high protein cereals (such ~7sguinea corn, sorghzql? ir7u.i inaize)~whicb nre interplanted with vqiozts-becrrrs arld Fra Fra potat.oes.. Other crops +chde okra, grozcndmts, sweet potatoes, gourds, melor?, tomatoes and hipiscm. Fztrther weedhg coutimes through June, July aud August; harvest time follows, with thecessatioll*of the Ini& from late Sept$mber to mid-November :. every hour from suw rise to sumet i.tdevotud to famhg. After bayvest the pace of life relaxes. Some of / the jomg n7e77 40 south to work in imiztstriei srtch as &d~e~ lrlrd cocoa; the remn;rlder spend tf1ei.r leisure time dancing L7t hmm?St festivakSor hu?rtirtg with tfje s a: & . old melt. 0 ^

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by Inn Davis

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Relief Co-ordinator (UNDRO) hhSreveal.-Whenever a nacnral disaster ta,kes place cd that there are rarely, if ever, home(and -it is a frequent occurrence since less .victims. Despite the fact that their one takes place every 85 days some0-i horn&may be 6on the ground following where b the world), the media refer to I . some earthquake, or washed away in a the*problems-facing hqmeless: victims. r Then, in a major disaster,the {ublirre-, b flood, the victims of, natural disasters.,, show high levels of mltiative in rapidly D sponds wit.h theirgifts to relief agencies ii _I . _ pro+iding shelter for their families. lhis and,.within a matter of hours jet trans!, 1 :,g*pcy may involve moving in with friends or ports are en route for the disaster scene. _ relarives, impi-ovisine a sim le shelter out Inevitably thereeill be.tents an&possibly u-2 9 of anything. at hand; (prob bly rubble P* i t other fo*rms of temporary shelters I . . n f .f, from ruined buildings) or the rapid reon board along with foodstuffs .and 4. f I, - i-9L 3.,*- _,. , is: construction of their shattered home. medical supplies. $ Or it could inyolve all three activities. Recent researckthat h; been under&7q@&$.j& a taken for the United Nafions Disaster L.. *

19 76 Gzrntemdn enrtbquake.

In Februarv

1976. &thin

24 hours of

years. There were fears char -thi Ssu,rv%

packing cases,.scra;. metal, etc. Their functions were t provide shelter for a family, a staging % omt for future action, . a place forammals and surviving posses. sions. In November 1976 Turkeysuffered its worst winter earthquake for 40.

each other, thus providing a cellular protection ,from cold. Other families dug in: to the ground and put simple roofs over their holes, thus obtaining warmth from the soil below frost levels. . -

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Iquitos,, Peru.. When the river Amaz,on floods, which is nn drumal or biennial event, t!iese houses*brtilt 071wooden mfts (Noahs Arks) float to the surface. , 1Right: dry senson; below: during flood.

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These basic improv$a$ional skills are a ..,.mal part :of life within the Third World. In some instances these skills are used to prevent di%astersfrom destroying homes, such as the Noahs Arks ,of the river Iquitos,, Peru. Periodically floods and up floatSthe homes! These Skills ire. crucial factors in recovery after a disaster Western aid givers can, learn 40 avoid placing. obstacles in .t,he way of these innovative skills. Such < <- e
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obstacles include:

forcing survivors of a _

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Located between the Australian Sndsome on the ground, whichis used as the floor. The, structures are light, _ Asian continents, Papua <New Guinea earthquake resistant, climatically cool, occupies the Eastern part of the island and the walls and openings are ideal of Ne.w Guinea and the surrounding for ventilation, .I esoeciallv, in the coastal . -smaller islands to. the East. .. . The j .areas. F individual family ,is.( the basic unit for Most structures decay due to-weather gardening and dare of cl$dreti,~~ut n and insects. The fire hazard is also great kinship groupingsstill play a Lery tmand large scale destruction of pillages portant role in thhedaily lives of. the F people. .Thd tribal laws, .public opuuons, * is often recorded. The, attjtude towards hquses varies mutual obligations, and religious beliefs greatly in different parts of&iecour my. control the overall *behrlyTouR of the .c:,, . -,_ \, ,,. * Some remain temporary huts wLLllr society. -:;.4 Except near the town centres, houses . others are elaborate and skilfully. construtted. In some areas no attention is are -built of local timber, grass*.or .pJm given to the decoration, wtiereas in leaves. The design and the construciion techniques vary from place to placers+, others it is considered asesseqtial, and the artists and crafts*men are the most resome dwellings are .round, some ret- spected people in the community. ,.. _ tangular: some are built on -stilts and ,

), l!apua New Guinea is a nation of separate wllages rather. than ,a closely knit communyty suc11 k,vith a$ might J br natiynal expected consciousness in.any West-

_ em natIOn. Ihe fragme,ntation exists bq; _. ciuse of the difficult topography, a vye+t divrrsi~ Of physical types, a total of 700-, interrelated langfl%ges, selfsuTfiCientt~~~ditional -village ectinomy,

111 other d recent,

qw&.because very Iftle

contact

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h:\s changed and the I people live ~,e~y much as their forefathers did. .m Self gover~~ment wan achieved just Over a year &fore independence in Septembere 1975 1 All current development policy is guiqed and inspired by a set * of aims approved by the Gqvernment in * J\+rc$ lGj3, yo~dayly known, as the eighr point p!an, rhe alms highllght the urgent need for decentralization, -equal distribution of econoniici benefit, rur+y-improvement and self-reliance. \$ithIn >I- ._H- the contexL of this poljcy an urban hous- * ing programme was launched wvhlch covers a broad range Lif social, economic and.geOgraphical conditions. q

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1 -1. i I.ocalell on Lh equerclr, the (:llt)crl isl,inds LL~C conprissci 01 10 : atulls,~ swhich have a nia$imun~ heighr of five at&iv2 .sea ,levrl. rhe climlltc i5 I &ercrr r,d y;mm and hunlid Gith Irrqucnr ,tra<ie I \vinds l>lo\ving.. liainfdl is season21 \Virh * IZnk pcriuds of drought. a i house forms art bc)nsis;r. Iradl~ional : \ I. cnr phroughotit dlc islands; thc lxts~c house iunsist$ pf thrw purs: sloping.

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d lation possibilities, makes the alacik There are two main types of mobile + ideanr this~~limate, and f r nomadic - - -~:-$elter~-cjtTlTe iiom%di?Eii$i!&-Tornexistence. Alaciks Lare the mo% de. shelter -CC <,mugities. One is the black tent- oaratype in the Turkish states in the Soviet I k&r) a tensian&&cture of goat hair Uni%n like Uzbekistan,,,Tdrkestan, Kir.i fabric and ropes supported by three or more posts., These tents can be seen , ghizistan; in Sin-Kiangin Chinafin North*. . .almost anywhere-in Anatolia. The other , ern Afghanistan, Iran, andqAnatolia? There are fwu basic types of alaciks: type structure, now rare and limited -;>$a in number is- the- dome shaped tents Lwith ribbed wooden framewoork and i. ET, felt covering: known in the Western * , world as yurts, ,ai&in Anatplia today ., . called alaciks. 2. : - / .Throughout history ,the al&k *has 1 _ been utilized extensively by both Turks and Mongols, with. the general consensus _. -. -. being -that the shelter is of. Turkish . .-- --origin. Different , TC?iik$h~-co~rriu~~~ies -: ( give it the same--naine with some .dif- catwza ev (frame house): theprimitive I ferences m pronunciation. In Anatolian -version, with elliptical or circular ribbed-cage skeletal structurelts \yood: vernacular the w.ord alacik is sometimes j .2 . en sticks are curved into U-shapes, and -f, used as a general reference to shelter. . _I_ .. Archaeological both ends planted., firmly in the tl)aces of ..daciks go p ground to form the basic.structurer back to the Huns of Asia. Arid one,can .-cm .. . even today observe yurt ty$e shelters-, ,. .r almost identical to those in the i6th .:.,.century miniatures and battle scenes. I :r., 7 j The glacik w& adapted to Central ;? 1 Asian climatic hardships. The need to (,; ,O I. seiirch for fresh pas&e required mobil-L y_ Ey, 3ie extremes of-hot and cold called f$ alternate insulation %nd ventilation, -. and stroVngwinds of the steppes neces-. sitated structural stability. The ribbed

covered with s$veral layers of felt, then tied around with ropes for the winds. To prevent wind uplift of th<- felts, stones are hung from a skirt*attached :- to the circumferential ropes, .) . The nomadic topak ev dwellers do not carry the alacik ribs with them when travelling: each family has two sets of sticks. One is hidden in, the highlands,, . the other in the Mediterranean lowlands. This eliminates the major burden of moving. The north side of an alacik is generally the storage area, with the entrance opposite, to the south. The material ,. _ stored to the north provide: insulatton ._I on the coldest side.,Milk or dairy pro. ti ducts are stused close to the entrance, 8 away from the fire. Ther$ is usually in opening at the apex of thealacik, opened and closed- alternately f?f ventilati~on or hea.t retention.. . _;-r The more advanced topak:.,ev .tyPe I.- alaciks arc now almost-extinct in Ana-. . tolia. They are used, by Turks who im- 1 migrated from Central Asia, as summer dwellings while:grazing. In srructure,.the caimn ev is a dobbly-. curved framework, while the topak ev is more like an umbrella. Central Asian weather changes are: adapted to by having a sin$l\felt . layer-in the summer, five to eight layer3 in the winter. In todays surviving Jaciks polyethylene is.sometimes used for weatherpr&$fing, with innerlayers ~~-.-.

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$tock <donations from ,both bride and &idegrooms families a new economit and so&l unit is formed. The indeendence of each .f&nily is highly %s-. lected, yet this does not precludb communal life. Families join for cultural and social hctivities, and move together. tribe will occupy only ,< few. shelters; A community of independent families, L i livestpck are kept- in the, same tents each a sufficient _ production unit, but in different cells. The dominating cans a. community with no landlords centermost 6: oppressive order. 1 ,are. .lili.il..i..I ...and old..,p,e,op:lc occupy, the r.....;.;...,,.......~,., .fi;*t;@d Ptthkf8ii7illTeii;l;, Problems,.,..,.._,... . j./,i..,,r . . .,tl.,,l ,.,. ,?, ,.,ir, _cells, surrounded b$-% le younger *members. The t# &s are divided by ---Cent$ZFiiie of this rype shelter .-. vertical hang$gs. The arrangement of as made them acquire symbolic con?&&nals, young- and old has these.- -tent and value. The snhericd form ad\antages: signifies. the sky. The &~-hi& used - rhe elders and rulers are farthest to .beheve the column of the sky \yas away from invaders. Polaris,. (urziversaliq colurnz~rr in Greek -_ the successive concentric chambers F and Roman cultures). The Turks.:I 1 form heat barriers ,so the middle is concept of the universe was similar -, . warmest. to.th,at hypothesized by Stolemy, es:\, By contrast; alacik dwellers do not :.- cept -the+ con&!ived of Polaris in the _ share indrior space with their ,animals, center, ihe& of the earth. At the 5 but sometimes build them covered time when their religious belief was jL - enclosure: j. ..\ Shamanism, the shamans climb up the y each alacik symbolizes a center post to reach occulus. sym; ifter marriage, a now ilacik bolized a ..climb, ito. the sky to- reach or the new family,-4Vith liveheaven. q
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separated :I changeshavp;:taken place\& __. lives-of-~nomad- . ; widely _> . . . by daily,! oczt(p$tion&. It provide& . a the _ .. space in. whtch every cate,goty ,fX~,perSoil or ObJtT:t Anb ic Mongols since. the socialist revolutton o.@YZl. Une * the Aomads world could bk.bFated, and so became a area of-life where changes-can be easily seen is in the kind of microcosm ofthe.soct,rrl)vorld!of the i$ongols. ~ -**---, -..,elling, the round-,felt tent, called a ger, The space; within th+ tent was basically divided .:hicli is still used-by most <of the-population. A , into four sectlpn,s-with! the fjrepla t g being I& c.utyoung Moscow-trained Mongolian ethnographer, G. Tserenxand, recentlys charted these. alterations over the east counle of Penerations in central Mongolia. that behind the cntil recently, ;he family was not only ;he main,: unit of &nership and production in herding, but its also organized its life in an! eiceptionaJ!y rigid and formal manner, close!+ tied to-;the old so?ial conditions. Categories of age, sex, genealogical seniori*, ,,the placement of the various household furni,ture etc. wealth, and religious status were maintained by ex-. around the perimeter of the ger. plicit rules and prohibiti-ons within the domestic 2 I circle The round@&nt was v~irtuallv the onlv dwellinp In,ysnit.e~ df the fundamental chances that h&e - .___.. _..~ --..- ...~~ ~_ ~. .~ ~~~ the revolution, people Sil!~ 41ve .innown in Mongolia, apart from Buddhist;monasteries, . occurre&since -A :r ...ro *I., F:,^.... C*--:l*r groups in felt tents. .--

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Syrian nomads, who travel with flocks ot sheep an d goats: call their tents Beit Charr, translhted: Moltse of N&r. They iveave.either goats hair or sheifis.wdol into unit webs :bout twd feet @de and the length of the- tent. Ten or-so of these webs make up the ten;, >which is usually of twocolors: black and brown. They are laced together, reinforced by ,_ narrow rension bands, propp@ up by polesand.staked to the ground. _. .,._. .I lhe tent \yalls are stitched a~ the ,,sides, ,o,f, the m,+in tent with steel pins. On the leeside of p/evailing&inds it is Left open during.fhe day.; tll,us the enclosure is protected from wind and dust~----. by walls on three sidesYiEFe3re ui1~ one-fam~y tents, divided internally into rwo areas, mens and womens, by sefting up reed mats; each of,these areas contains afire. pit;_ one fai%WaliL-.~ ing,- the-other for cooking. Sleeping is I-.~ provtded by. laying matrresses on t,he : : carpets which cover the ground. Daythmguse shows the unique chsracterof a Bedowins concept of living space. With the e,ntireV length of one I ivall usually open, the people enjoy the / shaded semi-open space, and the exteri-. or area becomes of.rhe living and WC orki:

.YLL.LLL. -setiEi~ the benefits. such as free ns rights, etc.

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__._--__ _- -;~ ., .i~ ;enolice ou. L ~,----~:--- to squatter settleme&)-all contrih+Pd-., to the. communitys~hesion i ; : ( ; _.._____. tity. * a . . .. his$eniwhich &a$d a . ,any internal CPA ____O_._ __ . __ --- ____ have,-risk,,, rh;ncw .. -ftiivn~_ ~urres@ha4 to be ,ayoihed. This was important in the _drstrrbution. of., land, which had rt q_done,fairlyz Thus, plus the v&&&tools availabltidict ,.-

. ,yY, by the way tie? duilr and plac:d theit levelsof approx&natidn. houses in r?iws, (see-sketch). 4. Later expan$on of the town also followed this type layout because the 7. These peoplebuilt their own hotrsfields ar&nd the -original nucleus w/cfre ust as squatters do now, ing, J organized ,.in &e same :way. The actual _ mullions wig con,tinue to do; -perimeter of the town varied fr.equen\ly + solutron to the housing problem! Start. in ,-shape - imposed by topographical _ mg wrth a sort of invasion shack fhis features of the site. Notwo towns are was gradually converted into a permanent home. identical: k _. --..i I.andcwas distributed actor 8. The layout and .housing,, though 7 .A not Cv-ithout problems,.is generally vaIjd the needs .for living today, accommodating our family. Within the tg,wn each modern .,seryicesr (bathroom) and r-ha_. from the long E-W oriented blbcks chines (cars) easily enough, MO&Z ._ c typically 25-3@metres deep which ran building codes .and zoning regulatidas off the mainN-S street.like the teethof . often seemed weighted: against them - a, comb. As Ro*pulation in&eased the y original nucleus@emmed in by its walls, : (ceilingheighi: minimums, etc..).and peo , ple now want individualistic and isolated * villas, so the %#lency is towards $eirOF. abandonment: which is a pity, consrder- ing their.effirrency and good sense. They. 1 still serve as a.lesson today. q

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set on. a tr&odJ, heat. and often the fnly light. It tias the center of. *attrac tion<t the winter evening meqtings, when ,the grandfathersat on a. beuch . under the chimnrf and told tales to - ,..... ~ .the children xhrle the parents xere j The>c<mmon
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Everyday .life *was punctuated .&by. a series of fests and customs which corresponded to-the collective work: the constructron of a bmldmg,.or the harvest .,_..,... -were opportunities to kill a pig and drink . a lot. Or the ground ceremony: w-hen the .t mud floor became too uneven or muddv;; ,._ people frgm the- surrounding %farrnswere -7 invited on a Sunday. A mixture of clay;., . ashes and c@w manure was spread upon nrnd to harden it, and the dancing and-s%$iping packed thefloor for the
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L Art de Resminrr utze44ai;so tzPaysarztle par Roger Fischer (voir bibliographje) est un ouvrage iSmprasiannant au sujk des maisons de campagne. Le tivre , commence par un avertissement ,quj nl -. ., . plaid pour une rektau~ation~sensible, et .+ 2 . -don +a< trne fausse restauration dite rustiyue, .qui dcrruit le veritable caracttre 1 , deces maisons. . _ . .. r, ii --_ ,_ . > II 5:~ plus dc 500 excellentes.photo,_ rj n hraphies de b^atiments paysans, avec-d& . esemples d,f: routes leS@gi~~ns du pays. . ,- Les 6lementsdont .les maisons et, leurs ii.. . +abords so,nc composes sent montres enMA detail; cl~turcs ,et bar&es, murs et, .I *,to+res faits de-divers matkriaux, fen?tres, gortes et valets. balcons et galeries et intPrietiys. I Ce n.est pas une livre- B propos du . m&ier de .restaurer; il ny a pas de d&ails de construction. .Le sujet eat lintPgrit6 et ,lesprit -des rtiaisons +ys$nnes, des exemples qui existent deja,et !ezpossi6 bilites de prc%er;er ce riche h&k&e cultureI.: :

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Ci-dessus: escalier ext&ie& duni c&izrnhe du Morbi??an. Ci-dessous: il- nest plus -tenrps qz~&qzrel&zitz +viLwne saziver cette hwble , maisghette;,. le b&dozer y est pas*. Aux habitueis caTactkres pekherong elle.$ojgnait.la tioblesse de-sa toiture haste aux pails~~.c~Irie~lse~r~ent assewblk & r&iso~r F-ceh irnbrication. de WIUYS de pans de toitwe une.@jhble~ et _ .f.. . beaufb~~c~.;;tecturale. a -.

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Ci-desks: baie int&ieure &er&Yentre deux lpiecq. Sa.;.,~&ss&e est d f e 2 sa simplicit,e: et k lenlploi de pikeA, de bois

English,
Cottages

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l;hrrc is probabty-nqobect si, much a natural iart o,f the 6;~ nor which makes such a direct appeal to the heart and imagination+ as the old country cottage. In every @rt of England, in the&llage and on the dutskirts,2: of the town,-in the h&r~e-&id standing on the lonely moor, there &i~t%nain rhese beautiful witnesses to the viqhty, 0 fresliness, and pride of the village.mason and carpente+r. Passing from disrrict to district the wondergrows at the many . types, and-that half a daysjourney from-cottages of stone the,re are cottages of cob and thatch I : n ..

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wh.o!e.. was P&stom&y -.and usual, and the follow&a on of whatthe.ir fathers had done,before them. Each gave of his. best, his quota of simple and direct ,wbrkmanship, using the materials that were to hand, sometimes wisely .and jwell, sometimes badly: but always in~~__ tsnired with a fan*cv and inventron as , -ri--~~ na:fural *as they were unconscious. The way they built and the way we build are- essentially different., Wi,th them the tendency was to. add gGdually new methods of doing things, sl,owly increasing their,store of ideas, from which _ thpy drew, as they dre\v water from the well on the village green .. , . ., :. :,.: & .. , . 1; ,I.__,, __,::-I ,-., ~,. * . : i I

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(c.t>rnstaIk or saguaro cactus &exic+n rural house) joins the .winter. house, .Sununerhouse, Cyok,house;and Meqstrual hut which comprise the shelter grouping. And the family C~USter resembles? the traditional Mexican solar, or family. compbund. Crossing the border ar, Eagle Pass, re!xYs, th% Me-can Kickapoo enjoy a unique status. They are.allow,ed through customs wi;hout green,cards -or tourist vi--s as they-undertake yearly trips to visi.&~teside Kickapoo commu,niries in Kansas and Oklaht~ma. Their reputation f,or.b&tility to.w.a;ds outsiders -- particularly,;thoSe bearing% n,ote. pads, cameras, and ii~ is notorious, but a generous couple named,, tape recorders ,Mr. and Mrs. I.ewis Cupbawhe kindly invited us on a tour of their \vintcr lodge and summe,~house frame. A h,undred yards from an Interstate, Airs. Cupbawhe demonstrated the sewing . ., 1.:1tr:lil oi - - _.-. mats using a cow rib needle, and a mile.fro.m.rhe Il;l:lhntna- - zunermarkcts. ~, she shbw$d how she Shatvnee, (I...- ___.._ --r _..... D &&,,A rlr;r,1 ,u,rn in 2 hnmrmacle oaken mortar. @, cmtinued 1
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and down for rain.run-off 2 .aayoun+the base of the wikiup fr&e, then laid over the topsto leave a: six-foor long smoke-, hole slit. Smoke-darkened and.wornymats ire pui on thq exter$or while newer mats face the inside. Finally the mats are baitend down $thstrmgers. $4

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I This ~mhirr~~o?l,barrl, Orlilt in Ld25,.is 5 feet Idug; 55:-G: wide, arld 45, feet high at th.e gablec Rnf rs are 50 55 feet long,fdl lengt% cedar pol& fro+6 bid gi wth,higb-altitzrde

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srlhese large barns in the state of Washington show the same Itaisle and baydivided, &tti?ctural framework of the great European barns (see Sbe@cr, pp.

II II rafter support.- Incidentally; this type roof structure is what shelters -most of Euiopc,'~ Goth.- cathedrals Cover the vaulted stone .-. ~~~~ ceilincs). A; the European settlers moved west ! in North America, they framed their , 1 ~-barns this >ka>;.On the west coast? wiih p$,* light snow lo:dC; rarge barns rverc built ,,.,, . ;I+$ with milled lumber and oh a weight-per.. .. ., ,.*: ::, squ.arefoot basis, are among the worlds :, ,; . -. Y.,.. ii .g I: - :,+ *., *lightest weight buildings. ., P

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dwellings, but were/the resthouses! built bythe English i government in India for the use of foreign travellers. Rambling one storey structpres, they were designed to withstand the : ,_ heat of the Indian climate, and had wide overhanging eaves, _ Li stone floors, and long: breeze-filled corridors. Deep verandahs (another Indiatiword) provided additional ,shade. The word I .bzmg~low was brought back to England by retiring ,civil,. servants, and eventually came to describe any modest, lowslung residence of picturesque.lines. In the United States, th; term bzmgcdow sqpplanted the .-. word cottage and was popular because of its euphonious sound and exotic connotations. During its heyday p+ior to World War I, Jhousands of bungalowswere built :d.

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Despite wide variat~onsiii Xyle, =cost and-location, the bungalow had certain, almost universal characte&&sT Its .lines were low. and simple, with wide, projecting roofs. It had *no .second storey (or at most a modest one), large porches (verandahs), and was made of informal materials. It was primarily for useas a summer, or resort house,:except in ,thewarm- Califgrnia climate, where itwas easily adapted to , -. all year-round use. . . . ,. .

y Porches were an essential part dif the bungajow style, but, . unfortunately, they were dcsigncd for sunwicr climates, and darkened the -interior of the house; This was often overcome ,by construcring the porch with an opeLTroof,like a -trellis, iyhich could be covered by vines or an awning. Porchroofs frequently echoed the gable, of the house, but were placed---. = off to one side. Posts were made of boulders, or cohered : with shingles,. contributing to the desired natural+ look. -This natural look: also. extended to the oiutside Good finish which was either left jrlaiq,,~ or stained, sometimes with a--lump of asphalt-dissolved in h%cu,Jpentine. .. n pl .,.r.

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The flood of literature ,.after the )curn of the century brought much advice on howto furnisl/ the;bungalow. Simplicity, and lack of firetension were the mam goals. Gustav Stickley, the furniture maker,,was a@ editor of the maga. zine iThe Craftsman, and was one of the major promoters of the bungalow style, which he referred to a~Craftsman Homes. in 1909 he wrote: When .luxury enters in, and a thousand artificial requfren~ents cdme to. be regarded, as real / the birink of degeneration. of Wil .liam~Morr%., w&also responsible for the sturdy oakfurniture commonly known as Mission. These comfortable, handcrafted- pieces. were considered appropriate ,:for the bungalow, as were the plainer versions of wicker and rattan. Easy-to-care for leather or canvas covered -Ehe seats. No pretty bric-a-brac lay about, only sturdy art pottery and brass or, copper bowls. Matting and shag rugs were suggested for the floor; however, Orientals were never out 0fplace. Surfaces were simple, and covered with natu1, I. . ral looKing stams. . . ,

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In most situatio.& the stud ftame house is the most practical way to build i,nl North America today. Other formsof,buildingu -adobe, stone, ,Logs,post and.beam, etc.-may be.more aFptoriate where -the/ materialsare available, and time plentiful. ;ut in most cases, conventional studaconstruction ofa/smXl b ., :_a suilding dill bethe .qiiickest, cheapest and most durable way ,t, o . . Y a .build home;

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rf: Stud ~l,nstruction , materials ,are manufactured for this type aion, and are commonly avaihible. LILtkwh. zonveitional .roo#ing n1atei;ial.s ,:tre cheap and .durable. ., - ctlld fillme is easy to insulate. .cI.yti .,self iveIl-to used materials. 8% - easy to takeapart, reuse materials. n. A. . -es-with building codes, :orm of conventional cons tructio ,, y, ?be Abstract Concept vs. The Hard Reality Building a house is most likely the-biggest thing you will -,-,ever -attempt.-;in_sheer size, money invested, hours spent, . , energy exerted. In recent years, a great many first-time builders have made,the mistake of building a homE from an abstract conc6pt - a dome, a sculptural stru,cture, a primitive or vernacular model ; rather than from tried and (tested building techniques. Many of these projects iook more time ..and money and wereifar less practical than they might have been: the realSty turned out to be quite different from the . initial conce$, and wcth something as large as a building, the mistakes cant besthrown away. Builders are notfooJs. If polyhedral shapes were practical, the building industry would have converted to dome con- I structionyears ago. If post and beam had not been-superceded gg-: -overilOO*years ago by the cheaper, more efficient stud con_ struction, builders Gould still be putting u-p frameworks of I...~ heavy Gmber. ,. 8 .I._,__ In these times, youvegot tobui,ld your house,whjle earnpeople can t$ke a year off). -- iiig..e.nough money to livzr?(few I You cant afford -to take forever; to injure your health, or to endsup &ch.w-xpressive o~moderni st$ assemblage that promisesnothin&u-t-cdtinual discomfort andlprmaintenance. e i. 8 / , \ --Better ol;ei? house be too little a one day than tob dig $1 the . year a&r. .!-., Tbomm Fzcllcr: Gnomologia, 1732 /I t

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.-. _! _ Climate A, ~hn&qh Lund,erstanding of your site _____ -D _ ~ , j 4 Site-. 1_ i / c.::n I..&! . i~icroclimate IsTe.tnpera ture Wlll L,r,Y you in making sound decisions h .I. e . in placemen<and orientation of a build- consider daily as .well. as annual j Whereas cl&date generally refers to the ,/. conditiqns distributed over a large area, :, ,, ing. It$ould, be: ideal (though no-t usu- -. 9 : fluctuations. i..dctermine if there are, any likely,, microcliwznte refers to the particular cii-- -Y t 8:: all possible) to, bve on the site for a heatjig or coolini problems. mate of one -small location: < . . .at f :$ ye ma trailer or small shed and watch F :. i. ground level multifold minute climates / the hhangidgof seasons, ,the wind force 1. . a exist side by side, vary,ing sharply with Rainfall -.. .and directidn, the variation~.in,sdnshine the elevation 0-f a few :feet arid within, Id. ,rainfajl,\ and temperature. fluctua- - determine, rainfall through &he/sea/ the distance of a mile. , . ,* Microcli: ons -before you build. Iq lieu ofa long sons. mate can be as important or more .i.rn., cried of~ron-@e ;observation, there are -L what is direction oP wind-blogvn rain? por?dni on -the. s,ii.e L,han .clima-te. Miuany factors that can begobsetiedand .. - drainageBrounc! house. ! ;,condltlons change faster \ - esearched that will help IR good design. . 1 k-these two~_- ~,ifmaric aa ~ ~~~,~h~f~atlc. Mi&yliyte 4 is yften .._, __-_-_____-__ Daees are some footings should%be below;frost line% ! ,. man-made, especially IR cttres. *Des&wifb Clim7fe,_VicJ~~ oip;yay. _c. -~_ .,m-Lp$es+eze in winter? , ; I -I.I.., -Anne books are!writtenon 7 # Orientation of slope ct.4), but rathela few snow i - snow Ioads require heavier roof and/ , - south slopes are warmest; .north are asoectsof the desien darker and cooler. foundation. .,_ I-: snow insulates.-,.~/. - eastern slopes get the morning sun; . <.; western get afternoon sun,. are usu~ . ( In is imnortant for shedding j:

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P Water Heating Heating In the past few pages we have considered - hot water accounts for a great deal of. the physical characteristics of ahouse- plan win;er living near heat source. - drapes, shutters, storm windows can the average l@qseholds energy, use. ,- its shape, placement on the site, relation help conserve heat. Portieres are - locate he?& @c@ tofixtures (kitch* to th&elements - as well a;~functions z f. 1 and r;y: 8f interior space. how wewill heavy drapes hung in doonvays to y en and bath). <&$. $:, - pressure relief v@+~& 1, . retain heat. hot water . look at another group of ch,aracte%tics heater is importamcSn.prevent ex,about a,. home: the flows that move 2. F, ,r .: 1_il plosion. , through a house. * - conserving hot water: &turn thermoClean wate6, flows in, waste iwater . i (. * stat down b) insulate tank and pipes : flowsout: Cold and hot water are moved . with fiberglass. around in the house. Fuel comes in; heat . _ + Waste Water Out f cir,culat%G, as do breezes. Food is i - waste water contains soap, grrase,~ : , * i brought in,compost, garbage and human .. fogd particles etc. that can damage wastes move out. Dirt and dust come in * . plants, compact soil, destroy microand are taken-out. .Smells~move about. * life when applied directly to soil. ERclt(ricity flows in .andis converted to I - reclaimed -grey water, (df.ain water . ,hear,-light,and power. _ I I only) can be used for ir$rgation if. , Thkse.movementsof lipuid,, materials, , k properly filtered, or digested m small __ warm and co&air, and energy are all im- , k D septic system to produce clear ef; .: portant to consider in the planning and , ~ r ! fluenr. , design of a home. What to do with orieqtatjon of*windows (southern ex^ 1 . 7 , posure-2 allows heat energy to flow in.; wastes, w,hereto place. a heat source, -- boron is destructive COplant?, ._ - bathrub,water .~y sunshine is a fuel.! where r!he.food come$in,how and.where .. is fairly clean for use], food scraps are disposed of, ,$iere elecdoors and--, n on platts. -i- death&rI$ping~,.around I tricity or gas and water+ye In; h@ + y&dows keefiqw& out, warmth ih. : Odors . .-&t&al breeiescan cool the,houje : . . $ ,T .usulatio& see b, 129.. * - windows, hood, or pop-up vent over x,, Poliowing are i few !brief;, i-{e:s on.: r. ] 5 *T \ 9 \ c . stove will exhaust? cooking odors f L1 some of&e flows through 5 hpqe: . SP T -2s I X - . directly. - openable window next . to toilet. Vhztjlation-cooling - p;r j7o.w: wjndows, dormers: bPi$?~b? ----*. - area to se&ate glass, paper,,.mPiils ._ __ _ . deres, porches, balconies ,cari h,e&;, for recycling. --in ,;: q : Food In and Ouh I - consider where vegetables from- gar den, g&ceries will be brought in, --!. how they will be,stored (crocks, tins, be .kept in plastic every few, days, or and embtied each. .

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caused fxorii viruses of human waste, origin. The spread of parasites such as - ,hookworm, whip worin and Ascaris is also possible. Thus,$e+ltb agencies have been reluctant to Approve these &its foe wide usuage. Both the Cliyus and the F%allones Privy have hadproblems. Fruit flies (via fodd Scraps) and manure

Disposal of wast !; in -& tontaint?d tank, even if t4e w stes db not uhde; go the decpppos tFioii- necessaiy to inactivate all*$2 .I ,erganisms,+sstill -. a step forward ii? ter&bh~w$er con- - ,, sewation and: the reduction oywater ,. polhion. I

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. . Local, enera.-as oppo$ed to alterna.tive energy or world. game strategy. Homitown~energy. Community or neighbb?h&d energy. Production of basic necessities - food, shelter, heat/power/ mechanics - as close to home as possible as a means oflincreasing out efficiencJ..our freedom,. our independence from
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Hidden Costs of ColrntFy Ll;ing; What Can Be Done td a Subhban A remote site in the country often inTract House: volves considerable hidden costs: a well; Many of these houses were7 h stily built graveled. roads; electric power; difficulfor medium cost housing, but the basic ties in getting materials to the site, etc:c-cores .are often Sound - foundation,. -Further; you ustuflly must be a jack-of5.elecrricaland plurnbing~h_o,okups, etc. - add porches, buffer room.s,~trellises - all-trades-and maintain a lot of machjnery in order to stttv~v . Lrvmg in a communfor wind control, solar shading,-pri3 . ity, on the other hand, whether it be vacy and aesthetics. city neighborhood, suburb, --or small add &nroom,or greenhouse. town, saves energy by beingclose to serremove grass, plant vegetables; plant vices, joqs, markets, schools, anidotker fruit trees; plant grapes on Trbors. .* people. suburbs &e good places to organize cooperative school$ and food buying, ~ -. . . q I3 wofk projects, community gardens. ! 0 B - I i 9.) /,g 1

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Selfsufficiency is a direction, not ,a goal. Obviously no one can be complete-;---ly self-sufficient. We all rely on the corn-plex interrelationsh,ip of people, organizacion, production, goods and services to live our lives. But this isnoreasonno? to cpntinde working toward increased self-sufficiency: providing an ever-greater share of our own needs. In this quest we begin first with duiselves, then .our families and/or friends, thed neighbors, then . . others in our commumty . .

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Ihprove Upon Weat Exists: 7 -.., .LYP-..., , ,nclllbtf. . i -, add sou@ern ;glass, eliminate large m .---L-. -!-a~aso~~~rtherng!ass. r heavy. ,draIj-es-in-doorways and.win: :- ,.>. iJo& -----I ..< ) Fm L. i ;1 of wind-o& and i ,., ,~,, w& -atherstfipping t .. * m ! ::. doors6 :, . . -* double glazing or storm.windows. :. _- use wind and s&?&r drying clothes instead of-electric dryer. :,,, . / 3, b, - dress warmly inside, keep winter I. i . E .temperature as low as possible. :;19, --L use natural ventilation instead of& ; x Pcon,ditioning.-- e . - water+av& shower head cur% water flow fr0.m six to three gallons per minute. /_ - Insulate hot water heaters! Feel the &side o:f the tank;-2 it <s-w&i in! * .tion -y-ill help, GS~fhl~nC~~ ;A< tion ,tsmade fo

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. I@igenous Efficiency * We can learn from the Indians; or. from other indigenous - r 1 who did (do) ueonle _...~ .----a not have the vast resources of the indus- _ .- 1r--L ---:--- ,see pp. 4-53). NoCth$t e with camels, live. in wikiups, or till the fields all day. But w,< can learn much that ~111be useful in OUG prizsent lives by observing how ,efficient. .people can be when they stay inone place (or migrate along the same routes), when, they must work with .what IS available,

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reat:.many factors to be wher&thinking about .the ion of she)& in acold climate.

.ho&s with each unit usually surround, e&top, bottom, and each side by other Y . heated apartments, I was rarely inclined to worry about heat. But two years ago, i my famiiy and I moved to an old farmhouse in upstate New York, where we / have just completed. two ,of the=most severe wmters m recent memory.g. rn., 1ria! by orde,alk&s-a way of forcing one to .wi ning to frame wood hotsez rwith 2~ 6 \!.- think in .the.most basic of terms and livI studs at 24 on center instead of 2x4s $ ing in a previously uninsulated. 1840 _ - at 16 on center in order to provide the .R ;-_ woo&n frame house, relying primarily;,:: .j extra space forawall insulation. This is ,,~, , :: on wood heat; being exposed on all sides B vide a shield from probably a good idea but makes one ~ to the elements. has-been the cause for I winds. A .. _ wonder-why frame all walls to the-same & considerable thought along with the thickness whe&,it m igh t make more sense Insulation auestion: *why? Havine been formallv Insulation is currently touse-2x81s or >ven2xlOs on northern y.. tted in archite :c.tur; in an urban setfacing walls and 2x4s on southfacing. It a time when too much thought Walls where i striation is not as critica. c is mated single family private This ideagoes a back to the question raised ings / was con$dered socially ir,re;ible, one did Int really give much a few years ago about the rationale of Iht 40 the pro1bIems faced by people glass Skyscrapers- with all four walls of this way. 11 the same construction. A$any rate, I But the fact is, most Air&cans, rich and poor alike; live in believe that the whole field: of building ,iuch dwellings; and it is apparent that in insulatiod is in about the same area of most cases little consideration has been conjecture. as that of selecting the -right given 50 responding to year-round weathtype of solar heating system or collector er conditions. panel. It may be too soon to effectively Following are some tho.ughtsr-on design and building a home evaluate. th,e adequacy of -any method. have been some problems with its flami an area with sub-zerb winters; this is. In th%.meanti&, piling up snow or hay mabilicy: It isfireproofed with boric acid bales around the -base o$ a house.$ an n t intended to be the definitive ivord a which is now in short supply,may have o age old. remedy for deducing.:cold and he subject btlt rather some ideas , a tendency to, disintegrate in tim,e (dedraft penetration. I I on experien ce, fact, hearsay an -1, :\ .g-. 4 pending on application) and -w-ill evenpon sense to stimulate,-.furti he Windows ,f tually settle, thus reducing its efficiency. Having experienced these past twc&?in- i 5 Its R value ,is something over 4 per ters, I would be inclined to discourage; , anyone from, installing windows in a count fun orien,tati& \, inch. A relatively new foam product is claimed to north facing wall and encourage the use Id direction from the \ called ureaformaldehyde of as many sourherly facing windows as a\b;ilding project, half of the \ have an R value of 5 per inch,, but economically and aesthetically feasible. dealt with. Knowing is .said to shrink i$ me, thus causing Th.+s nothing nicer than abit ofwinter the orier!tatioh,of winter sun and utiliz- .leaks; it is also know 4 to emit noxious i@t to mZZimumat&antage: and minisun coming into a room, and a south fumes in a downward direction after a mizing expbsure\to cold win&t-winds while, thus rendering its use in ceilings facing window,:will allow this to happen about 6-8 hours per day evenin Decemby proper siting df the building should,-.,,.,k or atticspaces questionable,. There are i also many types of rigidfoam insulations ber. Thermal pane windows or wing how many available, the most popular being ure- dows with two pieces of glass-separated thane with, an k5 per inch rating. It is; by a vacuum or an ,airspace for insulathowever, derived from the petrochemical ing vslue a&e vex effective but .expenwith sive, if factory made. Storm svin~ows industry and produce,6 poisonoys gases are a must an&1-have found that even. when exposed to fire. Bearing m mind sheet of glass over cision that., should be the shortcomings in each, I tend to pre- .-- adding, anadditional a fixed&id& when an odd sized storm r fiberglass insulation provided that .a good face mask and gloyes are worn durwindow was not-available was a big help . . ..;- -. . s or,improvements. i mg installatioh. m.keepmg out the co Id dratts. Ubvious ly, heavy curtains or drapes, a,long -with ,..-. <?Many .builders in the .east are .begin. .I
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.a t I . molded filler or loose insulating ma~,. shutters, can be effective mkeeping in the. he& at night as we&as cutting dow?r:Y terial like. zonalite. A&crawl spaces ~. .L : ~~,drafts: And--there-is ,nothing Ii& .&eIl . in the house should be insulated between ,1, . caulked tiind,ows m>* the joists or beams and .._ $ help,~educe drafts and vapor barrier should ground .in the crawl space to help keep respect to fabricating . , moisture out of the wood structure 1 -or even triple ,glazing, I-have not seen above, aswell asreducing cold. 1 o _ i. too mu,ch problem with condensation, s at least not .so much that it wont USUHe&ng .t The correct choice. of,heating systems T> ally-dry out in the next days sun these days isreally up .in.the air. .Any- RQ&-..-. ..,_ _ ,. one currently building a house should -~~.-+~~per pi& for a roof in a cold n 0 be skeptical about getting tied into or snowy .climate. is 5 in 12, that is 5 -, A vertical for eyery 12 horizontal. This*% ,gver reliant bn oil, naturalgas or LP gas. On the other hand, I wouldnt recom- . . pit+ will allqw proper dr$$.$~e of rarq mend too much reliance on solat heating i .and snow ini most cases. 9drnep.eople cement. of a 24 strip of ,. yii eithgr, except perhaps for domestic water use. There are various ideas of a pitched. roof so will sltde off and ice willnot ac--- -,+ I>.,cumulate at!the edge, causing an ice . ,\i+T5 u.dern~~~~~:c$,~~~~he~~~r~~~ ; ,. ,a roof ~r/lrh .less pit?h, thus Blldwing. @ :, . .- / ; snow to remain err t%he roof throughouts ;, : the winter, and acting :as an $I+sulatoi. 7~ -?-This is fine -until a, midwinter or. spring water over forced hot air in any case for *.thaw corn s increasing the possibilities 1. a more comfortable, evenly disvibuted t Fit heat supply. Combination wood-coal of a leaking roof. The oldNew England .. burners might be the best bet at- this lsalt bo.x design %vith a long sloping .,, roof &d,short.wall facing north to minipoint. Heating solely with,wood is anice idea.if youve got thewood lot and a de:,

. . Thermal mass refers to the potential heat storagecapacity of bulk materials. Dense or heavy material; usually store more heat than light ones. The following table , shows some common building materials, densities, and heat storage? capacities, 1 + d Specific stanige -,.+ Density Capociy * l pL Material J\ lbs./cu. ft. Heat: o 1.00 62.5 -. 62 Wet ,. Iron I 0.12 59 490 32 a Concrete ,140 0.23 Si0I-E 170 0.21 36 . 0.22 I 22 Adobe 100 0:27 I3 i ._ Sheetrock 50 -0.30 9;.12 30-40 .^S. Wood l BtullbloF ., . . i Bmlcu. @./OF I Note: Btu = hear:equired to raise~onepouhd . of water one dedee Fahrenheit. Water storesmore heat by qeight,or c volume than any comnion material. Cyh,crete and stone are next,best,rfqllowed * by ad&e, sheetrock arid wood,,wh,lch ; , 1 <. stores the least heat. . All of-these materials are poor insula- s . tors (resistance 96 heat.: fl0.W) except: .kaod, which is a moderately good . . . insulator.

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_. /\ * i$owowing vs. Pay-As-You-Build . The&al &lass .c&&Z& time devoted to buildang. Later, it may Borrowing mqney from-a lending institu.t I, t constant temperatures through the day? mean camping in an unfinished shell, .tion to either purch&e a home or finance 7 night. cycle. Some good traditional ex* sawdust and sheet rock tracks in your amples of houF%with large thermal mass3a construction involves a total expenditure --.., living- space,:and months, eien years of ~ -) . 4.1 $e the adobe buildings of the Southwest, ;,, many pepple ,are not aware of. For ex-. finishingup bit by bit. Yet in the long i ample, a %SO,QOO . . a?&ththi sd@ouseS of the Prairie. -.--L-- home&h__a.$JQ.,QOO + runsthe freedom from an enormous oblidotin payment and3 25 year Joan on the O&simnle way to utilize themTar . ation toa bank may be well worthrhe __, balance at 8% interest, means monthly insulated masonini+ .is* to c&&r& -.. far&hip and inconvenience. , .ry floor (concrete, 7stone, brick). For I payments of $335.00. Over the 25 years,, D , the borrower will pay back $100,500 on ,&St heat absorption, the floor should be a dark color and exposedto dire-?. l ,the $40,00OJo?n. (By,the time you add , .Actingas Your Own Contrbcto~ > II 3 taxes, .maintenance and insurance!. the-_ A contractor performs many. valuable I winter sun through an adequate amdunt monthly figtire, will be closer to $640; functions during ~con$truetibn of a of south-facing, glass.~~Night -beat loss i.. or $lSO,OQi) over the 2.5 year peripd.). house: atlending to neccsjary permits, ,-through ,the glass is prevented by dou+ Since the cos_tof a building is general-k _ negotiating with subcontractors, and. as. ,.. . ble, glazing, tight shutters, or. an insusuming responsibility for performance! ly eq;ally divided betwee,4abor and latingcover. . I and completion of-the job. &my people Another .approach is to make .the _ materials, .the costs for this $50,000 to engage an house>re, roughly: . * I may find it worthwhile , south wall a large thermal mass, such as $25,000 -/ ! ~~ honest contractor to either assist or suconcrete or, stone, cove&d. with g1ass.O - materials: . $25,OQO , .. - labor: (the Trombe &all), or stored water (5 5 .( - pervisetheir hc&e-building project. But if you do-not-have themoney, _. gallon drums, or water-filled culvert ,i L bank interest: $$),000 ,,One might well ask what the lend-* and/or tiant to be as closely inv;olved- --I _ I pipes), Again, +ese*w$ls must be double s ing institution has done to d-me more with,,all phases of thTjob and perform ; glazed or provided wlth,moveable covers. : money+thsn the cost of-both labor and as much of the work yourself as possible, 6 Thermal mass has also been placed . / you may want to act as your own CQ$ * . ,in. roofs with insulatiagcovers-&hic~ - materials,Surel*processingof~~oan . tractor; does not involve nearly as much labor allows-forrb-tb heating and. ,cooling of as -thecarpenters, phrmbers, electricians A contractor solicits bid; fromisub-1. ; $&rooms beneath;dependingon.wheth* a et the covers are removed duringthe day and oiheq workers contribute. Nor does contractors for various phases, of the\job. > the handling of a loan- seem .to consist , YOU may want to do this for certaindifi of such -r+l value as the manufacture ficult jobs, such as foundation work, Aland delivery of the tons of cohcrete, plumbing, or electrical i&tallation. ways get at least three bids. Tr$ to check -2-i wood, roofing, appliances, plumbing and wiring fixtures that m*ak& up the house. ;, ,. One might ask further ifsuch a dispro-

For water run-ofJ pitch rpof minimum 1 per 10. (@n be done by-adding 16r 2 2i4s to one plate.) If not pitched, roof will sag, water will puddle Cohsult lo~al cod&f@ -lumber species, *grdZe, 1 and allowable spanr. i Add footin& under wall betw-liv. rm. arn&bedroom@nd under post. -

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