AIYEJUSUNLE ENIOLUWA 100501009 ARC 353 CLIMATOLOGY ARC.

OGINNI

1. Sustainable Development 2. Sustainable Architecture 3. Bio-Climatic Design 4. Passive Houses 5. Green Building

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a systema system that connects space; and a system that connects time. When you think of the world as a system over space, you grow to understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia. And when you think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults. We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you can't feed your family? The concept of sustainable development is rooted in this sort of systems thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and seriousand we can't address them in the same way we created them. But we can address them. It's that basic optimism that motivates IISD's staff, associates and board to innovate for a healthy and meaningful future for this planet and its inhabitants.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE?

Sustainable architecture is a general term that describes environmentally conscious design techniques in the field of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations. The term can be used to describe an energy and ecologically conscious approach to the design of the built environment. Sustainable Architecture deals with energy efficiency of buildings in relation to the environment, types of materials used in construction of buildings, and how spaces are being articulated in buildings, water, heating and cooling, and lighting in buildings. Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the single most important goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY The most effective means of reducing a buildings reliance on external grid power is to reduce energy use as a whole. This can be done in a variety of ways. Increasing reliance on natural lighting and passive heating and cooling are some of the most effective ways of reducing energy consumption in a home and will be discussed in depth in later sections. Looking up an appliances Energy Star rating, is a good way to estimate its energy use. Using energy efficient appliances can greatly reduce the energy load on a building; oftentimes, if your appliances are old enough, it is more efficient to recycle the old appliances and replace them with newer, more efficient models. Much of the energy used in homes is simply wasted by leaving on lights, fans, heat, electronics, air conditioners, etc. One way of mitigating this energy loss is to create systems that automate the control of these functions and the power supplied to them. Solar is the source of all energy on our planet, is in all practicality renewable, provides 6,000 times more [energy than] consumed by humans and has the highest power density of any renewable energy (Solar Power). WATER As with energy, the most sustainable way to manage water usage in a building is to reduce the amount of water used. This can be done using more efficient washing machines, dishwashers, shower and water fixtures and toilets. More efficient shower fixtures mix air with water to produce a similar feel and effect as regular showers while using significantly

less water. Along with low flow sinks and showers, water saving toilets can effectively reduce water consumption. If one lives around the waterside like rivers, lakes, lagoon, it is advisable they use the water from the area for their lavatory, while they use the borehole water for other domestic use, so that the cost and rate of consumption will be reduced. Along with reducing the amount of water needed for a building to run, supplementing the use of well water, grid water and other nonrenewable or only partially renewable sources of water is a good idea. There are two main ways of collecting water onsite: gray water collection and rainwater catchment. Gray water collection is essentially recycling water onsite. Gray water is water from sinks and showers and different from black water in that it does not contain a significant amount of pathogens (like that of toilet water) or harmful chemicals. Collected gray water can be used for flushing toilets, watering plants, or can be Bio-remediated (any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition) on site for use as potable water again Bioremediation. Rainwater catchment is an excellent method towards meeting a buildings water needs. Depending on ones location, there can plenty of water to last through the dry months if excess water is stored during wet months. Collecting the water is often simply done by connecting downspouts from a roof to a storage container. There are several options for storing rainwater and many different materials to use in a cistern, however ferrocement tends to offer the most cost-effective option. Water that is collected and stored in this method is not guaranteed safe for consumption however, like gray water, water from roofs should be filtered or bio-remediated to remove unsafe chemicals and pathogens that may be part of the rain water or come from a composition roof for example. HEATING/COOLING Heating and cooling buildings contributes to more energy usage than any other aspect of a buildings use (Heating & Cooling). Creating a building that iswell insulated will reduce the energy costs of heating (and cooling) and will be looked at in the materials section. There are many methods to keep a buildings environment comfortable while minimizing energy input including: roof ponds, thermal mass walls, solar chimneys, solar rooms and green roofs. As a result of the lack of energy input these methods require, they are often called passive heating and cooling. All methods of passive heating and cooling rely directly on the sun for energy input. Due to this reliance on the sun one of the most important aspects of a building is its solar orientation. A building that is shaped like a rectangle (with side lengths having the ratio of 1.6 to 1, the golden ratio, being ideal) and elongated in the east-west direction is the optimum shape in all climates LIGHTING Light is a very important aspect of human life; our bodies use it to create vitamin D. Studies have shown that laboratory mice living under a restricted spectrum of light become ill and develop antisocial behaviors. Lighting affects us on a psychological and physiological level (Day 193). Thus it is very important to have good lighting in built spaces. As humans have evolved in daylight conditions, it follows that the human body is best adapted for the varied lighting conditions that are present in natural lighting. Therefore, Lighting a space with natural lighting is considered the best option.

MATERIALS One of the most important aspects of a building is that of material choice. What one builds on the exterior envelope of their space will affect its ability to breathe (important for preventing sick building syndrome, affiliated to buildings often caused by mold, dust, and volatile organic compounds which can cause sickness to a buildings occupants), to retain temperatures, the embodied energy cost of a building, its longevity and its strength against earthquakes, etc. Today there are a variety of materials to choose from that meet these goals. WOOD is a good option for many builders because it is a material that is known and there are often prescribed codes for building with it (thus reducing engineering costs). Wooden buildings generally breathe well, do not have high embodied energy (1380 MJ/m3), and they can last for hundreds of years, if well taken care of, and have a high tolerance to environmental hazards ("Measure of Sustainability: Embodied Energy"). For larger buildings and those that require higher strength materials, STEEL becomes a viable option. While much more expensive than wood, steel offers great tensile strength. Like wood, it is susceptible to degradation without protection and must be supplemented with insulation. Also, steel can create a thermal bridge between the outside of a buildings envelope and the interior. Because steel is a conductor, unless it is insulated on both sides, steel conducts heat rapidly, and degrades the quality of ones envelope. Steel also has a very high embodied energy of 251,200 MJ/m3, 182 times as high as wood (Measure of Sustainability: Embodied Energy). Steel it seems then, is only suited for applications where strength is of the utmost importance; in other cases, the negatives of using steel far outweigh the positives. If steel is used, using recycled steel is often the most sustainable option and it is readily available PLANNING An important aspect of architecture that should not be overlooked is that of planning. Planning is the study of how spaces should be laid out to interact with each other. For example, urban planning deals with infrastructure, buildings and services and where they should be located within a city. Architecture and planning are subjects that are often looked at separately but should be considered together for true sustainability. This is simply because architects and builders do not often take into account the surroundings of their building. Decisions such as whether to include a garage in a building design can be directly affected by a buildings surroundings: a garage would most likely be necessary in the suburbs, but not for a building in walking distance of common needs, such as grocery stores and public transportation lines. During planning, it is equally important to consider, architecture. Planning dictates lot size and distribution in cities, taking into account the solar orientation of lots can be a great boon to architects when designing buildings. A poorly oriented lot can make for a huge headache when it comes to designing a building, but conscious planning can create blocks of well oriented parcels which can reduce energy needs significantly for everyone involved.