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Term paper of nanotechnology Roll no. Re4005b34 Registration no.11008677

Submitted To. Ms Neeti walia Submitted By. Ambica sharan tiwari

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The cites of Google expressing its gratefulness towards the deep knowledge of NANOROBOTICS, which is the future aspect of NANOTECHNOLOGY. I also wish to thank Dr. Viney Kumar, who gave me some comments and suggestions about NANOTECHNOLOGY. Special thanks to Dr. Joginder Singh for his concern.

ABSTRACT OF WORK UNDERTAKEN

I avail this opportunity to convey the entire knowledge of NANOROBOTICS through this paper. This paper gives the information about the type of NANOROBOTICS and how NAOROBOTICS are helpful in medical sciences. Human robots are also useful in many cases. The detail is discussed in this paper. I also discussed about the future development of NANOROBOTICS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2 ABSTRACT..3 TABLE OF CONTENT4 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROBLEM..5 INTRODUCTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY6 BRIEF INFORMATION OF NANOROBOTICS.7,8 HISTORY OF NANOROBOTICS.9 ROBOT TYPES, FEATURES10 HUMANOID ROBOT..11 PURPOSE.11,12,13 APPLICATION & FUTURE ASPECTS.13,14,15. IMPORTANT ANSWERS..16 REFERENCES.17

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM

Like NANOTECHNOLOGY, ROBOTICS is the use of technology to design and manufacture machines, built for specific purposes, programmed to perform specific tasks. Robots are very visible machines. In the future, NANOROBOTICS could revolutionized medicine.

CORE CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Another perspective: a nanometer is about the width of six bonded carbon atoms, and approximately 40,000 are needed to equal the width of an average human hair. Human hair fragment and a network of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

The term "nanotechnology" has evolved over the years via terminology drift to mean "anything smaller than microtechnology," such as nano powders, and other things that are nanoscale in size. It uses a basic unit of measure called a "nanometer". Derived from the Greek word for midget, "nano" is a metric prefix and indicates a billionth part (10-9). There are one billion nm to a meter. Each nm is only three to five atoms wide. They're small. Really small. ~40,000 times smaller than the width of an average human hair.

The most important requirement for the nanotechnology definition is that the nano-structure has special properties that are exclusively due to its nanoscale proportions.

BRIEF INFORMATION OF NANOROBOTICS

Also, macroscale robots or microrobots which can move with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots. Nanomachines are largely in the research-and-development phase, but some primitive molecular machines have been tested.

Nanorobotics is an emerging field that deals with the controlled manipulation of objects with nanometer-scale dimensions. Typically, an atom has a diameter of a few ngstroms (1 = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m), a molecule's size is a few nm, and clusters or nanoparticles formed by hundreds or thousands of atoms have sizes of tens of nm. Therefore, Nanorobotics is concerned with interactions with atomic- and molecularsized objects-and is sometimes called Molecular Robotics

An example is a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5 nanometers across, capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample. The first useful applications of nanomachines, if such are ever built, might be in medical technology, where they might be used to identify cancer cells and destroy them. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment.

Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometre (109 metres). Nanorobots (nanobots, nanoids, nanites or nanonites) would be typically devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. As no artificial non-biological nanorobots have yet been created, they remain a hypothetical concept. Another definition sometimes used is a robot which allows precision interactions with nanoscale objects, or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution.

Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. These nanorobot swarms, both those which are incapable of replication and those which are capable of unconstrained replication in the natural environment Instead, medical nanorobots are posited to be manufactured in hypothetical, carefully controlled nanofactories in which nanoscale machines would be solidly integrated into a supposed desktop-scale machine that would build macroscopic products.

The field of robotics may be more practically defined as the study, design and use of robot systems for manufacturing.

Like nanotechnology,robotics is the use of technology to design and manufacture machines,built for specific purposes,programmed to perform specific tasks.

Nanorobots are largely theoretical at this stage, but simple types of nanorobts will be developed before more complex types, and this science is expected to materialize over the next 10-20 years. There is at least one type of nanorobot that has already been created, which IIRC, stores extra oxygen. It could be used for many medical purposes, and also for other applications, such as diving without scuba equipment. Nanorobots used to repair diseases will be expelled from the body through normal processes, according to scientists.

HISTORY OF NANOROBOTICS

.In 1969 Victor Scheinman at Stanford University invented the Stanford arm, an all-electric, 6-axis articulated robot designed to permit an arm solution. George Devol c.1982 George Devol applied for the first robotics patents in 1954 The first company to produce a robot was Unimation, founded by George Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger in 1956, and was based on Devol's original patents. Unimation robots were also called programmable transfer machines since their main use at first was to transfer objects from one point to another, less than a dozen feet or so apart. They used hydraulic actuators and were programmed in joint coordinates, i.e. the angles of the various joints were stored during a teaching phase and replayed in operation. They were accurate to within 1/10,000 of an inc. This allowed it to accurately follow arbitrary paths in space and widened the potential use of the robot to more sophisticated applications such as assembly and welding. Interest in robotics increased in the late 1970s and many US companies entered the field, including large firms like General Electric, and General Motors, Unimation was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation for 107 million U.S. dollars. Westinghouse sold Unimation to Stubli Faverges SCA of France in 1988, which is still making articulated robots for general industrial and clean room applications and even bought the robotic division of Bosch in late 2004. Only a few non-Japanese companies ultimately managed to survive in this market ABB

Robot types, features

The most commonly used robot configurations are articulated robots, SCARA robots and gantry robots.

In the context of general robotics, most types of robots would fall into the category of robot arms. Robots exhibit varying degrees of autonomy:

Some robots are programmed to faithfully carry out specific actions over and over again (repetitive actions) without variation and with a high degree of accuracy. These actions are determined by programmed routines that specify the direction, acceleration, velocity, deceleration, and distance of a series of coordinated motions. Other robots are much more flexible as to the orientation of the object on which they are operating or even the task that has to be performed on the object itself, which the robot may even need to identify. For example, for more precise guidance, robots often contain machine vision sub-systems acting as their "eyes", linked to powerful computers or controllers. Artificial intelligence,

or what passes for it, is becoming an increasingly important factor in the modern industrial robot. Molecular Robotics falls within the purview of Nanotechnology, which is the study of phenomena and structures with characteristic dimensions in the nanometer range.

Nanorobot Navigation
There are three main considerations scientists need to focus on when looking at nanorobots moving through the body -navigation, power and how the nanorobot will move through blood vessels. Nanotechnologists are looking at different options for each of these considerations, each of which has positive and negative aspects. Most options can be divided into one of two categories: external systems and onboard systems.

HUMANOID ROBOT
A Humanoid Robot is a robot with its overall appearance based on that of the human body. In general humanoid robots

have a torso with a head, two arms and two legs, although some forms of humanoid robots may model only part of the body, for example, from the waist up. Some humanoid robots may also have a 'face',

with 'eyes' and 'mouth'. Androids are humanoid robots built to resemble a male human, and Gynoids are humanoid robots built to resemble a human female, however the term 'Android' is often used in reference to both sexes

reach its goal. This is the main difference between humanoid and other kinds of robots. some of the capacities of a humanoid robot may include, among others:

A humanoid robot is an autonomous robot because it can adapt to changes in its environment or itself and continue to

self maintenance (recharge itself) autonomous learning (learn or gain new capabilities without outside assistance, adjust strategies based on the surroundings and adapt to new situations) avoiding harmful situations to people, property and itself safe interacting with human beings and the environment

Purpose

On the other side, the attempt to simulate the human body leads to a better understanding of it. Human cognition is a field of study which is focused on how humans learn from sensory information in order to acquire perceptual and motor skills. This knowledge is used to develop computational models of human behaviour and it has been improving over time.

Humanoid robots are used as a research tool in several scientific areas. Researchers need to understand the human body structure and behaviour (biomechanics) to build and study humanoid robots.

It has been suggested that very advanced robotics will facilitate the enhancement of ordinary humans.

for the human form, humanoids could theoretically perform any task a human being can, so long as they have the proper software. They are becoming increasingly popular for providing entertainment too. For example, Ursula, a female robot, sings, dances, and speaks to her audiences at Universal Studios.

Although the initial aim of humanoid research was to build better orthosis and prosthesis for human beings, knowledge has been transferred between both disciplines.

Besides the research, humanoid robots are being developed to perform human tasks like personal assistance, where they should be able to assist the sick and elderly, and dirty or dangerous jobs.

Several Disney attractions employ the use of animatrons, robots that look, move, and speak much like human beings, in some of their theme park shows. These animatrons look so realistic that it can be hard to decipher from a distance whether or not they are actually human. Although they have a realistic look, they have no cognition or physical autonomy.

Regular jobs like being a receptionist or a worker of an automotive manufacturing line are also suitable for humanoids. In essence, since they can use tools and operate equipment and vehicles designed

Humanoid robots, especially with artificial intelligence algorithms, could be useful for future dangerous and/or distant space exploration missions, without having the need to turn back around again and return to Earth once the mission is completed.

APPLICATION OF NANOROBOTICS AND FUTURE ASPECTS

Nanorobots: Today and Tomorrow

Teams around the world are working on creating the first practical medical nanorobot. Robots ranging from a millimeter in diameter to a relatively hefty two centimeters long

already exist, though they are all still in the testing phase of development and haven't been used on people. We're probably several years away from seeing nanorobots enter the medical market. Today's microrobots are just prototypes that lack the ability to perform medical tasks. In the future, nanorobots could revolutionize medicine. Doctors could treat everything from heart disease to cancer using tiny robots the size of bacteria, a scale much smaller than today's robots. Robots might work alone or in teams to eradicate disease and treat other conditions. Unlike acute treatment, these robots would stay in the patient's body forever. Another potential future application of nanorobot technology is to re-engineer our bodies to become resistant to disease, increase our strength or even improve our intelligence. Dr. Richard Thompson, a former professor of ethics, has written about the ethical implications of nanotechnology.

Doctors and engineers at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal demonstrated how they could detect, track, control and even propel a nanorobot using MRI. They tested their findings by maneuvering a small magnetic particle through a pig's arteries using specialized software on an MRI machine. Because many hospitals have MRI machines, this might become the industry standard -- hospitals won't have to invest in expensive, unproven technologies.

Doctors might also track nanorobots by injecting a radioactive dye into the patient's bloodstream. They would then use a fluoroscope or similar device to detect the radioactive dye as it moves through the circulatory system. Complex three-dimensional images would indicate where the nanorobot is located. Alternatively, the nanorobot could emit the radioactive dye, creating a pathway behind it as it moves through the body. Other methods of detecting the nanorobot include using X-rays, radio waves, microwaves or heat. Right now, our technology using these methods on nanosized objects is limited, so it's much more likely that future systems will rely more on other methods.

Using a Magnetic MRI devices like this one. Resonance Imaging (MRI) device, doctors could locate and track a nanorobot by detecting its magnetic field.

Onboard systems, or internal sensors, might also play a large role in navigation. A nanorobot with chemical sensors could detect and follow the trail of specific chemicals to reach the right location. A spectroscopic sensor would allow the nanorobot to take samples of surrounding tissue, analyze them and follow a path of the right combination of chemicals.

accomplished with high endurance, speed, and precisio Typical applications of robots include welding, painting, ironing, assembly, pick and place, packaging and palletizing, product inspection, and testing, all

SOME IMPORTANT ANSWERS GIVEN BY NANOROBOTICS

How nanorobots may help patients with diabetes? The nanorobots may use embedded nanobiosensors hours this to monitor blood RF glucose levels, and transmit every two information through signals for mobile phones carried with the patient. If the glucose is eventually not inside the desired levels, the nanorobots activate a pre-programmed tune in the cellular phone, which may alert the patient to take any necessary action regarding the diabetes control with prescribed medicaments.

What

is

the

advantage

on

nanorobots for diabetes? Nowadays patients with diabetes must take small blood samples many times a day to control their glucose levels. Such procedures are uncomfortable and extremely inconvenient. To solve this problem, the level of sugar in the body can be observed via constant glucose monitoring using medical nanorobotics. This important data may help doctors and specialists to supervise and improve the patient medication and diary diet. This process using nanorobots may be more convenient and safe for making feasible an automatic system for data collection and patient monitoring. It may also avoid eventually infections

due the daily small cuts to collect blood samples, possibly loss of data, and even avoid patients in a busy week to forget doing some of their glucose sampling.

In fact, you have a similar problem about cerebral aneurysm. A critical issue on cerebral aneurysm is to detect and locate the vessel a dilation, if possible before subarachnoid

hemorrhage occurs. Nowadays about 50% of patients with cerebral aneurysm Beyond diabetes, what kinds of other biomedical applications can benefit from this architecture? Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of medical technologies and therapy tools. However, a decisive factor to determine the chances for a patient with cancer to survive is: how earlier it was diagnosed; what means, if possible, a cancer should be detected at least before the metastasis has began. die, because it is detected only after a brain hemorrhage happened. Considering devices, they the can properties help on of such

nanorobots to navigate as bloodborne extremely important process of early diagnosis. Therefore, such integrated architecture may support the development of molecular machines to advance new therapies in medicine.

REFERENCES CITED
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanorobotics www.Imr.usc.edu/~Imr/publications/nanorobotics nanolab.me.cmu.edu www.sciencedaily.com/articles/n/nanorobotics.htm