ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT TENSES

Name Class NPM

: Ricki Yohanes Fajar : 1EA26 : 16211116 GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY

PART I DEFINITION OF TENSES

A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.The tenses are past, present, and future. Tense can also make finer distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for example can cover general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points. Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is being contrasted with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis such as this and that. In absolute tense, as in English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance). In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event. The number of tenses in a language may be disputed, because the term tense is often used to represent any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood. In many texts the term "tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, or whether information derives from experience or hearsay (evidentiality).Tense differs from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. In many languages, there are grammatical forms which express several of these meanings (see tenseaspectmood). In languages which have tenses, they are normally usually indicated by a verb or modal verb. Some languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may be inflected for both tense and aspect together. "English . . . has only one inflectional form to express time: the past tense marker (typically -ed), as in walked, jumped, and saw. There is therefore a two-way tense contrast in English: I walk vs. I walked--present tense vs past tense. English has no future tense ending, but uses a wide range of other techniques to express future time (such as will/shall, be going to, be about to, and future adverbs). The linguistic facts are uncontroversial. However, people find it extremely difficult to drop the notion of 'future tense' (and related notions, such as imperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect tenses) from their mental vocabulary, and to look for other ways of talking about the grammatical realities of the English verb."

"Some grammarians define a tense as an inflection of the verb--a change of meaning you achieve by altering the form of the verb. So the past tense of win is won. In this sense, English has only two tenses, present and past. But for everyday use--especially for those who are studying foreign languages--this strict definition of tense is not very helpful. There is a broader use of the word [tense]: a form of the verb phrase which gives information about aspect and time."

PART II Kind of Tenses

English is the universal language in this world.So many people think we must know everything about english if we want be a good person in this world.The important thing from english is tenses because english really diferent than indonesian language.English have 16(sixteen) tenses,so we must know all of about the tenses.

I. PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense
How do we make the Simple Present Tense? subject + auxiliary verb + main verb do base There are three important exceptions: 1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary. 2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary. 3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives. Look at these examples with the main verb like: subject I, you, we, they + He, she, it I, you, we, they He, she, it Do ? Does he, she, it like coffee? Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary: subject + I You, we, they main verb am are French. French. does I, you, we, they not like like coffee. coffee? do not likes like coffee. coffee. auxiliary verb main verb like coffee.

He, she, it I You, we, they He, she, it Am ? Are Is

is am are is I you, we, they he, she, it not not not

French. old. old. old. late? late? late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense? We use the simple present tense when:

the action is general the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future the action is not only happening now the statement is always true

Look at these examples:

I live in New York. The Moon goes round the Earth. John drives a taxi. He does not drive a bus. We meet every Thursday. We do not work at night. Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:

2. Present Continous Tense

We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use. How do we make the Present Continuous Tense? The structure of the present continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb be base + ing Look at these examples:

subject + I + You She We

auxiliary verb am are is are he they not not

main verb speaking reading staying playing watching waiting to you. this. in London. football. TV? for John?

? Is ? Are

We use the present continuous tense to talk about:

action happening now action in the future

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future - if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.Look at these examples:

We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table.. They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working. When are you starting your new job?

In these examples, we have a firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking.

3. Pesent Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English. How do we make the Present Perfect Tense? The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb have past participle Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

subject + I + You She We

auxiliary verb have have has have you they not not

main verb seen eaten been played finished? done it? ET. mine. to Rome. football.

? Have ? Have

Contractions with the present perfect tense When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. Here are some examples:

I've finished my work. John's seen ET. They've gone home.

How do we use the Present Perfect Tense? This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense: 1. experience 2. change 3. continuing situation 1. Present perfect tense for experience We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. 2. Present perfect tense for change We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information. 3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

4. Present Perfect Continous Tense

How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense? The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + auxiliary verb + main verb have been base + ing has Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense: subject + I + You It We auxiliary verb have have has have you they not not auxiliary verb been been been been been been main verb waiting talking raining. playing seeing doing football. her? their homework? for one hour. too much.

? Have ? Have

Contractions
When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. Here are some examples:

I've been reading. The car's been giving trouble. We've been playing tennis for two hours.

How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense? This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense: 1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.

I'm tired [now] because I've been running. Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining? You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.

2. An action continuing up to now We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.

I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.] We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.] How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.] We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]

For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

Here are some examples:

I have been studying for 3 hours. I have been watching TV since 7pm. Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks. Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. He has been playing football for a long time. He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.

II. PAST TENSE

1. Simple Past Tense
The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often. How do we make the Simple Past Tense? To make the simple past tense, we use:

past form only or auxiliary did + base form

Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs: The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is: subject + main verb past The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb did base The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb did base The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work: subject I + You She We Did ? Did they work at home? Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples: subject I, he/she/it + You, we, they I, he/she/it You, we, they Was ? Were you, we, they late? How do we use the Simple Past Tense? We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past. The event can be short or long. Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past tense when:

auxiliary verb

main verb went worked to school. very hard. with me. yesterday. to London?

did did you

not not

go work go

main verb was were was were I, he/she/it not not here. in London. there. happy. right?

the event is in the past

the event is completely finished we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event

Here are some more examples:

I lived in that house when I was young. He didn't like the movie. What did you eat for dinner? John drove to London on Monday. Mary did not go to work yesterday. Did you play tennis last week?

Note that when we tell a story, we usually use the simple past tense. We may use the past continuous tense to "set the scene", but we almost always use the simple past tense for the action. Look at this example of the beginning of a story: "The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It was cold. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his..."

2. Past Continous Tense

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past. How do we make the Past Continuous Tense? The structure of the past continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb BE conjugated in simple past tense was were + main verb present participle base + ing

For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense: subject + I + You He, she, it We auxiliary verb was were was were not not main verb watching working helping joking. TV. hard. Mary.

? Were ? Were

you they

being playing

silly? football?

How do we use the Past Continuous Tense? The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm. When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

I was working at 10pm last night. They were not playing football at 9am this morning. What were you doing at 10pm last night? What were you doing when he arrived? She was cooking when I telephoned her.

We often use the past continuous tense to "set the scene" in stories. We use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. Often, the story starts with the past continuous tense and then moves into the simple past tense. Here is an example: " James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

3. Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past". How do we make the Past Perfect Tense? The structure of the past perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb HAVE conjugated in simple past tense had + main verb past participle V3

For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense: subject + I + You auxiliary verb had had main verb finished stopped my work. before me.

She We

had had you they

not not

gone left. arrived? eaten

to school.

? Had ? Had

dinner?

How do we use the Past Perfect Tense? The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:

The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

Look at some more examples:

I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten. They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours. I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived." "Really? Where had she gone?"

You can sometimes think of the past perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past. For example, imagine that you arrive at the station at 9.15am. The stationmaster says to you:

"You are too late. The train has left."

Later, you tell your friends:

"We were too late. The train had left."

We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked, thought, wondered: Look at these examples:

He told us that the train had left. I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong. He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain. I wondered if I had been there before. I asked them why they had not finished.

4. Past Perfect Continous Tense

How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense? The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb HAVE conjugated in simple past tense had + auxiliary verb BE + past participle been main verb present participle base + ing

For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense: subject + I + You It We auxiliary verb had had had had you they not not auxiliary verb been been been been been been main verb working. playing working expecting drinking? waiting long? tennis. well. her.

? Had ? Had

How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense? The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past. For example:

Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

Here are some more examples:

John was very tired. He had been running. I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking. Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time. Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past. For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you:

"I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours."

Later, you tell your friends:

"Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours."

III. FUTURE TENSE

1. Simple Future Tense
The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will. How do we make the Simple Future Tense? The structure of the simple future tense is: subject + auxiliary verb WILL invariable will + main verb base V1

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense: subject + I + You She We auxiliary verb will will will will you they not not main verb open finish be leave arrive want the door. before me. at school tomorrow. yet. on time? dinner?

? Will ? Will

How do we use the Simple Future Tense? No Plan We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:

Hold on. I'll get a pen.

We will see what we can do to help you. Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking. We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:

I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow. I think I will have a holiday next year. I don't think I'll buy that car.

Prediction We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:

It will rain tomorrow. People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. Who do you think will get the job?

Be When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

I'll be in London tomorrow. I'm going shopping. I won't be very long. Will you be at work tomorrow?

2. Future Continous Tense

How do we make the Future Continuous Tense? The structure of the future continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb WILL invariable will + auxiliary verb BE invariable be + main verb present participle base + ing

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense: subject + I + You auxiliary verb will will auxiliary verb be be main verb working lying at 10am. on a beach tomorrow.

She We

will will you they

not not

be be be be

using having playing watching

the car. dinner at home. football? TV?

? Will ? Will

How do we use the Future Continuous Tense? The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm: When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight. What will you be doing at 10pm tonight? What will you be doing when I arrive? She will not be sleeping when you telephone her. We'll be having dinner when the film starts.

3. Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future. How do we make the Future Perfect Tense? The structure of the future perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb WILL invariable will + auxiliary verb HAVE invariable have + main verb past participle V3

Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense: subject + I + You She We auxiliary verb will will will will not not auxiliary verb have have have have main verb finished forgotten gone left. by 10am. me by then. to school.

? Will ? Will

you they

have have

arrived? received it?

How do we use the Future Perfect Tense? The future perfect tense expresses action in the future before another action in the future. This is the past in the future. For example:

The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.

Look at some more examples:

You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8. They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time. "Mary won't be at home when you arrive." "Really? Where will she have gone?"

4. Future Perfect Continous Tense

How do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense? The structure of the future perfect continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb WILL invariable will + auxiliary verb HAVE invariable have + auxiliary verb + BE past participle been main verb present participle base + ing

For negative sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between will and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense: subject + I + You She We auxiliary verb will will will will not not auxiliary verb have have have have auxiliary verb been been been been main verb working travelling using waiting for four hours. for two days. the car. long.

? Will ? Will

you they

have have

been been

playing watching

football? TV?

How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense? We use the future perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the future. Look at these examples:

I will have been working here for ten years next week. He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.

IV. PAST FUTURE TENSE

1. Past Future Tense
PAST FUTURE TENSE Like Simple Future, Future in the Past has two different forms in English: "would" and "was going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two different meanings. FORM Would [would + VERB] Examples:

I knew you would help him. I knew you would not help him.

FORM Was/Were Going To [was/were + going to + VERB] Examples:

I knew you were going to go to the party. I knew you were not going to go to the party.

Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future. Examples:

I told you he was going to come to the party. plan I knew Julie would make dinner. voluntary action

Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone. plan I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. prediction He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. promise

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past. Examples:

I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Correct We use this sentence when we will do something in the past time.

2. Past Future Continuous Tense

How do we make the Past Future Continuous Tense? The structure of the Past future continuous tense is: subject + auxiliary verb SHOULD/WOULD invariable Should/would + auxiliary verb BE invariable be + main verb present participle base + ing

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between should/would and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and should/would.

3. Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable. FORM Future Perfect with "Will" [will have + past participle] Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To" [am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning. The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. Examples:

By next November, I will have received my promotion. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future. Examples:

I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

4. Future Perfect Continous Tense

Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable. FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will" [will have been + present participle] Examples:

You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To" [am/is/are + going to have been + present participle] Examples:

You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. Examples:

They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. How long will you have been studying when you graduate? We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.

A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long.

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples:

Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.

PART III EXAMPLES OF TENSES

I. PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense Ex: (+) I read a novel. (-) I do not read a novel (?) Do I read a novel? 2. Present continous Tense Ex: (+) They are staying at the hotel now. (-) They are not staying at the hotel now. (?) Are they staying at the hotel now? 3. Present Perfect Tense Ex: (+) He has lived here for two years. (-) He has not lived here for two years. (?) Has he lived here for two years? 4. Present Perfect Continous Tense Ex: (+) It has been raining for four hours. (-) It has not been raining for four hours. (?) Has it been raining for four hours?

II.PAST TENSE
5. Simple Past Tense Ex: (+) The novel was very expensive. (-) The novel was not very expensive. (?) Was the novel very expensive? 6. Past Continous Tense Ex: (+) You were sleeping at 9 oclock last night. (-) You were not sleeping at 9 oclock last night. (?) Were you sleeping at 9 oclock last night? 7. Past Perfect Tense Ex: (+) They had arrived at the airport. (-) They had not arrived at the airport. (?) Hadv they arrived at the airport? 8. Past Perfect Continous Tense Ex (+) It had been raining all day. (-) It had not been raining all day. (?) Had it been raining all day?

III. FUTURE TENSE

9. Simple Future Tense Ex: (+) I wil contact you tomorrow. (-) I will not contact you tomorrow. (?) Will i contact you tomorrow? 10. Future Continous Tense Ex: (+) They will be having dinner at this time tomorrow. (-) They will be not having dinner at this time tomorrow. (?) Will they be having dinner at this time tomorrow? 11. Future Perfect Tense Ex: (+) She will have finished her study by this time next year. (-) She will not have finished her study by this time next year. (?) Will she have finished her study by this time next year? 12. Future Perfect Continous Tense Ex (+) She will have been staying there for five months by June next year. (-) she will not have been staying there for five months by June next year. (?) Will she have been staying there for five months by June next year?

IV. FUTURE PAST TENSE

13. Future Past Tense Ex: (+) I told you he was going to come to the party. (-) I told you he was not going to come to the party. (?) Was he going to come to the party? 14. Future Past Continous Tense

Ex

(+) Mother would be washing when we come. (-) Mother would not be washing when we come. (?) Would mother be washing when we come?

15. Future Perfect Tense

Ex:

(+) I am going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. (-) I am not going to have finished this test by 3 oclock. (?) am going to have finished this test by 3 oclock?

16. Future Perfect Continous Tense

Ex:

(+) We will have been talking for over an hour by the time He arrives. (-) We will not have been talking for over an hour by the time He arrives. (?) Will we have been talking for over an hour by the time He arrives?

PART IV DAFTAR PUSTAKA

(John Seely, Grammar for Teachers. Oxpecker, 2007) (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense Silvester Gorindus Sukur,Comprehensive English Grammar For The TOEFL TEST for beginners 1,2008 Silvester Gorindus Sukur,Comprehensive English Grammar For The TOEFL TEST for beginners 2,2008 Rudy Haryono & Mahmud Mahyong,Kamus Inggris Indonesia,2008