1.Results 1.

1) DC Measurements
The first part of the practical required the construction of the BJT Common Emitter Amplifier with the resistor values designed in the pre-practical. The values were designed to bias the BJT with a collector current of 1.2 mA such that the following resistor values were obtained and used: R1 = 82 K R2 = 27 K RC = 4.7 K RE = 2.2 K + 560

VCC (V) VC (V) VE (V) VB (V) VBE (V) VCE (V) IE (mA) IC (mA)

Predicted 12 7.5 2.3 2.97 0.7 5.2 0.81 0.807

Measured 11.83 7.19 2.27 2.9 0.63 4.9 0.83 0.83

% Error 1.42 % 4.13 % 1.3 % 2.36 % 10 % 5.76 % 2.4 % 2.85 %

Table 1: DC Measurements

1.2) AC Analysis
1.2.1 Common Emitter Amplifier: Low Frequency Response
Freq VO (Vp-p) dB Phase fmid 10 KHz 2 0dB -180 fL 491 Hz 1. 4 -3dB -162 2 fL 995 Hz 1.85 -0.67dB -144 5 fL 3.02 kHz 1.99 -0.04dB -175 0.5fL 210 Hz 0.8 -12.96dB -100 0.2 fL 90 Hz 0.45 -18.79dB -95 0.1 fL 54 Hz 0.23 -26,94dB -90

Table 2: Common Emitter Low Frequency Response

1.2.2 Common Emitter Amplifier: High Frequency Response

Freq VO (Vp-p) dB Phase fmid 10 KHz 2 0dB -180 fH 888 kHz 1. 4 -3dB -144 0.5 fH 423 kHz 1.9 -0.44dB -165 0.2 fH 117 kHz 2 0 dB -180 f > fH 1 MHz 0.8 -7.96 dB -115

Table 3: Common Emitter High Frequency Response

1.2.3 Common Base Amplifier: High Frequency Response

Freq VO (Vp-p) dB Phase fmid 10 KHz 2 0dB -180 fH 950 kHz 1. 4 -3dB -43 0.5fL 440 kHz 1.7 -1.41 dB -18 0.2 fL 90 Hz 0.45 -0.4 dB -10 f > fH 54 Hz 0.23 -6 dB -50

Table 4: Common Base High Frequency Response

Bode Plots and Phase Diagrams for the different amplifiers Common Emitter Frequency Response
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 10

10

10

10

Bode Plot of the Low Frequency Response of a Common Emitter Amplifier

-90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 -180 1 10

10

10

10

Phase Diagram For Low Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8 4 10

10

10

10

Bode Plot of the High Frequency Response of a Common Emitter Amplifier

-110

-120

-130

-140

-150

-160

-170

-180 4 10

10

10

10

Phase Diagram For Low Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier

Common Base Frequency Response

2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8 4 10

10

10

10

Bode Plot of the High Frequency Response of a Common Base Amplifier

-10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80

10

10

10

Phase Diagram For High Frequency Response of Common Base Amplifier

Discussion of Results The measured values of the DC bias voltages and currents was found to be very close to the values predicted in the pre practical calculation. The errors were all well below 4 % error except for one value which was about 10% error. The possible reason behind these errors could be the resistor tolerances of about 5 %. Also, the predicted values of the voltages and currents were based on calculated resistor values whereas the measured values were based on E12 resistor series. The results of this section were found to deviate largely from the calculated results. The predicted fH was approximately close to 10.7 MHz whereas the measured value was found to be close to 600 KHz. The reason behind this large deviation is possibly that the method of analysis used to calculate fH neglects the effect of rx for means of simplification. This reduces the accuracy of the calculation as rx is not negligible and its effect increases the total resistance seen by C. This results in reducing the value of fP2 and in turn the value of the predicted fH is higher than the actual. Another reason as to why the measured value deviated from the predicted could be that the analysis of the calculated fH does not consider the effect of load capacitance on the amplifier. Some human errors that could have been made during the practical include the pre practical calculations used a capacitance of 25 pF for the probe whilst the actual value was 16 pF. Also, it is known that the breadboard used have a high capacitance which could in turn have affected the results of the experiment.