WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE

CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU

General Certificate of Education

Advanced

Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol

Uwch

315/01
BIOLOGY (MODULAR)
MODULE BI5
P.M. THURSDAY, 19 June 2003
(2 hours)

For Examiners Use Only

Total
Marks

Centre Number
Candidates Name (in full)
Candidates Examination Number

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your centre number, name and candidate number in the spaces provided above.
Answer all questions in sections A and B.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
You are reminded of the necessity for good English and orderly presentation in your answers.
The quality of written communication will affect the awarding of marks.
No certificate will be awarded to a candidate detected in any unfair practice during the
examination.

JD*(0006/20)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

SECTION A
1.

Answer the questions (a) to (f) in the spaces provided.

(a)

Name the hormone responsible for the effect in each case.

(i)

Varies the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of the
nephron.
[1]
................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Maintains the corpus luteum in pregnancy.

[1]

................................................................................................................................

(iii)

Causes contraction of the uterus.

[1]

................................................................................................................................

(b)

Name the two types of filament in a myofibril.

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

State the function of the malleus, incus and stapes.

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d)

Give one advantage of using tissue culture to clone plants.

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(e)

State a method by which international cooperation has assisted in conservation.

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(f)

Name an isolating mechanism that could lead to the formation of a new species.

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 8 marks)
(C006/20)

BLANK PAGE

Turn over.

2.

(a)

State what is meant by the term allele.

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b)

Colouration in cockatiels is determined by a number of different genes.

(i)

One gene determines the presence or absence of red cheek patches, as shown in the
diagram.

cheek patch

The allele for red cheek patches (R) is dominant to that for no cheek patches (r).
Show how two birds with red cheek patches could produce a bird with no cheek
patches.
[3]
Parental Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Possible Gametes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genotype of bird with no cheek patches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii)

Another gene determines the main colour of the feathers covering the body of
cockatiels. Its alleles show codominance.
One allele produces silver colouration (S) while the other produces grey colouration
(G). Heterozygous birds are silvery grey.
Use a suitable genetic diagram to show the result of crossing a heterozygous bird with
a grey bird.
[4]

(0006/20)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

Parental Genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Possible Gametes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F1 genotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F1 phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii)

Using the information given in (i) and (ii), state the genotype of a silver bird with no
cheek patches.
[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

Another gene determines the presence of feathers with a dark edge. This gene is sex-linked
and the dark edge is caused by a recessive allele (e).
In birds, unlike humans, the male (XX) has two sex chromosomes that are the same length
and each one is, therefore, able to carry the allele. The female (XY) has one shorter sex
chromosome that cannot carry this allele.
Using this information and your own knowledge, state all the possible genotypes of each of
the following birds:
[4]

(d)

(i)

female with dark edged feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii)

male with dark edged feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii)

male with plain feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pigments that produce different coloured feathers are proteins.

Explain how different alleles can give rise to the synthesis of different pigments.

[3]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(C006/20)

(Total 16 marks)
Turn over.

3.

(a)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

The graph shows the changes in the dry mass of seeds as they are germinating. The dry
mass of the endosperm (food reserve), embryo as it develops into a seedling and the total for
the seed are shown.

1.1
1.0

as

0.9

lm

ta

to

0.8
g

in

l
ed

se

er
sp
do
en

.
Dry 0 7
mass/
g 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
embryo

0.1
0

2
4
6
8
Time from start of germination/days

10

12

Explain the relative changes in the dry mass of the embryo/seedling and endosperm.

[4]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(0006/20)

(b)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

The embryos were carefully removed from 40 seeds which were not germinating. The seeds
were then divided into two equal groups and treated as follows:
Group A
Group B

were soaked in water

were soaked in water to which embryos from germinating seeds had been
added.

Petri dishes were prepared with agar jelly containing starch. The soaked seeds from both
groups were then placed on the agar.
After 24 hours, the seeds were removed and iodine solution was poured over the surface of
the agar. The mean diameter of starch-free areas of agar was recorded for each group. The
results are shown below.
Mean diameter of
starch-free area (mm)

(i)

Seeds soaked in water

(Group A)

4.4

Seeds soaked in water to which embryos from

germinating seeds had been added
(Group B)

7.1

Explain how the starch-free area of agar has been formed.

[3]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Suggest an explanation for the difference in the results of the two groups of seeds. [1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

The main food reserve in the broad bean seed is not the endosperm. Name the structures that
store the food in this seed.
[1]
..............................................................................................................................

(Total 9 marks)

(0006/20)

Turn over.

4.

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

The cultivated banana is sterile and seedless. It reproduces asexually, producing shoots or suckers
that develop into new plants. It is extremely difficult to develop disease-resistant varieties of this
plant.
In the 1950s the main variety grown in banana plantations was Gros Michel. This variety was
totally wiped out by Panama disease, caused by a soil fungus (Fusarium oxysporum). The disease
spread rapidly from one plant to another and from plantation to plantation.
Following the devastation, a variety of banana that was resistant to Panama disease, Cavendish,
was planted and has been used ever since. However, it became apparent that Cavendish was
susceptible to the disease, Sigatoka, caused by another fungus (Mycosphaerella fijiensis). Only the
use of massive amounts of fungicide spray is keeping Sigatoka under control. It seems that as soon
as a new fungicide is used the fungus develops resistance to it.
(a)

State the type of cell division used in the reproduction of the banana plant.

[1]

..............................................................................................................................

(b)

(i)

State the genus of the fungus that causes Panama disease.

[1]

..............................................................................................................................

(ii)

Explain why Panama disease spread so quickly through the banana plantations and
wiped out the Gros Michel variety in the 1950s.
[3]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

Explain how the fungus that causes Sigatoka becomes resistant to fungicides.

[5]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(0006/20)

(i)

(d)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

Explain why it is so difficult to develop disease-resistant varieties of banana.

[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Suggest a way by which disease resistance could be achieved.

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 13 marks)

5.

Answer one of the following questions.

Either,

(a)

Describe
(i)
(ii)

Or

(b)

the formation of spermatozoa,

the events that occur during fertilisation.

[10]

Describe
(i)
(ii)

how the resting potential is maintained in the axon of a neurone,

how a nerve impulse is transmitted along a myelinated axon.

[10]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(0006/20)

Turn over.

10

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(0006/20)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

11

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 10 marks)
(0006/20)

Turn over.

12

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

SECTION B
Answer all questions.
6.

10

Read the passage below and use the information and your knowledge to answer the questions that
follow.
The rainforests in the developing countries of Southeast Asia are being destroyed both by roaming
farmers and large companies. The roaming farmers, known as shifting cultivators, have been
blamed for large-scale forest destruction, loss of species and uncontrolled burning.
In shifting cultivation a plot of forest is felled and burnt, providing fertile ash in which to grow
food crops. After 1 to 3 years, as weeds flourish and fertility declines, the plot is abandoned for a
fallow period of about 20 years.
In Sumatra this traditional method of cultivation has been adapted to make best use of the fallow
period. Rubber seedlings are planted with food crops and the rubber trees allowed to mature during
the fallow period, during which time other wild plant species will grow again. The rubber, a cash
crop, can be harvested after 10 years and the land can be made available for felling again after a
further 15 years.
Where the human population density is high, fallow periods have been reduced and food yields
have dropped significantly. In some places the cultivation pattern has been replaced with
permanent agriculture, such as rubber plantations.
Adapted from New Scientist, 15th November 1997
(a)

(b)

State two possible reasons, other than agriculture, for the destruction of the rainforests.

[2]

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

What is the advantage to these farmers of burning felled trees to produce ash before
cultivation?
[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c)

Where the human population density is high, fallow periods have been reduced and food
yields have dropped significantly. (lines 12-13)
Explain why the food yields have decreased.

[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(0006/20)

13

(d)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

Give two reasons why the pattern of shifting cultivation practised in Sumatra (lines 711) is
of benefit to the farmer.
[2]
1

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Question continued overleaf)

(0006/20)

Turn over.

14

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

A study was carried out in three areas of forest that had different types of agriculture. The
number of species of five types of plant (trees, climbers, epiphytes, shrubs and herbaceous
plants) were counted in:
an area of undisturbed primary forest;
an area that was used for traditional agroforest (shifting cultivation, as in Sumatra);
a rubber plantation.
The results are shown below.

380
360
340
320

Number of species

300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Primary forest
Tree
Shrubs

Traditional agroforest
Climbers
Herbaceous plants

Plantation (rubber)
Epiphytes

Adapted from New Scientist, 15th November 1997

(0006/20)

15

(e)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

Comment on the species diversity of:

(i)

the plantation compared with the primary forest;

[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii)

traditional agroforest compared with the primary forest.

[3]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(f)

It is often stated that cultivation of the rainforest is totally destructive. Using the information
given in the graph and your own knowledge, comment on the validity of this statement. [2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 15 marks)

(0006/20)

Turn over.

16

7.

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

When kidneys fail, patients can lead a relatively normal life as the functions of the kidney are
performed by dialysis, which is the main form of treatment available.
(a)

In haemodialysis, a connection is made to a blood vessel through which blood passes out of
the body into a machine. Once in the machine, the blood passes through a system of tubes
formed from an artificial membrane, which is bathed in a dialysis solution, after which the
blood is returned to the body. The principle of the machine is shown in the simplified
diagram below.

dialysis
solution out

blood out

blood in

dialysis
solution in
dialysis solution
(continually replaced)
(i)

Name one substance that would be removed from the blood during dialysis and state
the method by which it crosses the artificial membrane.
[2]
Name

...................................................................................................................

Method
(ii)

artificial
membrane

...............................................................................................................

Explain why blood cells would not be removed from the blood as it passes through
the machine.
[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(0006/20)

17

(iii)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

The dialysis session lasts for about 4 hours, during which blood is continually being
transferred from the body, into the machine and returned to the body again. At the
same time, fresh dialysis solution is passed through the machine continuously. The
dialysis solution is mainly composed of glucose with some salts. Typically,
haemodialysis sessions are required three times a week.
Using the information above and your own knowledge, explain why haemodialysis is
so efficient.
[3]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Question continued overleaf)

(0006/20)

Turn over.

18

(b)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

An alternative method of dialysis is peritoneal dialysis. In this, instead of the blood being
cleaned using an artificial membrane outside the body, it is cleaned inside the body. It
uses the peritoneum, the thin membrane that surrounds the organs of the abdomen. The
peritoneum is well supplied with blood vessels. This membrane has two layers and the
space between them is used as a reservoir for the dialysis fluid. The principle is illustrated in
the simplified diagram below (side view).

diaphragm

organs
abdomen

peritoneum

cavity that acts as a

reservoir for dialysis fluid

The fluid remains in the body for a few hours, after which it is drained out and replaced
with fresh dialysis fluid. This procedure needs to take place four times a day.
(i)

Explain why the peritoneum is a suitable membrane for dialysis within the body.

[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19

(ii)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

Using the information provided and your own knowledge, suggest why peritoneal
dialysis needs to take place 4 times a day whereas haemodialysis only needs to take
place 3 times a week.
[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii)

Suggest how the dialysis fluid may be altered to allow more water to be removed
from the blood.
[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iv)

If peritoneal dialysis is used for long-term treatment, the peritoneum becomes

thickened.
Suggest how and why this affects the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis.
[2]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Question continued overleaf)

(0006/20)

Turn over.

20

(c)

Examiner
only
Arholwr
yn unig

One possible treatment for kidney failure is a kidney transplant. It is important to get the
best donor/recipient match as possible in order to avoid severe rejection of the new kidney.
The best match will be found between identical twins, followed by members of the
immediate family.
(i)

Why is the best match between identical twins?

[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii)

State, with a reason, whether a better match is likely to be found between a husband
and wife or a brother and sister.
[1]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii)

Even with a good match, some degree of rejection is common. If rejection occurs, the
patient can be treated using immuno-suppressive drugs such as anti-lymphocyte
globulin or orthoclone K T-cell receptor 3 antibody.
Explain how and why the body might reject a new kidney.

[4]

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 19 marks)

(0006/20)