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=
=
+ + + +
=
This can equivalently be written as
1
1
P
P P
THD
total
=
Measurements based on amplitudes (e.g. voltage or current) must be converted to
powers to make addition of harmonics distortion meaningful. For a voltage signal, for
example, the ratio of the squares of the RMS voltages is equivalent to the power ratio:
2
1
2 2
4
2
3
2
2
.........
V
V V V V
THD
+ + + +
=
Where V
n
is the RMS voltage of nth harmonic and n=1 is the fundamental frequency.
THD is also commonly defined as an amplitude ratio rather than a power ratio,
resulting in a definition of THD which is the square root of that given above:
1
2 2
4
2
3
2
2
.......
V
V V V V
THD
n
+ + + +
=
This latter definition is commonly used in audio distortion (percentage THD)
specifications. It is unfortunate that these two conflicting definitions of THD (one as a
power ratio and the other as an amplitude ratio) are both in common usage.
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
SBCE, KHAMMAM 41 DEPT.OF EEE
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
SBCE, KHAMMAM 42 DEPT.OF EEE
CHAPTER 5
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
SBCE, KHAMMAM 43 DEPT.OF EEE
SIMULINK/MATLAB AS A TOOL FOR SIMULATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Matlab simulation is used to develop the AC Chopper based Dynamic
voltage restorer after investigating the various literatures available for DVR. A systematic
procedure is described in this chapter for the simulation model development and the
results are presented further.
5.2 SIMULATION MODEL
Fig. 5.1 Main circuit diagram without filter
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
SBCE, KHAMMAM 44 DEPT.OF EEE
The circuit model of an AC Chopper based DVR is shown in fig. 5.1. It is
developed by using Matlab/Simulink version 7.1. The brief discussion about the
components used in the simulation model is given in the appendix. It consists of three
main blocks. There are shunt transformer, Ac Chopper and injecting/ boosting
transformer. Shunt transformer is a step down transformer, which is used to step down the
voltage and this voltage is given to input of AC Chopper. The output of Chopper voltage
is injected in to the line through an injecting transformer. The sub circuit of AC Chopper
is given in fig. 5.2.
5.3 SUB CIRCUIT FOR AC CHOPPER
Fig. 5.2 On-Off control of ac chopper
An on-off control technique for Ac voltage controller with different duty cycles
(from 10 to 99.99%) is used. By varying the duty cycles from 10 to 99.99% the output
voltage is observed. To reduce the total harmonic distortion a filter is designed and
connected across the secondary winding of the injection transformer. The ac chopper
based DVR with filter is shown in fig. 5.3. The total harmonic distortion is decreased
with the increase in the duty cycle and vice-versa.
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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5.4 AC CHOPPER BASED DVR CIRCUIT WITH FILTER
Fig. 5.3 Main circuit diagram with filter
The values of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) are chosen by trial and error
method i.e. L=0.2026H AND C=5mF such that the total harmonic distortion is less. By
varying the duty cycle from low to high the output voltage of the chopper will increase
and THD decreases.
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For any disturbances of supply voltage variations in the system,
injecting the voltage in to the distribution feeder through the injection transformer, the
constant voltage can be maintained. For any type of load (i.e. R, RL and RC) the load
voltage is same because there is no voltage drop due to source impedance.
5.5 MODELING OF CIRCUIT
Components: Quantity:
1. Single phase supply 02
2. Line impedance 01
3. Linear transformer 02
4. Switch 01
5. Pulse generator 01
6. Ground 07
7. Voltage measurement 04
8. Controlled voltage source 01
9. Filter 01
10. Series R-load 01
11. Scope 04
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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5.6 CIRCUIT RATINGS
Contents: Ratings:
1. Voltage 6350V
2. Frequency 50Hz
3. Line resistance 1ohm
4. Line reactance 10mohms
5. Shunt Transformer power: 30KVA, f=50Hz
Primary/Secondary Voltage: 6350/1270V
Magnetization Resistance: 2000
Magnetization Inductance: 500
6. High pass Filter Inductance 7UH
7. High pass Filter Capacitance 0.09046F
8. Low pass Filter Inductance 0.20264UH
9. Low pass Filter Capacitance 5mF
10. Injecting Transformer power: 30KVA, f=50Hz
Primary/Secondary voltage: 1270/1270V
Magnetization Resistance: 2000
Magnetization Inductance: 500
11. R-Load 635ohms
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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CHAPTER 6
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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SIMULATION RESULTS
6.1 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS of INJECTED VOLTAGE WITHOUT FILTER:
The voltage across the load for different duty cycles from 10% to 90% without
filter is shown in the fig. 5.4 and corresponding Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis is
also shown in fig.5.5. In the below Fig. 5.4 the X-axis represents the time (sec) and Y-
axis represents the Injecting voltage (volts). Here it is observed that the THD values
decreases from 271.50% to 30.17%.
For 10%:
For 20%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 30%:
For 40%:
For 50%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 60%:
For 70%:
For 80%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 90%:
Fig. 6.1 Output voltage waveforms for different duty cycles
6.2 FFT ANALYSIS of LOAD VOLTAGE WITHOUT FILTER:
FOR 10%:
FOR 20%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 30%:
For 40%:
For 50%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 60%:
For 70%:
For 80%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 90%:
Fig. 6.2 FFT Analysis for different duty cycles without filter
6.3 THD WITHOUT DISTORTION:
After the FFT analysis without filter the results are presented in the
tabular form in table. 6.1. With the increase in the duty cycle from low to high the
injecting voltage is increased and THD is decreased.
Table.6.1 THD Values without filter
Duty
Cycle (%)
Injecting
voltage (V)
THD (%)
10 271.14 127
20 254 188.13
30 381 146.85
40 508 117.75
50 635 96.6
60 762 78.64
70 889 62.94
80 1016 47.03
90 1143 30.17
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6.4 CHARACTERISTICS OFF TIME& ON TIME vs RMS VOLTAGE:
For the load voltage without filter the RMS value of the voltages with
respect to different on times and off times are recorded and same is plotted in figs.6.6 and
6.7. The RMS voltage is increased by increasing the on-time as shown in the Fig. 6.6.
And the effect of off time on RMS voltage is shown in Fig. 6.7
Fig. 6.3 On-time vs. V
rms
voltage
Fig. 6.4 Off-time vs. V
rms
voltage
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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6.5 WAVEFORMS OF LOAD VOLTAGE WITHOUT FILTER:
The voltage across the load for different duty cycles from 10% to 99.99% with
filter is shown in the fig.5.8 and corresponding FFT analysis is also shown in fig.5.9. In
the below Fig. 5.8 the X-axis represents the time (sec) and Y-axis represents the Load
voltage (volts). Here it is observed that the THD values decreases from 30.17% to 0.01%
and the three waveforms indicates the supply voltage, injected voltage and load voltage
i.e.
For 10%:
For 20%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 30%:
For 40%:
For 50%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 60%:
For 70%:
For 80%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 90%:
For 99.99%:
Fig. 6.5 Output voltage waveforms for different duty cycles with filter
6.6 FFT ANLYSIS of LOAD VOLTAGE WITH FILTER:
For 10%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 20%:
For 30%:
For 40%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 50%:
For 60%:
For 70%:
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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For 80%:
For 90%:
Fig. 6.6 FFT Analysis for different duty cycles with filter
6.7 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION WITH FILTER:
After analyzing the FFT analysis with filter the results are presented in the tabular
form in table. 6.2. With the increase in the duty cycle from low to high the injecting
voltage and load voltage is increased and THD is decreased.
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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Table.6.2 THD Values with filter
Duty cycle
(%)
Injecting
voltage(V)
THD (%)
Load voltage
(V)
THD (%)
10 132.8 32.39 6469 0.66
20 265.6 30.63 6598 1.23
30 398.4 27.94 6727 1.65
40 531.1 24.53 6857 1.95
50 663.8 20.60 6986 1.89
60 796.5 16.34 7116 1.82
70 929.1 11.97 7246 1.53
80 1062 7.66 7376 1.1
90 1194.2 3.61 7506 0.57
After analysing without and with filter a look up table is prepared as shown in the
table. 6.3. For supply voltage variation from +25% t0 -25% around the rated voltage in
steps of 5%. The load voltage is controlled with in a 5% of the nominal load voltage. It
is also observed that the THD is in between 2.26 to 0.01%.
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
SBCE, KHAMMAM 65 DEPT.OF EEE
Table.6.3. Look-up table
Duty
Cycle
(%)
Supply Voltage(V)
(6350V)
Load Voltage(V)
THD (%)
Total voltage
at supply
Voltage
variation in
Percentage
Total
voltage at
load
Voltage at load
in Percentage
99.99 7937.5 +25 6642 +4.6 0.01
80 7620 +20 6581 +3.6 1.23
50 7302.5 +15 6648 +4.69 2.05
30 6985 +10 6588 +3.74 1.68
5 6667.5 +5 6528 +3.8 0.33
99.99 4762.5 -25 6052 -4.6 0.01
80 5080 -20 6108 -3.8 1.85
50 5397.5 -15 6036 -4.9 2.26
30 5715 -10 6094 -4.0 1.82
5 6032.5 -5 6087 -4.1 0.36
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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CONCLUSION
By designing the AC Chopper based dynamic voltage restorer load voltage is
maintained very near to the rated value. The harmonic analysis has been done with the
different duty cycles. The results are presented for the same duty cycles. The Total
harmonic distortion (THD) decreases with the increase in duty cycle. For any type of load
up to 100Amps the voltage across the load is controlled to within a 5% of the nominal
load voltage. It is also observed that the THD is in between 2.26 to 0.01%. The author
feels that this method is used for the first time used in DVR schemes. The use of series
AC chopper for the voltage restoration is much simpler than the previously used schemes.
FUTURE SCOPE
This work can be extended to a 3-phase system.
Dynamic voltage restorer using AC Chopper for Distribution Systems
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] N.H. Woodley, L. Morgan and A. Sundaram, Experience with an inverter-base
dynamic voltage restorer, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No.3, pp.1181-
1185, 1999.
[2] A.Ghosh and A.Joshi, A new approach to load balancing and power factor
correction in power distribution system, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.15,
No.1, pp.417-422, 2000
[3] Lei B.H., Choi S. S., and Vilathgamuwa D.M.: Design considerations on the line-
side filter used in the dynamic voltage restorer. IEE Proceedings Generation,
Transmission, and Distribution, vol. 148, pp. 17, Jan. 2001.
[4] MOZDER, A. JR. BOSE, B. K., Three-Phase AC Power Control Using Power
Transistors, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., IA-12 (1976), pp. 499505.
[5] Chan, K., 1998. Technical and performance aspects of a dynamic voltage restorer.
In IEE Half Day Colloquium on Dynamic Voltage Restorers- Replacing Those
Missing Cycles, pp: 5/1-525.
[6] Kularatna N.: Power Electronics Design Handbook: Low-Power Components and
Applications. Boston: Newnes, 1998.
[7] N. A. Samira, C. Neft, A. Sundaram, and W. Malcolm, "The distribution system
dynamic voltage restorer and its applications at industrial facilities with sensitive
loads," in Proc. Power Conversion Intell. Motion Power Quality, Long Beach, CA,
Sept. 1995.
[8] Amr Elnady and Magdy M. A. Salama, Mitigation of Voltage Disturbances Using
Adaptive Perceptron- Based Control Algorithm IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 309-318, January 2005
[9] Chris Fitzer, Mike Barnes, Peter Green Voltage Sag Detection Technique for a
Dynamic Voltage Restorer IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 40, No. 1,
pp. 203-212, January/February 2004
[10] Haque, M.H., Compensation of distribution system voltage sag by DVR and D-
STATCOM, Power Tech Proceedings, 2001 IEEE Porto, vol.1, pp.10-13, Sept.
2001