tooth development enamel dentin root formation cementum periodontal ligament tooth eruption

Primary lamina* Vestibule

Oral epithelium (dental arch)

Extensional lamina (primary lamina)

molars
4 mo (f) 4 yrs 5 yrs

Vestibular lamina (Lateral lamina)

Developing teeth ENAMEL ORGAN

Successional lamina (permanent teeth primordia)

future ameloblasts

* lamina = epithelial ingrowth

*apoptosis to form vestibule

future odontoblasts (neural crest) inner enamel epithelium

Oral epithelium

Primary dental lamina

Bud Stage:
1) Oral epithelium: -ameloblasts (enamel) Oral mesenchyme* 2) dental papilla: -odontoblasts (dentin) -pulp cells 3) dental follicle: -cementoblasts (cementum) -fibroblasts (periodondal ligament) -osteoblasts (alveolar bone)

1 3 2

week 6

* collagenous regions

What is the tissue betwen the arrows?

Primary dental lamina

ENamel organ cap stage. Inner enamel epithelium

What is the cell layer at the arrow?

Not ameloblast; really just an inner enamel epithelium

Is this a primary tooth?

Successional lamina

epithelial pearls (of Serres)

DF

DP

Gubernacular cord DF = Dental follicle: -cementum (cementoblasts) -periodontal ligament (fibroblasts) -alveolar bone (osteoblasts) DP = Dental papilla: -crown dentin -root dentin

Bell Stage:

vestibular lamina primary dental lamina

stellate reticulum

tongue

undifferentiated enamel organ membrana preformativa

successional lamina

Deposition of mineralized tissues:

**Enamel deposition will occur ONLY on a dentin substrate**

ameloblasts

Aprismatic

* *

Dentin causes differentiation of ameloblasts

enamel dentin

*Tomes process *Tomes fiber

odontoblasts

Green asterisk is labeling:

a) enamel matrix b) enamel c) neither

Enamel itself will only appear when crown is completely formed. This is just an artifact. You don't see enamel matrix because you only see dentin in this view

What stage of tooth development is depicted?

Check for deposition of mineralized tissue: this will mean appositional stage

(matrix)

outer enamel epithelium stellate reticulum inner enamel epithelium (ameloblasts) enamel matrix
differentiated ameloblast

Thickest region will be on top. Thickest dentin and enamel Undifferentiated ameloblast vs differentiated ameloblast. Morphology changes Apical end of cell makes enamel. Polarity and nuclei shifts.

stratum intermedium

dentin odontoblasts
dental papilla

predentin

ameloblasts & stratum intermedium cells are perpendicular to each other

pre-ameloblasts

membrana preformativa

ameloblasts

Amelogenesis
maturation stages

DEJ

dentin

. .... . .

aprismatic enamel

Tomes process enamel rod (prism)

enamel crystals +water, proteins (enamel matrix)

temporal progression

matrix

The arrows are pointing toward what structures?

Tome's processes ?

Tomes processes
matrix

enamel crystals

enamel matrix

Enamel crystals
amelogenin assembly small nanospheres (hydrophilic) removal of hydrophilic tails (enamelysin)
enamelin enamelin
Once crystal formation happens, blue crystals get coated by amelogenins. Amelogenin is removed during maturation

Tomes process Ca2+

enamelin nucleation?

large nanospheres (hydrophobic)

Enamel crystals grow in width (during maturation phase)

enamel serine protease

Enamel crystals grow in length (during enamel deposition phase)

Enamel rods (prisms):

stratum intermedium

GJ

A T

A
TB
secretory vesicles (protein secretion) enamel crystalites enamel proteins, protein fragments

(tail)

hydroxyapatite crystals

(between crystalites)

Prismatic vs. aprismatic enamel:

aprismatic enamel (20-100m) DEJ prismatic enamel Prismatic enamel: -results from loss of Tomes' process oral -all crystalites cavity to surface -highly mineralized -must be removed to create "tags" for bonding procedures

prismatic enamel

Enamel spindles:
-extensions of odontoblast processes (dentin tubules) -most abundant at cusp ~5-50 m

DEJ

DEJ

The structures at the arrows are?

Enamel tufts

DEJ

hypomineralized, rich in the acid protein tuftelin

DEJ
ES

The arrow is pointing to what structure? How could you test your answer?

Enamel lamellae

-hypomineralized (mineralization failure) -resemble enamel matrix -protein-rich -prone to develop cracks X

= ameloblast

The lines that have the same orientation as the arrows represent what structures?

Rods are running in direction of arrows

Enamel cross striations

(short period, diurnal increments)

2.5 6 um
Daily incremental growth line

ameloblast

Tomes process

Weekly growth intervals

Striae of Retzius
(long period)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Striae of Retzius

(long period)

rod interrod

Striae Striae Striae

-weekly reduced rate of secretion -unequal termination of growth cycle

1 2 3

-crystal orientation is disrupted

(delayed interrod termination)

Neonatal lines

Did this tooth begin mineralization in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd trimester?

The arrows represents what structures?

imbrication lines of Pickerill

Perikymata

7-10 days

The arrows depict ___ - __ __?

diazones parazones
(dark bands) (light bands)

50m

Hunter-Schreger lines
dentin pulp cavity

DEJ

parazone

enamel surface

diazone parazone

Gnarled enamel

Which successional tooth is older?

Which successional tooth is older? Does enamel maturation HAVE to occur prior to eruption?

Enamel crystals
amelogenin assembly small nanospheres (hydrophilic) removal of hydrophilic tails (enamelysin)

Tomes process Ca2+

enamelin nucleation?

enamelin enamelin

large nanospheres (hydrophobic) Enamel crystals grow in length (during enamel deposition phase)

Enamel crystals grow in width (during maturation phase)

enamel serine protease

Enamel maturation:
secretory & ruffled ameloblasts border stages

H2O, protein minerals

DEJ
aprismatic enamel

. ..... . .
enamel rod (30% mineralized) aprismatic enamel

reduced enamel epithelium basal lamina or primary cuticle

synthesis

maturation

-increase in crystal thickness (& consequent reduction in intercrystalline space) (1.5 nm 25nm) -secretion of calcium & phosphate ions -removal of water and protein (mostly amelogenin, squeezed to surface by expanding crystals) enamel pits amelogenin (90%) -final protein content:
enamelin tuftelin ameloblastin (sheathlin) (10%) 1-2% of enamel

Dentin
Formed throughout life Contains nerves Contains cell processes Contains collagens Small crystals One step mineralization

Enamel
Formed prior to eruption No nerves Acellular Contains enamel proteins Large crystals Two step mineralization

Dentin deposition:
dentin predentin

dentinal tubules (Tomes fibers)

odontoblasts

intra(peri)tubular intertubular

nerve axons microtubules

ns

Intertubular dentin Peritubular dentin (intratubular, sheath of Neuman)

hypermineralized (no collagen)

What type of dentin is depicted at "A"?

Dentin types

enamel mantle dentin

Mantle:

a) branching b) less mineralized c) collagen to DEJ

CP

1o

Primary dentin (circumpulpal) Demarcation line

TGL

CP
Secondary dentin (formed after root completion)

CP 2o 3o

1o

2o
Pulp cavity

(a.k.a. reactionary, restorative, reparative, response)

tubules if present, very irregular

Polarized light
enamel

mantle dentin circumpulpal dentin enamel

mantle dentin 20-150 uM thick

mantle dentin found only in crown

circumpulpal dentin

Dentin types

enamel mantle dentin

Mantle:

a) branching b) less mineralized c) collagen to DEJ

CP

1o

Primary dentin (circumpulpal) Demarcation line

TGL

CP
Secondary dentin (formed after root completion)

CP 2o 3o

1o

2o
Pulp cavity

(a.k.a. reactionary, restorative, reparative, response)

tubules if present, very irregular

What type of dentin is depicted at the arrow?

1o & 2o - formed by odontoblasts 3o - formed by newly recruited mesenchyme (PULP responds

to insult)

Potential fate of 1o & 2o dentin:

Dead tracts - empty, sealed tubules Sclerotic - fully mineralized tubules

(excess peritubular dentin)

3o

dead tracts

sclerotic dentin

Translucent dentin

Physiological -increases linearly with age (use in forensics) -begins to form at root apex -physically similar to sclerotic dentine

Incremental growth lines (diurnal) of Von Ebner (short period lines)

tubules

Incremental growth lines (weekly) of Andresen (long period lines)

~1 wk

(pronounced Andresen line)

Lines of Owen

~weekly deposition -duration equivalent to striae of Retzius in enamel* -cause unknown

Lines of Owen

secondary curvature

*implies similar cause, but unknown

The arrows represent......?

enamel

Interglobular dentin

Tubule direction is unaffected - but they lack peri (intra) tubular dentin
(hypomineralized)

enamel

Interglobular dentin

Tubule direction is unaffected - but they lack peri (intra) tubular dentin
(hypomineralized)

dentin

predentin

24 hours

Globular mineralization

collagen + dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) calcospherite globular mineralization

Globular mineralization

interglobular dentin (hypomineralized)

These holes represent what structures?

The region between the arrows is called_______?

Root dentin
Tomes' granular layer

hyaline layer (mantle equivalent)

Tomes' granular layer

granules

highly branched odontoblast tubules

Development of root & supporting structures

-root proper -cementum -periodontal ligament -pulp cavity
-root growth commences only after crown completion -root growth initiation coincides with axial eruption phase -root maturation may take up to 3 years

apical foramen

Identify the structures labeled A (hint: they are cytokeratin positive)

Cementum/dentin formation:
Enamel

**Cementum deposition will occur ONLY on a dentin substrate**

Dentin

cementocyte

root dentin

(presumptive cementoblasts)

mesenchymal cells from follicle

Intermediate cementum

cellular intermediate cementum cementum CEFC)

Hertwigs root sheath

CEFC=cellular extrinsic fiber cementum

Hertwigs Root Sheath

Hertwigs Root Sheath

Hertwigs Root Sheath

root dentin pulp mesenchyme

Hertwigs Root Sheath

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product

Hertwigs Root Sheath

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product

Hertwigs Root Sheath

precementoblasts

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product

Hertwigs Root Sheath

precementoblasts

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product

Hertwigs Root Sheath

precementoblasts

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product cementum follicular mesenchyme

Hertwigs Root Sheath

precementoblasts

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product cementum follicular mesenchyme

Hertwigs Root Sheath

precementoblasts

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product cementum follicular mesenchyme

Hertwigs Root Sheath

precementoblasts

root dentin pulp mesenchyme intermediate cementum epithelial product cementum follicular mesenchyme

Hertwigs Root Sheath

Identify the tissue at the arrow (be specific)

Cellular & acellular cementum

-avascular -canaliculi not interconnected -forms anchoring substrate for PL

incremental lines of Salter

appositional growth PL

cementocyte (lacuna) canaliculi

cementoblasts

Repaired cementum (cellular intrinsic fiber cementum)

Cementum formation aberrations:

Dentin Cementum

epithelial rests of Malassez

HRS

cementicle
(attached)

Hertwigs root sheath anomalies:

root sheath discontinuity

Enamel
enamel pearl

root sheath adhesion

*(alternatively, may
form enamel pearl)

Exposed root dentin Cementum

NC

Hertwigs Root sheath

NC

Hertwigs Root sheath

NC

Hertwigs Root sheath

NC

Hertwigs Root sheath

NC

accessory root canal root canal

Hertwigs Root sheath

What tissue was present at the * in life?

loss of lamina dura due to osteosarcoma

Identify the tissue between the arrows (Is it demineralized or ground?)

Periodontal ligament:
-attachment (usu. bone -cushioning -tooth positioning: eruption drift -source of repair cells -mechanoreceptors

cementum)

cells:

fibroblasts cementoblasts cementoclasts osteoblasts osteoclasts epithelial cells defense neural

DF

pulp

Alveolar bone

(L. alveus: hollow sac, cavity)

B
0.2 - 0.4 mm

1) PL collagen - high turnover rate

C D

2) PL fibroblasts - intercellular connections - cilia (microtubules = 9+0) 3) contains cells for synthesis, repair, defense etc. 4) contains anti-calcification properties -hyaluronidase treatment leads to mineralization

interstitial spaces

alveolar bone proper (lamina dura bundle bone) supporting bone: cortical bone spongy bone 5 m principal fiber

1) apical 2) oblique 3) horizontal 4) alveolar crest 5) transseptal 6) gingival

Principal fibers

bone
root dentin

PL fibers

sharpeys fibers

Oxytalan fibers

(microfibril component of elastic fibers)

Pulp
odontogenic zone:
*
odontoblast process nerve axon (unmyelinated) cell-free zone -artifact? -reduced in root cell-rich zone (progenitor odontoblasts)

*columnar in crown; cuboidal in root pulp

vein & artery

lymphatic

-fibroblasts (col I and III) -nerve cell axons -schwann cells -endothelial cells -inflammatory cells -macrophages -mesenchymal progenitor cells

general sensory

unmyelinated here
autonomic (sympathetic)

Pulp denticles Pulp stones (false denticles)

true pulp stone (denticle)

false pulp stone (concentric)

Eruption & Shedding

1) tooth movements 2) resorption 3) eruption

Tooth movements:
1) Preeruptive:
-up to crown completion (prior to initiation of root formation) -movement due to permanent tooth growth, jaw growth -associated with alveolar bone remodeling (as are prefunctional & functional stages)

a) Tooth body movement

resorption synthesis

b) Relative movement (relative positioning) c) Eccentric movement

2) Eruptive:

-begins during initiation of root formation -secretory phase of amelogenesis has ended (A) -fusion of reduced enamel epithelium and oral epithelium (B,C) -tooth emergence (E) -intraoral movement until clinical contact with opposing crown (F,G)

3) Functional:

-root completion (apical foramen narrows, tooth reaches occlusion) (A) -final organization of PL fibers is achieved -movement to compensate for enamel wear (B) -movement to compensate for tooth wear/loss (C, D)
1-1.5 yrs for primary teeth 2-3 yrs for permanent teeth

B
attrition of incisive enamel

compensatory thickening of cementum

labial

distal

mesial lingual
(palatal)

trans-septal fibers

buccal distal

mesial lingual (palatal) vertical (super-eruption)

mesial drift

Forces driving tooth eruption:

1) Pulpal pressure and pulpal growth 2) Traction by periodontal fibers and fibroblasts 3) Root elongation 4) alveolar bone remodeling

Factors affecting eruption

local: -overcrowding (supernumary teeth) -tooth impaction -ankylosis systemic: -osteopetrosis (osteoclast disruption) -Ca2+ disruption (Rickets, parathyroid problems etc.) environmental: impacted molar

mesiodens

ankylosed tooth

A
The cavities depicted at "A" are made by________? (be specific) What are they called?

Resorption/shedding of primary tooth:

odontoclasts in Howships lacunae

Dentin

Primary tooth shedding:

-loss of bone -mastication forces

-loss of root (mineraloclast resorption)

-concomitant loss of PL fibers

Resorptive cells (mineraloclasts):

odontoclast (dentin resorption) ameloclast (enamel resorption) cementoclast (cementum resorption) osteoclast (bone resorption) enamel: dentin: bone: cementum: 96% mineralized 70% mineralized 65% mineralized 60% mineralized
multinucleate cells derived from fusion of monocyte-macrophage cells

Howships lacunae

Soft tissues (periodontal ligament) also becomes remodelled in resorption zone

What structure occupies these foramina in life? Is the dentition present primary or secondary?

Gubernacular cord in canal

Gubernacular cord does not "pull" tooth into oral cavity

(surgical removal leads to ossification of gubernacular canal but the tooth erupts nonetheless)

Gubernacular cord:
(L. rudder)

-remnant of dental lamina -acquires ECM coating -prevents bone formation

The cellular tissue between the arrows is called the ______?

Formation of junctional epithelium & 1 cuticle

reduced enamel epithelium

enamel
dentin

Formation of junctional epithelium & 1 cuticle

reduced enamel epithelium

enamel
dentin dentin

primary cuticle

reduced enamel epithelium

outer enamel epithelium inner enamel epithelium

enamel

Nasmyths membrane

developmental (primary) cuticle

gingival epithelium enamel space REE

gingival epithelium enamel space REE

Attachment epithelium: mature tooth

dentin enamel space gingival sulcus gingiva

epthelial attachment (junctional epithelium)

acquired pellicle plaque

enamel surface above & below gingival sulcus

Alcian blue-Aldehyde fuchsin