Law :

"A rule laid down for the guidance of an intelligent being by an intelligent being having power over him." "A body of rules fixed and enforced by a sovereign political authority." aw as the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behaviour of its members, so Law is a formal mechanism of social control. Legal systems are particular ways of establishing and maintaining social order.

Types of Laws

Criminal laws: designed to protect society as a whole from wrongful actions (police can take action) 1. Traffic/road laws drink driving speeding illegal use of an aeroplane driving in an unregistered vehicle wilful damage of vehicles not wearing a helmet stopping for pedestrians correct indicating

2.

Public order (peaceful and safe community) drug use public decency (sleeping on the streets) carrying of weapons in public dry areas rioting protest marches (staying non-violent)

 3. 4.

assault defamation (writing things about people that are not true which harm their character

Property arson trespass larceny (theft) littering vandalism intentional damage

People passive smoking rape murder harassment suicide sexual abuse

Civil laws: help to solve problems which occur between individuals or groups (trained legal personnel and courts help solve) 1. Contract law (agreements, responsibilities) not allowed to break a contract marriage fishing licences misleading advertisements

2.

Employment law reason for firing someone fair duties as an employer equal opportunities not to work over 40 hours in any one week (appropriate overtime penalties) wrongful dismissal age discrimination

3.

Family law abuse of children catering for kids until they are 18 years old domestic violence custody of children registration of birth maintenance issues

4.

Law of Torts compensation (dog biting) accidents involving other animals others injuring themselves on your property

Theory :
Deffination : A set of assumptions, propositions, or accepted facts that attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-and-effect (causal) relationships among a group of observed phenomenon.the word theory , stresses the fact that all theories are mental models of the perceived reality. The word theory means a number of different things, depending on the context. In the maths and sciences, for example, a theory is a tested and testable concept which is used to explain an occurrence. For students of the arts, theory refers to the non-practical aspect of their work, while laypeople refer to unproven ideas and speculation as theories. The multitude of meanings for this word can get confusing, but the intent is usually clear from the context; a mathematical paper talking about a theory, for example, is probably referring to a theory in the scientific sense. In English, the word dates back to 1592, when it was used to mean a concept or scheme. By the 1630s, scientists had co-opted the word, using it to describe an explanation or thought which was based on observation and testing. To theorize also emerged at around the same time. In the sciences, theories are created after observation and testing. They are designed to rationally and clearly explain a phenomenon. For example, Isaac Newton came up with a theory about gravity in the 17th century, and the theory proved to be both testable and correct. Scientific theories are not quite the same thing as facts, but they are often very similar; scientists usually test their theories extensively before airing them, looking for obvious problems which could cause thetheory to be challenged.

In

mathematics,

theories

are

bodies

of

knowledge

about

specific

types

of

mathematics. Mathematicians use things like set theory in the course of their work. Theoretical mathematics can get quite complex and abstract, making it sometimes difficult for laypeople to understand, but it helps to explain everything from the movement of crowds to the origins of the universe. In the arts, many artists refer to their non-practical work as theoretical. For example, a musician who plays the tuba would consider the study of music history, the math of music, and other related material theory. Art criticism is also a field of theory, since critics discuss artwork, rather than actively producing it, and through their discussions, they contribute to the overall field of art theory. For laypeople, a theory is simply an idea. Some people use theory like hypothesis, positing an idea which needs to be tested. At other times, an idea may be dismissed as just a theory, with the implication that it cannot be proven and it is only a rough idea, not a firm fact or opinion.

Principles: Fundamental norms, rules, or values that represent what is desirable and positive for a person, group, organization, or community, and help it in determining the rightfulness or wrongfulness of its actions. Principles are more basic than policy and objectives, and are meant to govern both. rules : 1. Authoritative statement of what to do or not to do in a specific situation, issued by an appropriate person or body. It clarifies, demarcates, or interprets a law or policy. 2. Statement that establishes a principle or standard, and serves as a norm for guiding or mandating action or conduct.

Business rule, a rule pertaining to the structure or behavior internal to an organization Game rules, rules that define how a game is played Moral, a rule or element of a moral code for guiding choices in human behavior Norm (philosophy), a kind of sentence or a reason to act, feel or believe Regulation of sport, rules for a sport Rule of thumb, a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or Unspoken rule, an assumed rule of human behavior that is not voiced or written down

reliable for every situation

What is system? System (from Latin systema, in turn from Greek systma) is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. A group of interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a task. Economic System An economic system is a system that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between the entities in a particular society. The economic system is composed of people and institutions, including their relationships to productive resources, such as through the convention of property. In a given economy, it is the systemic means by which problems of economics are addressed, such as the economic problem of scarcity through allocation of finite productive resources. Examples of contemporary economic systems include capitalist systems, socialist systems, and economic system of Islam. Economic systems are the economics category that includes the study of respective systems. Economic System of Islam Islamic Economic System implies a mood of satisfying the economics needs of the members of organized society in accordance with is injection of Quran and Sunnah. The mood of spending production, distribution and exchange of wealth is determined by the tenor of these injections. In this system the economic activities of the members of the society are regulative by the certain values of which pity, justice, benevolence, cooperation, brotherhood and equality are especially important. The sources and origin of these values are the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of Allahs Apostle (PBUH). They are eternal and immutable. Consumers, producers and traders are must abide these values. At one level, the state can also use the its powers to implements and enforce these values, however, Islam mostly ensure their implementations and daily affairs of life through its system of education and training and by creating a general climate of piety in the society.

Some Fundamental features of Islamic Economics System are written below.

Al l the wealth belongs to Al lah (SWT):

"And give them of the wealth of Al lah which He has given you." [An-Nur: 33]

The community is the trustee of the wealth: in Al lah and His Messenger, and spend whereof He has made you

"Bel ieve

heirs."[Al-Hadid: 7]

Hoarding of wealth is prohibited: and spend not in the way of Al lah ;

"And those who hoard up gold and si l ve r

announce to them a painful chastisement." [At-Tauba: 34]

. Circulation of wealth is a duty:

"Whatsoever Allah may restore unto His Messenger - is due unto Allah and unto His Messenger - the orphans and the needy. So, that it may not be confined to the rich amongst you." [Al-Hashr: 7] Other Economic System There are two economic systems Capitalism Socialism Capitalism Capitalism is the economic system in which the means of production are distributed to openly competing profit-seeking. Capitalism is not merely an economics system but a peculiar attitude of mind and behaviour. Basically it springs out of the notion of the capitalist that he has earned his wealth by his own ability, skills, knowledge and wisdom. Some of the features of capitalism are written below. 1. Private persons and where investments, distribution, income, production and pricing of goods and services are predominantly determined through the operation of a market economy 2. Capitalism is originally defined as a mode of production, where it is characterized by the predominant private ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange in a mainly market economy 3. Capitalism is usually considered to involve the right of individuals and businesses to trade, incorporate, and employ workers, in goods, services (including finance), labor and land. 4. In Capitalism, state action is confined to defining and enforcing the basic rules of the market though the state may provide a few basic public goods and infrastructure. 5. The most laissez-faire capitalist economies, as measured by indices of economic freedom, include countries like Hong Kong and Canada

Socialism Socialism or communism means an economics system in which the mean of production are owned by the state. A central directorate controls the production of goods and services. The directorate decides the nature, quantity, and mood of production of goods. This distribution of goods is also directed by the

central body. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and the creation of an egalitarian society. Modern socialism originated in the late nineteenth-century working class political movement. Karl Marx posited that socialism would be achieved via class struggle and a proletarian revolution which represents the transitional stage between capitalism and communism. Socialists mainly share the belief that capitalism unfairly concentrates power and wealth among a small segment of society that controls capital and creates an unequal society. All socialists advocate the creation of an egalitarian society, in which wealth and power are distributed more evenly, although there is considerable disagreement among socialists over how, and to what extent this could be achieved Some features of socialism are written below 1. Socialism is not a discrete philosophy of fixed doctrine and program 2. its branches advocate a degree of social interventionism and economic rationalization, sometimes opposing each other. 3. Another dividing feature of the socialist movement is the split on how a socialist economy should be established between the reformists and the revolutionaries. 4. Some socialists advocate complete nationalization of the means of production, distribution, and exchange; 5. While others advocate state control of capital within the framework of a market economy. Social democrats propose selective nationalization of key national industries in mixed economies combined with tax-funded welfare programs. 6. In the 1970s and the 1980s, Yugoslavian, Hungarian, Polish and Chinese Communists instituted various forms of market socialism combining co-operative and State ownership models with the free market exchange. 7. This is unlike the earlier theoretical market socialist proposal put forth by Oscar Lange in that it allows market forces, rather than central planners to guide production and exchange. "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others" -- rather than what it is.

Art :
Fundamentally Art is perception. No matter the form, Art is a celebration of individuality. Artists are not accountableto the integrity of traditional limitations, only a framework or theory.Art can represent reality, but further,enhance, transcend or even distort it.

Science

Science is the set of universal rules,that for success, must be adhered to.Science teaches us there are limitations,but by following the formula identicalresults can be achieved time & time again. Art vs. science : Yet art and science differ greatly in their aim and their practice. In fact, they are so far apart as to present serious difficulties if their respective qualities are not known to the photographer. Photography consists of two separate elements: art and science. It is through the successful combination of these two elements that the creation of world-class photographs can be accomplished. The science part of photography includes technique and equipment. The artistic part of photography includes the photographer's artistic goals, his vision, inspiration and the use of art-related concepts. These two parts need to merge seamlessly for the creation of a successful world-class photograph to take place. If one or these two parts dominates the other the result is either a technically excellent photograph without much artistic interest, or a very artistic photograph lacking technical excellence.