SISOM 2006, Bucharest 17-19 May

FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

Daniela BARAN1, Horia PAUN2, Sebastian PETRISOR2
1

National Institute for Aerospace Research Elie Carafoli, Bucharest, email: dbaran@aero.incas.ro 2 INAS, Bucharest

Numerical simulations have been used for quite some time in aeronautics, but the fluid structure interaction is a rather recent domain. The total annual expenditure for flow simulations in mechanical engineering is still much smaller than for structural analysis, but the number of applications in fluid-flow analysis is growing. This is largely due to valuable analysis capabilities that are now available for many practical cases of fluid flow in mechanical engineeringand the trend will undoubtedly grow stronger, thanks to a newly emerging field of analysis. The main purpose of this paper is implementing and verifying the technology of obtaining fluid-structure analysis in aerospace products.

Keywords:Finite element analysis, fluid-structure interaction., stress analysis

1. INTRODUCTION The finite element methods are widely used in the analysis of solids and structures, and provide great benefits in product design. Various commercial finite-element programs are used and have proven to be indispensable in designing safer, more economical products. In the analysis of fluids significant advances have been developed more recent. The mechanical principles governing fluids and solids are the same. It is said that only in the human mind fluids are separated from the solids largely because the response characteristics are quite different for the two media. These different characteristics result in different solution difficulties in numerical simulations of fluids and structures. These difficulties can be overcome and the complex response of various combined fluid and solid media can be analyzed efectively. The main purpose of this paper is note the complex behaviour of a problem of fluid structure interaction and to perform a coupled analysis using the finite element method in order to implement this technology in stress analysis of aerospace products. 2. PANEL FLUTTER AN EXEMPLE OF FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION The flutter of a buckled plate is a problem characterized by a complex dynamic behavior: strong dependence of the initial conditions, existence of attractors with complicated structures, existence of periodic unstable motions with very long periods (sometime infinite periods), etc. Several authors, including Holmes, Holmes and Marsden, Thompson, and Dowell have analyzed this system from different points of view. The equations of motion are those obtained by Dowell [1] using the linear quasi steady aerodynamic hypotheses, including the non linear effects produced by the in plane loads. The boundary value problem is in non dimensional variables: 1 1/ 2 2 2 2 w = P 2 )[ ( w' ) 2 d )]w' ' R w + w + w'+ M w' ' ' ' 6(1 2 x 2 2 1)1 / 2 M 1 ( M 0 (1)

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where the principal notations are those used by Dowell and the boundary conditions are those of a simply supported plate. Using the Galerkin method (for P=0, =1) one obtains from equation (1) the following system of ordinary differential equations:

1 a ( ) + 2 s 2 M
2 6(1 2 ) a r

1/ 2

( s ) 2 ( s ) 4 + a s ( ) + R x a ( ) + 2 2 s 2

(r )2 +

ms

s 2 smm 2 [1 (1) m + s ]am (s) = 0, a s (0) = s , a s (0) = 0,

(2)

s = 1,2,..., N

To study this system we consider the maximum Lyapunov exponent method. The principal information offered by the Lyapunov exponents is: 1. There is at least a positive exponent if the system has a chaotic evolution. 2. All the Lyapunov coefficients are negative if the system has not a chaotic evolution. In figure 1 we represent the maximum Lyapunov exponent and we verify the obtained results using phase plane representations.
5 2.5 f i 0 2.5 5 5 2 2 3.5 5 x i 6.5 8 8

a)Maximum Lyapunov exponent

250
250 200

200

f i

f i
0

250

200 10 10 0 x i 10 10

250

200 10 10 0 x i 10 10

b) Rx =54.7 ` c) Rx =57.18 Figure1. Maximum Lyapunov exponent and phase plane representations
The diagram of the maximum Lyapunov exponent and the phase plane representations illustrates the fact that the solution of the stated problem has a certain degree of complexity.

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3. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF FLUID-SOLID INTERACTION In this paper we try to determin the stress distribution and the deformation of a simple wing with nine ribs and a spar represented in figure 2.

Figure 2. Wing model

To perform such an analysis we have to define two domains: the solid domain (which is composed of the boundary of the wing and the structural domain which contains the spar and the ribs) and the fluid domain. The external surface is generated with ProEngineer and the internal structure is created using ANSYS Design Modeler. In order to generate the fluid domain we build a rectangular domain presented in figure 3.

Figure 3 The fluid domain

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This domain is imported in ANSYS CFX-Mesh to get a discretization with finite elements. This product offers the possibility to verify and repair the imported model. In figure 4 are presented the fluid domain and the selected options in ANSYS CFX-MESH.

Figure 4. The fluid domain and the selected ANSYS CFX-Mesh options After the model is verified one introduces the control regions, the mesh methods and its parameters and eventually the volume is meshed obtaining a file for ANSYS CFX-Pre. We consider the following case: -the fluid is air at 25C; -the analysis type is balanced;

Figure5. The pressure distribution on the wing surface -the flow is laminar;

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Fluid-Structure Interaction Theoretical and Practical Aspects

-there is no heat transfer; -for the inlet region the boundary condition is velocity (300 m/h), for the outlet region the boundary condition is null pressure, and in the pansim region we have a simetry condition; -for the wing surface we ask for zero velocity in three directions; -for the free region we impose a wall condition; -the initial conditions are those of the fluid velocity. We perform an analysis with ANSYS CFX-Solver and the results are presented in figure 5. We are interested in obtaining the pressure on the wing surface. The structural model of the wing is imported in ANSYS Design Modeler. The obtained geometry is sent in ANSYS Simulation to perform the structural analysis. The contacts between the surfaces are autmatically generated having the possibility to modify the parameters and the contact type (figure 6).

Figure 6. Contacts between surface.

Figure 7. The finite element model In figure 7 we represent the finite element model using shell elements. We group the surfaces of the aerodynamic analysis considering three regions: lower surface, upper surface, end surface. The wing is clamped and for the three mentioned regions we have imported pressures from the file result of the aerodynamic analysis. For the structural analysis we consider the option of a variable pressure, importing it from the CFX Results files. In figure 8 we present results of the structural analysis.

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Figure 8 Results of the structural analysis 4. CONCLUSIONS The requested time of this analysis is about 3 hours on an usual PC. This fact implies that many cases can be analyzed much easier. The accuracy of this analysis is rather high because both programs, ProEngineer and ANSYS have powerful solvers This type of coupled analysis will advance our understanding of physical processes.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. E. H. DOWELL, Chaotic Oscillation in Mechanical Systems,Computers and Structures, 30, 1988. E. H. DOWELL, Observation and Evolution of Chaos for an Autonomous System. J. of Appl. Mech.,51, 1984. DANIELA BARAN, Vibratii aleatoare si haotice ale structurilor mecanice cu aplicatii in aviatie si energetica nucleara, Teza de doctorat, Bucuresti,1995. ADRIAN POSTELNICU, Contributii la studiul interactiunii intre fluide si structurile compliante, Brasov,1996. KLAUS-JRGEN BATHE , Fluid-structure interactions, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. J. GUCKENHEIMER, P. HOLMES, Nonlinear Oscillations Dynamical Systems and Bifurcation of Vector Fields, New York, Berlin, Heidelberg, Tokio, Springer Verlag, 1984. P. J. HOLMES, J. E. MARSDEN, Bifurcation to divergence and flutter in flow-inducedoscillations: an infinite dimensional analysis, Automatica, 14 (4), 1978. J. M. T. THOMPSON, G. W. HUNT, A general theory of elastic stability, Wiley, New York, 1973.