Oxidation and Reduction

Electron transfer reactions

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Redox loss and gain of oxygen

Gain of oxygen in a reaction is oxidation. Loss of oxygen in a reaction is reduction Example burning or combustion reactions Mg + O2 MgO

Magneox2.avi

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Redox Loss and gain of hydrogen

Loss of Hydrogen in a reaction is oxidation Gain of hydrogen in a reaction is reduction Example H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S

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Redox - Loss or gain of electrons

Loss of electrons in a reaction is oxidation. Gain of electrons in a reaction is reduction. Example Mg2++ H2 Mg + 2H+ 2Ag + S Ag2S

OIL RIG

Agsredox.mov

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Oxidation States
Every atom has an oxidation state. Rules for assigning oxidation states In elements the atoms have an oxidation state of zero. In simple ions the oxidation state is the same as the charge on the ion, follow the Group number for Gp I to III eg Na+ - + 1 , O2- - -2 , Cl- - -1

a)

b)

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Oxidation States
Rules c) The oxidation states of hydrogen is +1(except metal hydrides) and oxygen is -2(except peroxides). d) Assigning oxidation state of an element in a compound. The total is zero. eg CaCO3 Ca +2, O - -2 , C -- ??
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Oxidation States
Assigning oxidation states of an element in a polyatomic ion. The sum of the oxidation states is equals to the charge. eg. SO42- O = -2 , 4x(-2) = -8 oxidation state of S = -2 + 8 = +6

a)

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Names of compounds
The oxidation state of an element in a compound is indicated by a Roman Numeral. Eg. Manganese(IV)oxide How to find out the formula ? O - -2 (-2)x2 + ? = 0 , ? = +4 MnO2 is the formula.

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Redox-change of oxidation states

An increase in oxidation state is oxidation. A decrease in oxidation state is reduction. Eg. 2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
-1
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Oxidising and Reducing agents

An oxidising agent is a substance that produces the oxidation of another substance. It is reduced in the reaction. A reducing agent is a substance that produces the reduction of another substance. It is oxidised in the reaction.

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Common Oxidising agents

Potassium manganate(VII) solution The purple solution becomes colourless. Potassium dichromate(VI) solution The orange solution turns green Chlorine gas or aqueous chlorine Pale green gas or solution turns colourless.
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Common reducing agents

Hydrogen gas Carbon monoxide gas Aqueous potassium iodide The colourless solution turns yellowbrown Aqueous iron(II)sulphate The pale yellow solution turns green
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