AP Psychology Mental Disorder

Personality - Trait theories of Personality - Psychobiological Approaches - Social Cognitive Approaches - Psychodynamic Approach - Humanistic Approach - Assessment of Personality

11/7/2011 10:11:00 PM

Personality Type: Discreet category into a person can be sorted Choleric ; Angry Melancholic ; Depressive Sanguine ; Hopeful Phlegmatic ; Apathetic

Personality Trait: Enduring personal characteristics that underlie a persons reactions to a variety of situations. - Extroversion; Sociable - Introversion; Anti-social Allport looked at the English language 18,000 Adjectives used for common traits *Catell reduced Allports list to 16 variables - Nuclear Quality - Dispositions Three Bipolar Dimensions: - Extroversion - Neuroticism; emotional stability (stable person) - Psychotism ; self control

V. Henry Murray Motives: Need of Achieve need to succeed on tasks set out by society Need of Affection need to win the affection of others Need of Power need to seek positions and office in which control over others is possible Need of Exhibition Need to entertain, amuse, shock or excite others.

VI. 5- Factor Model Consists of: Neuroticism; emotional stability Extroversion; surgency Openness; experience, culture, intellect Agreeableness Conscientiousness; lack of impulsivity. VII. Brain Mechanics on Personality: PERSONALITY TRAIT Biological characteristics EXTROVERSION High sensitivity to reinforcement (reward) INTROVERSION High sensitivity to punishment PSYCHOTICISM Low sensitivity to punishment; high optimal level to arousal. IX. Social Cognitive Approaches: - Expectancies and Observational learning - Reciprocal Determinism DOLLARD AND MILLER Founded social learning theory idea both consequences of behavior and an individuals beliefs about consequences determines personality. DRIVE CONFLICT: Approach-Avoidance ; conflict between primary to secondary Approach-Approach ; drawn to two equally attractive choices Avoidance-Avoidance ; two equally undesirable consequences IIX. Expectancy and Observational Learning Expectancies- Beliefs that certain consequences follow certain actions (schema) Observational Learning learning through observation of consequences to others a result of their behaviors.

X. Reciprocal Determinism and Self- Efficacy (Bandura) Reciprocal Determinism- behavior is influenced by personal factors and social environment expectation Self-Efficacy self esteem compassing - experience, watching others. - based on situational, verbal persuasion, emotional reaction and behavior Person Variables individual differences in cognition including competencies, encoding strategies and personal constructs, expectancies, subject values and sefINTERNAL 1. Poor performance on test Its my own fault I shouldve spent more time studying 2. Good Performance Great! I know all that studying should pay off! regulatory EXTERNAL 1. Poor performance: These tests are just too hard. The questions are impossible. 2. Good Performance Did I get lucky or what? The teacher must really have gone easy on the grading

XI. Psychodynamic Approach: Freuds Theory Id, Ego and Superego. Freud (1856-1939; conservative period) believed that personality was a result of events in a persons life including traumatic events - believed the mind prevents unconscious traumatic events from reaching consciousness XII. Defense Mechanisms: Mental systems that becomes active whenever unconscious instinctual drives of the id come into conflict with the superego and include.

Sublimination: where id and superego in conflict. Ex. Person is angry vent take anger positive release (outlet) (+) to (-) Denial: denying something that exist (feeling, action) Ex: death (denial) Reaction Formation: Taking undesirable desires and channeling them to opposite direction. Ex: irony. Pedophiles to priesthood. Living ironic lives Projection: Projecting feelings for someone Regression: Provoking situation portray defense mechanism against stress Ex; nail biting (oral fixation- tactile) regressing Displacement:

X. Further development of Freuds Theory; Neo-Freudians (neo-analytic psychology) Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney (Feminist response to Freud) Erik Erikson (Child Psychology)

i. Carl Jung (technically partnered with Freud but does not involve internal desires) The Conscious Ego- individuality of a person Personal Unconscious- thought and feelinfs that are not currently part of the conscious awareness (immediate relevance) Collective Unconscious- Archetype- powerful emotional symbols common to all people from beginning of time. * in different cultures, symbols exist but differ in meaning. ARCHETYPES Anima Animus Persona Shadow Mother Hero Demon Complexes DEFINITION female element side of man every great man has a female counterside male counterpart socially acceptable side unacceptable side of someone generativity and fertility (figurative like church) strong and good force that does battle with the enemy embodies cruelty and evil group of emotionally charged thoughts, feelings and ideas related to a theme (inferiority) Inferiority Complex individual exaggerated feelings of personal incompetence that result from an overwhelming sense of helplessness Superiority Complex exaggerated arrogance that an individual develops in order to overcome an inferiority complex (exaggerated arrogance)

ii. Homey Real Self-inner core of what we perceive about ourselves including potential for self-realization Despised Self perceptions of inferiority and shortcomings based on evaluations of us. Ideal Self- what one views as perfection and hopes to achieve as modeled by perceived inadequacies. Neurotic Need defense against anxiety Narcissism disorder in which one feels powerless and dependent yet appears to be authoritive and self-aggrandizing Psychodynamic Theory profoundly affected psychological theory, psychotherapy and literature. - received little empirical support in part because the concepts are difficult to operationalize. XI. Humanistic Approach Maslow and self-actualization Rogers and Conditions of Worth Observations on the Humanistic Approach achieve one's potential (full potential) aesthetic needs (harmony, beauty) cognitive needs (curiosity, explorations) esteem needs (recognition) attachment needs (love, friends) safety needs (securit, comfort)

elf-Actualization

esthetic Needs

ognitive Needs

steem Needs

ttachment Needs

afety Needs

sychological Needs

psychological needs (food, water, oxygen)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Rorschach Ink Blot Test Most widely used projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots and designed by Herman Rorschach. IT seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation through blots. Projective Test; Criticism Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity XII. Evaluatuon The Psychoanalytic Perspective - Repression Humanistic Perspective 1960s psychologists become discontent with Freuds negativity and the mechanistic psychology of the behaviorist. -Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers *Replies to Freud and Skinner ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________ Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of Needs Growth and Fullfilment Uncondtional Positive Regard

Growth and Fullfilment Carl Rogers believed in individuals self actualization tendencies Unconditional Positive Regard Attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings Assessing the Self ideal real self. Evaluating Humanistic Perspective Gender identitiy develops before 5-6 y/o Concepts in HP are vague, subjective and lack scientific basis

Assesing the Self

Evaluating Humanistic Perspective

XII. Raymond Cattel (1905-1998) Factor analysis in a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits Used this approach to develop a 16 Personal by Factor (16PF) inventory.

XIII. MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) Most widely used researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Was developed to identify mood disorder. XIV. Big 5 Factors Agrees with: Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion External Loss of Control highly believes in destiny Internal Loss of Control does not believe in destiny