: .

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e-mail: iossifid@yahoo.gr

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( 4/3/2007 /
7/3/2007 )
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.
z1 < z2 z1 z2 .
,
:

3 + 2i + 4 - 2i >1 + 5i + 2 - 5i .
. -5i 2
3 + 2i + 4 - 2i + 5i > 1 + 5i + 2 .
,
.

z1, z2 C z1 < 1 , z 2 < 1 : z1 z 2 < 1 z1 z 2

z1 z 2 < 1 z1 z 2 z1 z 2 < 1 z1 z 2 (z1 z 2 )(z1 z 2 ) < (1 z1 z 2 )(1 z1z 2 )

z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 + z 2 z 2 < 1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 + z1 z1z 2 z 2 (1)

.
. : +i>+i (> >).

: +i>+i (> =) +i>+i +i>+i

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. , ,

. 2

z1 z 2 1 2
. (1)
.
z1 z 2 z 2 z1 1
2 .
z = z1 z 2 z 2 z1 R z = z1z 2 z 2 z1 = z
2

(1) z1 z1 + z 2 z 2 < 1 + z1 z1z 2 z 2 z1 + z 2 < 1 + z1 z 2 ( z1 1)( z 2 1) > 0

.

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. 1

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. 3

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. 3

< + KM < + <

> KM > >
d-R d + R d

) (. 2)
:
< < , = R - d = R + d
) (. 3)
0
= 2R.
3) () (, R)

()

()

B
()

()

A
. 1

. 2

. 3

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. 4

. 3

. 5

1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
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:
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, = R = + R +
.

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, KM , .
, :
< + + < R + + < + + <
, .
< KM + + R + + < R + + <
: < <
5)



= 2

0.

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. 5

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" . c" :

c
c

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" ( ) c"
. c.
. c: x2 + y2 = 1,
. , x2 + y2 = 1
x 0, y 0, (1, 0).
: x + y = 1 .
.
. ,

x y , . .
,
, .
. .
: x2 + xy + y2 = 1,
( ).
. .
..
,
, () ,
. , .
. (x, y)
, z x+yi
.
. , ,

. 6

.
. . .

|z - z0| = > 0 z0

|z - z1| = |z - z2|
z1 z2.

|z - z1| + |z - z2| = 2 |z1 - z2| < 2

z1 z2 2

. .
.
, z
z1 z2, |z - z1| + |z - z2| = 2 + = 2 < 2
2.
, |z - z1| - |z - z 2 | = 2 |z1 - z2| > 2
z1 z2.

1) . z :
2

z + z + z z = 2zz + 18 (1)

2
2
z = x + yi. (1) 2x + 2yi = 2(x 2 + y 2 ) + 18 x2 + y2 = 9
(0,0) 3.
, .
,
(1).

2) z :
(z + 1)15 = (z - 1)15
(1)

z = x + yi

(1) |z + 1|15 = |z - 1|15 |z + 1| = |z - 1| |z + 1|2 = |z - 1|2 |x + yi + 1|2 = |x + yi - 1|2

(x + 1)2 + y2 = (x - 1)2 + y2 x = 0
z yy.
yy. :
(1) 1 ,
14 14 . 14
yy
(1).
. , ,

. 7

3) z ,
1
w = z +
z

1
|z| = 1 |z|2 = 1 zz =1 z =
z
w = z + z (1)
z = x + yi w = + i
(1) : + i = 2x ( = 2x = 0)
w x.

. x;
.
2
1 2 2
4
w . (-2, 0)
(2, 0)
. .
, x2 + y2 = 1 x2 1

. .

1
w = + i z w = z +
z
z .
(, 0) -2 2 .

x = 1 x 1 |x| 1 |x|2 1
2
y R y2 = 1- x2 0, z = x + yi
w .
.
. .

. , ,

. 8

0
:

f: A R f = 0
: f(x) = 0
: f x,
. .

f: A R f(x) = x2-4 , x=2

x= -2, f 0.

x 2 x 0
f f (x) =

0 x > 0
0 x 0
f f (x) =
,
1 x = 0
f .

f , g A R: f.g = 0, f = 0
g = 0 f 0 g 0

f g :

0 x 3
3x x 3
f (x) =
, g(x) =
2x x > 3
0 x > 3
f 0 g 0
0 x 3
: f(x).g(x) =
f(x).g(x) = 0 x R, f.g = 0
0 x > 3
:
A f , g: A R f2 = g2, f2(x) = g2(x) x
f = g f = -g, f(x) = g(x) x f(x) = -g(x) x .

x : f(x) = g(x) f(x) = -g(x)

. , ,

. 9

f g f -g

f , g A R :

2x, x < 3
2x, x < 1
f (x) =
g(x) =
2x, x 3
2x, x 1
f2(x)=x2 x g2(x)=x2 x . f2 = g2.
f g f -g
:
f2 = g2 f2 - g2 = 0 (f + g)(f g) = 0
f + g = 0 f g = 0
f g .
:

f : R R : f2(x) = x2

, x R : f(x) = x f(x) = -x
:
x, x A
f (x) =
R.
x, x A
f(x) = x x R f(x) = -x
x R

f: A R g: B R , g
f
={x A f(x) } . g
f :
g
f: R (g
f)(x) = g(f(x))
g
f
g(f(x)), ={x A f(x) }.
g
f

f g :
3
1
f (x) = g(x) =
x
x 1
f g =R {0} B = R {1}

. , ,

. 10

g
f = {x A f(x) B} = {x 0

3
1} =
x

R {0, 3}
g
f (g
f)(x) = g(f(x)) =

1
x
=
3
1 3 x
x

x
x 3, x = 0
3 x
x
g
f h(x) =
.
3 x
g
f , f(x)
g(f(x)) g(f(x)).

f: A R .
x1, x2 A x1 < x2

f(x1) < f(x2) f

f(x1) > f(x2) f

f(x1) f(x2) f

f(x1) f(x2) f

,
.
. .
(1, 2) (2, 3), .
,
.
,
:

{ ( [.
, } ) ].
{, } (, ) [, ] (, ]
[, ). = - = +

f . {, ] [, }, f .
{, ] [, } = {, }
. .
.
. , ,

. 11

. .
x1, x2 {, } x1 < x2
x1, x2 {, ] f(x1) < f(x2) f . {, ]
x1, x2 [, } f(x1) < f(x2) f . [, }
x1 {, ] x2 [, }
x1 f (x1 ) f ()
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
x 2 f () f (x 2 )
x1 = = x2,
x1 = x2
x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2) f . {, }
:
{, } {, }

2x, x [1,3)
f : f (x) =
x 1, x [3,5]
f . [1, 3) [3, 5]. f .
[1, 3) [3, 5] = [1, 5], f(2) = 4 f(4) = 3, f(2) > f(4)

1-1
f g 1-1,
f
f+g, f-g, f.g
( 1-1). g
f 1-1
g
f(x) = x3, x R g(x) = -x, x R 1-1,
f
(f + g)(x) = x3 x, x R, ( f g )(x) = -x4, x R, ( )(x) = -x2, x R* 1-1
g
3
f(x) = x , x R g(x) = x, x R, f g 1-1
(f + g)(x) = x3 + x, x R . 1-1.
g
f 1-1 :
g
f .
g:11

f :11

x1, x2 ( g
f )(x1) = ( g
f )(x2) g(f(x1) = g(f(x2) f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2

g
f 1-1

cf cf 1
f: A R 1-1 , f-1.
cf cf 1 :

. , ,

. 12

f , cf cf 1
 ,
xOy
:

f (x) = x
:
y = x
f ,
y = x. cf cf 1
:
f (x) = f 1 (x)
:
y = f (x)

:
:
f: A R , = f(A) x0 B.
: f(x0) = f-1(x0) f(x0) = x0

) f(x0) = f-1(x0) (1)

f(x0) = x0
f(x0) x0, f(x0) > x0 f(x0) < x0
(1) : f-1(x0) > x0 f-1(x0) < x0
f

f-1(x0) > x0 f(f-1(x0)) > f(x0) x0 > f(x0)

f-1(x0) < x0 f(f-1(x0)) < f(x0) x0 < f(x0)

: f(x0) = x0
) f(x0) = x0 f-1(f(x0)) = f-1(x0) x0 = f-1(x0), f(x0) = f-1(x0)

cf cf 1
f(x) = x f(x) = f-1(x)

. f
. f . , cf
cf 1 y = x,

f(x) = f-1(x)
1

. , ,

. 13

f(x) = 2x3 + x 2
cf cf 1

f = R.
f . 1-1. .
f(A) = ( lim f (x), lim f (x)) = (- , + ) = R
x

x +

= f(A)
, cf cf 1

f(x) = x 2x3 + x 2 = x x = 1
cf cf 1 (1, 1)
:
f-1 f(x) = f-1(x)
2
1
2 (x + 8) x [0, 2]
f (x) =
1 (x + 1) x [5, 8]
3
-1
f .
cf cf 1

f = [0,2] [5,8]
f . .
[

.
x1, x2 x1 < x2
f(x1) < f(x2)
f
. .
f(0) > f(8) ]

f
:
3x 1, x [2,3]
f 1 (x) =
2x 8 x [4,5]
cf
cf 1 (2, 5) (5, 2)

y = x

. , ,

. 14

f f-1 (
) f .
f-1 . . 2

:
f : A R , x A
-x A
f(- x) = - f(x)

f : A R 0 f(0) = 0

, f , x A : f(-x) = -f(x) x = 0
f(0) = - f(0) 2 f(0) = 0, f(0) = 0

(rad).
, , ,
. ,
.
, (x) = x, (x) = -x .. x
.
.

=
180

180
1rad
180
,
=
, =
=
1rad = 57 17 44,8
180
3,14159
: 2 < 0, 2rad 114 2

, 2,
2003, , . 39-43
. , ,

. 15

,
.
x L
x x 0 R x + x
,

.

.
.
:
1) , ..
:
f g x0 R, f + g
x0 lim[f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)
x x0

x x0

x x0

(. 2007)

( , ..).
f g x0. f
x0 g x0, .
, , f g L, f
g L, f + g,
f
f g, f.g,
..
g
2) f g L,
f
f + g, f g, f.g,
f g L.
g
1
1
. f(x) = , x R* g(x) = x - , x R* f g 0,
x
x
lim f (x) = , lim+ f (x) = +
x 0

x 0

lim g(x) = + , lim+ g(x) =

x 0

x 0

lim[f (x) + g(x)] = lim x = 0

x 0

x 0

. , ,

. 16

f g, f.g,

f
g

3) f L g L, f + g f g
f
L. f.g
( )
g
, h = f + g, , h L f = h g
L, . h L.

f g L.
f g .
1
f(x) = x2 , x R g(x) = , x R*
x
, lim g(x) = lim+ g(x) = + lim g(x)
x 0

x 0

x 0

lim[f
(x) g(x)] = lim x = 0

x 0

x 0

1
1
, lim , lim x , lim x
x

0
x
x
x x
. .


.

4) lim
x0

:
f: A R
lim f (x) = , (x) x *
x x0

limx = x0 limf(x) =

, (x) x * limx = x0
limf(x) = , lim f (x) =
x x0

(x) ( x ) x , x * limx = x0,

lim x = x0 limf(x) limf( x ), f x0

1
lim
x 0
x
1
, f (x) = = R*.
x
1
1
A (x) x =
0 ( x ) =
0

2
2 +
2

. , ,

. 17

x x .

f(x) = (2) = 0 0 f( x ) = (2+ ) = 1 1

2
1
lim
x 0
x
.
:

1
. , lim(x ) =0,
x 0
x
1
1
1
lim(x ) = 0 lim(x ) = 0 lim(x ) > 0
x 0
x

0
x

0
x
x
x

,
1
1
1
1
lim(x ) = lim x lim = 0 lim = 0, lim(x ) .
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
x
,
Sandwich.
1
1
1
: x = x x x x x x
x
x
x
1
lim (-|x|) = 0 lim |x| = 0 lim(x ) =0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
.

x
x
lim
= 0 , lim
= 0
x x
x
x
x
x
lim
= 0 , lim
= 0 *
x x
x x
5)

lim f (x) = 0 g x0,

x x0

> 0 |g(x)| x0, lim[f (x) g(x)] =0

x x0

, |f(x).g(x)| = |f(x)|.|g(x)| |f(x)|.M -M|f(x)| f(x).g(x) M|f(x)|

lim (-M|f(x)|) = 0 lim (M|f(x)|) = 0 lim[f (x) g(x)] =0
x x0

x x0

x x0

x + x

. , ,

. 18

1
= 0 x + (
x + x
x
1
(, + ) ), : lim (
) = lim ( x) = 0
x +
x + x
x
x
x
lim (
) = 0 lim (
) =0
x
x

x
x
x
x
lim ( ) = 0 lim ( ) =0, *
x x
x
x
1
1
, lim
= 0 |3x| 1 x R , lim ( 3x) = 0
x x
x x

. lim

6)

.

:
x2 x
x(x 1)
: lim
= lim
= lim x = 1 ( )
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1

x2 , .
lim x 2 = 1
x 1

:
1 x
x2 x
lim
= lim
= -1
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x , lim x = 1
x 1

:
x2 x
x2 1
(x 1)(x + 1)
lim
= lim
= lim
= lim(x + 1) =2
x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
7)
, :

g(x) f(x) h(x) L lim g(x) = lim h(x) = +

xL

x + L

lim f (x) = +
xL

, g(x) f(x) h(x) L lim g(x) = lim h(x) =

xL

x + L

lim f (x) =
xL

,
:

. , ,

. 19

f(x) g(x) L lim g(x) = + lim f (x) = +

xL

xL

,
f(x) g(x) L lim g(x) = lim f (x) =
xL

xL

, f(x) g(x) L lim g(x) = + g(x) > 0 L,

x L

f(x) >0 L.
1
1
1
1

lim
= 0, lim
=0
x

L
x

L
f (x) g(x)
g(x)
f (x)
f(x) > 0 L, lim f (x) = +

f(x) g(x) 0 <

x L

2 f(x) g(x) -f(x) -g(x)

lim(g(x)) = + lim( f (x)) = + lim f (x) =
x L

x L

x L

.
) : 2x2 + 32x 2x2 -3 lim (2x2 3 ) = + ,
x +

lim (2x + 32x) = +

2

x +

, lim 2x , lim (2x2 + 32x)

x +

x +

x 1
2
+
2x + 1
x
x ) (1)
) f(x) = 3x +
: f(x) = x(3 +
x + 2
x + 2
:
1
1
x -1
1
R,
x + 2
x + 2
x 1
2
+
x 1
1
x
x = lim [(2 x + 1 )
lim (2
+ ) = 0, : lim
] = 0 (
x +
x +
x + x + 2
x
x
x
x x + 2
),
x 1
2
+
x
x )] = + .(3 + 0) = +
lim [x(3 +
x +
x + 2
2x + 1
, lim
,
x + x + 2
f +

. , ,

. 20

2x
2x
)
1+
x + x 2x
1+ 0
1
x
x
) lim
= lim
= lim
=
=
x 2x 2 + x 3x + 1
x +
x
+
3x 1
3x 1
2+0+0
2
+ 2)
+ 2
x 2 (2 +
2+
x
x
x
x
,
x2x f .
x 2 (1 +

8) ,
, :

:
f (x)
lim
= R lim g(x) = 0 lim f (x) = 0
x L g(x)
x L
x L
f (x)
, : h(x) =
f(x) = h(x)g(x) lim f(x) = lim [h(x)g(x)] = 0. = 0
x L
x L
g(x)
9) :

lim f(x) = + g L,
x L

lim [f(x) + g(x)] = +

x L

lim f(x) = g L,
x L

lim [f(x) + g(x)] =

x L

, : lim

x L

lim

x L

g(x)
1
= lim ( g(x)
) = 0 g L
f (x) x L
f (x)

1
=0
g(x)

: lim [ f(x) + g(x)] = lim [f(x)(1 +

x L

x L

g(x)
)] = + .(1 + 0) = +
f (x)

2
lim g(x) = g L.
x L

10)
:

f(x) g(x) L R f g, :
lim f(x) lim g(x)
x L

x L

:
:
. , ,

. 21

f(x) > g(x) : lim f(x) > lim g(x)

f(x) = g(x) : lim f(x) = lim g(x)

x L

x L

x L

x L

.
f(x) = g(x) : lim f(x) = lim g(x)
x L

x L

f(x) > g(x) : lim f(x) lim g(x), = >.

x L

x L

.
f(x) = x2 , x R g(x) = x4, x R :
f(x) - g(x) = x2 - x4 = x2(1 - x4) = x2(1 x2)( 1 + x2) < 0 x (-1, 0) (0, 1)
1. lim f(x) = 0 = lim g(x)
x 0

x 0

. , ,

. 22

1) f : A R :

f x0 lim f (x) = f(x0)

f (, ), f
(, )

f [, ], f
(, ) lim+ f (x) = f() lim f (x) = f()

x x0

f [, ), f
(, ) lim+ f (x) = f()
x

f (, ], f
(, ) lim f (x) = f()
x

f , .

, f
, . (, ) (, )

, . .
1, f [, ], ,
.
2, f 1 = [, ] 2 = (, ],
= 1 2 = [, ]

. 1

. 2

2) E . Bolzano
. Bolzano :

. , ,

. 23

f [, ] f().f() 0.
[, ] f() = 0

,
f().f() < 0 (, ) f() = 0
f().f() = 0 f() = 0 f() = 0
[, ] f() = 0
3) . Bolzano
f (, ) lim+ f (x) lim f (x) < 0 (, ) f() =0
x

, lim+ f (x) < 0 lim f (x) > 0

x

lim+ f (x) < 0 (, ) f(x) < 0 x (, )

x

, lim f (x) > 0 (, ) f(x) > 0 x (, )

x

x1 (, ) f(x1) <0 x2 (, ) f(x2) >0 x1 < x2,

f [x1, x2]
f(x1) f(x2) <0

. Bolzano, (x1, x2) (, ) f() = 0

4) . Bolzono (, )
f() = 0.

, (, ) f() = 0.

, f
.
. 1 f [, ] f()f() >0, 1 2
f.
. 2 , f
x0 [, ] f()f() >0. [, ] f() = 0

. , ,

. 24

5) ,
:

) f : A R , f-1 f(A).
) f : A R 1-1, f . .

()
cf 1 .
, f-1 .
.
() :
f . , f 1-1.

,
.
f 1-1 f . .
, f . .
() .
f . .
x1, x2, x3 x1 < x2 < x3
f(x1) < f(x2) f(x2) > f(x3)
f(x1) > f(x2) f(x2) < f(x3)
( ,
x1, x2, x3 x1 < x2 < x3
f(x1) < f(x2) < f(x3) f(x1) > f(x2) > f(x3), f
. )
,
f(x1) < f(x2) f(x2) > f(x3)
,

. , ,

. 25

f(x1) < f(x3)

(f(x3), f(x2)) ( f(x1), f(x2))
f , 1 ( x1, x2) 2 ( x2, x3) f(1) = f(2) = ,
, f 1-1
f . .

. , ,

. 26

0
= {, } (
), 0
,

= [, ] (, ) [, ) (, ] 0 = (, )
= (- , ] = (- , ) 0 = (- , )
= [, + ) = (, + ) 0 = (, + )
= (- , + ) = R 0 = R

f
f f.
, f
.
x0 f
) f x0
f (x) f (x 0 )
) lim
.
x x0
x x0

f ,
f (x) f (x 0 )
f x0 lim
,
x x0
x x0
,
f. .
) f :A R = (1, 5) {6} f(x) = x2 f(x) = 2x
x (1, 5), f(6) 6
, (6-1, 6) (6, 6+1) = (5, 6) (6,7)
.
f (1, 5)
) f(x) = lnx = (0, + ) f(x) =

1

x

1
x < 0,
x
f. f = (0, + )
x A.

. , ,

. 27

, .

.
.
. f(x) = |x| , x R 0.
) ,
f:[0, + ) R f(x) = x
= (0, + ), 0.
f (x) f (0)
x
1
, lim
= lim
= lim
= +
x

0
x 0
x

0
x0
x
x

,
f(x) = x
f :

* : = R
0 : = R*

> 0 = [0, + )
0 = (0, + )
f(x) = x :
f(x) = x ,
0 < < 1 = [0, + ). f
= (0, + ), 0.

, :
f (x) f (0)
x
1
lim
= lim
= lim 1 = +
x 0
x 0 x
x 0 x
x0
f(x) =

x f(x) =

x , 2

:
f: A R x0 g: B R
f(x0), g
f x0
(g
f ) (x 0 ) = g(f (x 0 ))f(x 0 )

f x0 g f(x0) ;
g
f x0
. .

. , ,

. 28

.
1 ( f x0 , g
f (x 0 ) g
f x0)

f(x) = x = [0, + )
0.
g(x) = x2 = R R,
f(0) = 0.
g
f = [0, + ) (g
f)(x) = ( x ) 2 = x
x
g
f , 0.
2 ( f x0 , g
f(x0) g
f x0)

f(x) = |x| = R 0.
2x , x < 0
g(x) = 2
R
x + 1 , x 0
f(0) = 0, 0.
2

g
f = R : (g
f )(x) = x + 1 = x2 + 1
x R, R, 0.
3 ( f x0, g f(x0)
g
f x0)

h(x) =

1
2 3

(x 1) = [(x 1) ]
2

(3)

g(x) = 3 x f(x) = (x-1)2, h(x) = g(f(x))

x R.
f R, 1, g f(1) = 0.

h(x) = g(f(x)) =
1.

(x 1) 2

h 1 .

2
3

f(x) = (x 1) 3

(x 1) 2 x R,

(x 1) 3 [1, + )
. , ,

. 29

3
(x 1) 2
h(x) h(1)
1
: lim+
= lim+
= lim+ 3
= + ,
x 1
x

1
x

1
x 1
x 1
x 1
h 1.

4 ( f x0, g f(x0)
g
f x0)

3 , h(x) = 3 (x 1) 4
f: R R f(x) = (x-1)4 1
g: [0, + ) R g(x) = 3 x f(1) = 0.
h f(1) = 0 :
3
(x 1) 4
h(x) h(1)
lim+
= lim+
= lim+ 3 x 1 = 0
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

3
3
x 1
(x 1) 4
h(x) h(1)
lim
= lim
= lim
= lim(
3 x 1 ) = 0
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

h(x) h(1)
= 0 h 1.
x 1
x 1

lim

: h(1) = g(f(1)) f(1)

g(f(1)) = g (0)

) .

f (x) f (x 0 )
x x 0
x x0
(x), f(x) x0,
(, x0) (x0, ).
f x0 (x) =

, .
. f g (
) f(x) = g(x) (, ).
, f(x) = g(x) x
. f(x) = g(x) .
)
( )
. 100
, 1000. , 5.
;

. , ,

. 30

x , 100+x
(1000-5x).
(x) = (100 + x)(1000 5x) = -5x2 + 500x + 100 000

: R (x) = -5x2 + 500x + 100 000
(x) ,
.

: R R (x) = -5x2 + 500x + 100 000 ( R)
: (x) = -10x + 500
:

50

(x)

(x)

x = 50
50 , x = 50
(x) x0 N;

" 5" " 8"

(x) = -8x2 + 200x + 100 000, x R
:
x

25
2

(x)

(x)

25
N
2
x0
25
25
12 <
< 13 . (- ,
], x N
2
2
x = 12.
x0 =

. , ,

. 31

25
, +) x =13.
2
x=12 x=13
:
(12) = (100 + 12)(1000 8.12) = 101 248
(13) = (100 + 13)(1000 8.13) = 101 248
x=12 x = 13
( (12) = (13) f(x) = x2 + x +

x = - )
2
, [

f g .
f(x) > g(x),
f(x) g(x)

, f(x) > g(x) x

= [, ]
g(x) = 0 x ( g
), f f(x) > 0,
f(x) < 0 f(x) = 0

, .

, x0
, : y - f(x0) = f(x0)(x - x0)
, . .
1 x Q
f (x) =
0 x Q

:
f: A R x0 A.
y - f(x0) = f(x0)(x - x0) cf x0.

. , ,

. 32

cf
, .
f x0,
f (x) f (x 0 )
(x) =
+ - , cf,
x x0
.

1
lim (x) = + - , x = x0 cf x0.
x x0

( )
2
lim+ (x) = + - lim (x) = + -
x x0

x x0

(4 ), x = x0 cf x0.
x x 0
) f (x) =
:
x x < 0

f (x) f (0)
f (x)
x
= lim+
= lim+
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
1
lim+
= +
x 0
x
f (x) f (0)
f (x)
= lim
=
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
lim+

lim

x 0

x
x
1
= lim
= -
lim
x x 0 x x 0 x

1 , cf
x0 = 0,
2 , cf
x=0 yy.

f .
(0, f(0)) = (0, 0) cf
x
x 0
) f (x) =
x x < 0

. , ,

. 33

:
lim (x) = lim+ (x) = + , cf , ,
x 0

x 0

0 x=0, yy

cf

cf .

.
1
,
2
.
f
.

f(x) = x + , x R, x0 R f(x0) =
x0 : y f(x0) = f(x0)(x - x0)
y (x0 + ) = (x x0) y = x + ,

.
( 2 1)
1
f 0 f(x) = 0
x 0 f .
2
f g 0
f(x) = g(x) x 0 f = g + c f (x)= g (x)+ c x

.
.

. , ,

. 34

1
ex
f: R* R f(x) + f (x) =
(1)
x
x

(1) xf(x) + f (x) = e x (xf (x)) = (e x ) x R*

xe x + c1 x < 0
xf (x) = x
xe + c 2 x > 0
xf(x) = xex + c x R*,
R* = (- , 0) (0, + ) .
e x + c1
x < 0

x
f : f (x) = x
e + c 2 x > 0
x
(1)
.
: f(-1) = -1 f(1) = 0
e 1 + c1
1
= -1 c1 = 1 -
1
e
e + c2
= 0 c2 = -e
1
1
x
e +1 e
x < 0

: f (x) =
x
ex e
x > 0

Rolle
:
f :

f [, ]
f (, )
f() = f()

(, ) f() = 0
:
)
. ,
f() = 0

. , ,

. 35

) f() = 0,
.
) f() = 0
. ,

1, f x0,
x0. f() f(). f() = 0
x .

, .

2,
f .
(, f()) (, f())

,
. .
(1, 2) (2, 3) .

:
f

f(x) >0 x 0,
f .
:
) f 0 f 0.
f f ()
, .
, . f

. , ,

. 36

) . f
, f(x) > 0 x 0,
f(x) = 0 x
) :
f f(x) 0 x 0 ,
f , f .
.

:
f {, } f(x) > 0
x {, x0) (x0, }, f(x0) = 0, f . {, }
, {, x0] f f(x) > 0 x (, x0), f .
{, x0]. f . [x0, }. f .
{, x0] [x0, }, {, }
) f
f(x) 0 x 0,
( , ), f
. .

1
f: R* R f(x) =

1
x

f = (- , 0) (0, + ) .
1
x f(x) = - 2 < 0. f .
x
(- , 0) (0, + ).

.
, f . , x1 = -1 x2 = 1, x1 < x2
f(x1) < f(x2)
2

x 2 2x x < 2
f (x) =
3x 6 x 2

f R ( ) R {2}
2x 2 x < 2
f(x) =
x > 2
3

. , ,

. 37

[ x0 = 2 f .
. .
2, ]

f 1
f
x

f(x)

f(x)

f . (-, 1] .
[1, 2] [2, +) ( 2), f
. [1, 2] [2, +) = [1, + ).
3

x4
x < 0
f f (x) = 3
x x x 0

f R R*
4x 3
x < 0
f(x) =
2
3x 1 x > 0
( 0 f , )
f(x) < 0 x (- , 0) (0, + ). f .
R.
4
x2
f: R R f (x) = xx + x
2

f R.
: f(x) = x(1 + x)
1 + x 0 x R f(x) 0 x < 0 f(x) 0 x > 0,
f . (- , 0] . [0, + )
f .
f.

( )
f :A R x0

, f(x) f(x0) x A
. , ,

. 38

, f(x) f(x0) x A

, > 0 f(x) f(x0)

x A (x0 , x0 +)

, > 0 f(x) f(x0)

x A (x0 , x0 +)

,
.

.
,

.

:
1) , ,
. x.
f(x) = x 1 x

x = 2 + ,
2

2) .
3) , .
x1, x2, x3 , x4, x5, x6
.
4)


. . f(x3)
,
f(x4)
.

5) .
. f :A R f(x) = 2x .

. , ,

. 39

6) ,
.
. . :
. 1 f . [, ] x = , x
= .
. 2 f . [, ] x = ,
x = .
.3 f . x1 x2.

7) f :A R = [, ]
. . .

x = 0
0

f (x) =
1
x x x (0,1]
[0, 1], [0, 1],
1
(0, 1] lim+ f (x) = lim+ (x ) = 0 = f(0), 0 (
x 0
x 0
x
).

0 ( )
(0-, 0+) = [0, ) < 1 x f(x) > 0
x f(x) < 0
1
, x =
, *,

2 +
2
1

1
f(x) =
(2 + ) =
> 0 = f(0)

2
2 +
2 +
2
2
, x < , x [0, )
1

1
, x [0, ), :
< 2 + >

2 +
2
1
1
2 >
>

2
. , ,

. 40

= [

1
2

, x =

1
1
1
] +1 >
[
]
2
2
2

1
2 +

3
2

f( x ) =

1
2 +

3
2

(2 +

(-1) < 0 = f(0) = [

3
2

x [0, )
f 0
2 +

3
)=
2

1
1
] +1 >

2
2

x = 0
0

f (x) = 2 1
x x x (0,1]
, [0, 1], ,
0.
8) f :A R
. f .

f() = [, ], f
.
.

f() = (, ), f (
)

f() = [, ), f (
)

f() = (, ], f ,

f(x) f(x) = 2x, = [1, 2) [3, 5),

f(A) = [2, 4) [6, 10) f
f(1) = 2, .
f(3) = 6,
(3-1, 3+1) = [3, 4) f(3) .

9) .
f (, ) x0 (, ).
f (, x0] [x0, ) f(x0)
f .

. , ,

. 41

.
, x0
. f (, x0]
(x0, ), x0 f
x0
.
f f.
f
x0. f (, x0) (x0, )
x0.

10) 1
, .
.

1
( )
f(x) = x2 4x +3
-

f(x) = 2x 4
f :
f
2 f(2) = -1
, lim f (x) = +

f(x)

f(x)
. .

2
( )
f(x) = x3 3x + 5, x [-2, 3]
: f(x) = 3x2 3
f :

x
f
x = -2 . f(-2) = 3
x = -1 . f(-1) = 7
x = 1 . f(1) = 3
x = 3 . f(3) = 23

-2

-1

f(x)

f(x)
.

f 3 23
-2 1 3

. , ,

. 42

3
( ) f(x) = |x2 1|
x 2 1 x < 1

f f (x) = 1 x 2 1 x 1
x 2 1 x > 1

f R {-1, 1}
2x x < 1

f(x) = 2x 1 < x < 1

2x x > 1

f -1 1
f :

-1

f(x)

f(x)
+

. +

x = -1 f(-1) = 0
x = 0 f(0) = 1
x = 1 f(1) = 0
H f , lim f (x) = + ,
x

f(-1) = f(1) =0 ( , 0] f(-1)

[0, + ) f(1) .

2
2 .

.
, .

:
f x0
1 , f(x) = 0,
f(x0) > 0, f x = x0 ,
f(x0) < 0, f x = x0
f(x0) = 0
:
. , ,

. 43

f(x0) = f(x0) = f(3)(x0) = f(4)(x0) = = f(-1)(x0) = 0 f()(x0) 0

= , f x0 , = ,

f()(x0) < 0, f x0 , f()(x0) > 0 x0
.

.

:
1) f 0 (
).

f , f .
0

f , f .
0

2) f (, )
x0 (, ).

f (, x0) (x0, )
cf x0

(x0, f(x0)) cf
:
1) .
.
2) x0 , x0 .
.
,
, , " f x0" " cf
x0" . , f
x0, cf x0 .
f
x0. .
3) x0 , cf (, x0)
(x0, ) .
f(x) >0 (, x0) f(x) < 0 (x0, ) . f
(, x0) (x0, ).

. , ,

. 44

29-5-20034

cf
, ,

f cf.
,
cf. ,
cf
.

1
f f(x) = 2 +

x
, x R*
x

x
= 0, : y = 2 cf
x x

lim (f (x) 2) = lim

x

+ .
cf .
:
x
f(x) = 2
= 0 x = 0 x = , *
x
cf
.

2
f f(x) = 2x +

x
, x R
x

x
= 0, y = 2x
x
cf + .

lim (f (x) 2x) = lim

x

cf :
x
f(x) = 2x
= 0 x = 0 x = , *
x
cf

,
) .. , 2, . 119-123
) 30-5-2003 www.laosver.gr
) www.teach.gr
. , ,

. 45

. , ,

. 46