1. Report Text Definition of Report Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is.

It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis Generic Structure of Report 1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general 2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials Language Feature of Report Introducing group or general aspect Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc Using simple present tense example: A razor is a tool which is found in nearly every bathroom. A man who has thick hair on his face may have to shave twice a day. It is a habit which can be dangerous. For many years, a razor was a handle with a long piece of steel which was sharp and flat at one end. These razors had a long open blade. But todays razors are safer and more convenient to use. The thing which makes todays razor safe is that the blade is small thin sharp piece of steel. The person who invented razor blades was a man called King Gillette. He was a clever man who had many ideas for new inventions. He wanted to make a blade that was safe and which could be used several times. In 1891, he invented a new type of razor blade. It was short and it was held in a special handle. The sharp edge of the blade did not stick out very far. It was a razor which was safe to use. It was more difficult to cut yourself than with the older type of razor. Gillettes razor blade became popular. It was an invention which worked well and which everybody need because each blade only lasted 8 to 10 times. Gillette sold many of his new safety blades and soon became a millionaire.

2. RECOUNT TEXT Definition of Recount Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative Generic Structure of Recount 1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time 2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past 3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story Language Feature of Recount Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc Using chronological connection; then, first, etc Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc Using action verb; look, go, change, etc Using simple past tense Examples : My Adventure at Leang Cave On Sunday, my parents, my best fruend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang . It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me! The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its

surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their kitchen. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there. After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!

3. NARRATIVE TEXT Definition of Narrative Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers. Generic Structure of Narrative A narrative text will consists of the following structure:

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place 2. Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with 3. Resolution: Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse Language Features of Narrative Using processes verbs Using temporal conjunction Using Simple Past Tense

Example: The sun shone brightly and the west breeze blew. The kite was flying this way and that way tied to her string. Suddenly the string snapped. The kite was free. She soared high in the air until she could see far, far away. The kite followed some parrots who took her to see the rainforests. The air was cool and the kite got wet. The kite followed some crocodiles who took her to see the rivers. The air was misty and the kite caught a fish. The kite followed some wallabies who took her to see the deserts. The air was hot and the kite got tired. So the kite followed the sun who took her back home, right to her string

4. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text Descriptive text has structure as below: Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text Using attributive and identifying process. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group. Using simple present tense.

EXAMPLE: THE AMAZING TAJ MAHAL IN INDIA Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra. Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of selfreplicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements. Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four

adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

5. PROCEDURE TEXT Purpose: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions. Text Organization:

Goal:(The final purpose of doing the instructions) Materials:(ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions) Steps:(a set of instructions to achieve the final purpose)

Language Features :

Use of imperatives (e.g.: cut, dont mix) Use of action Verbs (e.g. : turn, put, mix) Use of connectives (e.g. : first, then, finally, ) Use of adverbial phrases (e.g. : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

The Definition Of Procedure Text * Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

The generic structures of procedure text are : * * * Goal/aim ( or title) Materials (not required for all procedural texts) Steps (the actions that must be taken)

How to make a sandwich (aim/goal) You need (materials) * * * * 2 slices of bread peanut butter a banana honey

What you should do are : (steps) * * * * * Take two slices of bread Spread peanut butter Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices Pour some honey over the bananas Put the other slice of bread on top

6. SPOOF Definition and Social Function of Spoof Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story. Generic Structure of Spoof 1. Orientation 2. Events

3. Twist

Language Feature of Spoof 1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things 2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc 3. Using adverb of time and place 4. Told in chronological order

EXAMPLE: One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes. When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; Eat the food, Coat! the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; What are doing? Nasreddin replied calmly; When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me . Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.

7. ANECDOTE

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers. Generic Structure of Anecdote 1. Abstract 2. Orientation 3. Crisis 4. Incident. Language Feature of Anecdote 1. Using exclamation words; its awful!, its wonderful!, etc 2. Using imperative; listen to this 3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what? 4. Using action verb; go, write, etc 5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward 6. Using simple past tense Example: Blessing Behind Tragedy There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America. The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was

bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned. The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune. Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was. The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. 8. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Definition of Analytical Exposition Exposition is a text that elaborates the writers idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition 1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writers position 2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writers position 3. Reiteration: Restating the writers position Language Features of Analytical Exposition

Using relational process Using internal conjunction Using causal conjunction Using Simple Present Tense

EXAMPLE: Andrew Marvell, well known for his satirical and critical views in parliament, is also considered as one of the most prominent poets of the

seventeenth century. One of his most reputed poems, To His Coy Mistress, is a well-written piece that is both poignant and thought provoking. The appropriate use of various poetic and language devices help this poem to be highly effective. This includes the use of imagery such as similes and metaphors, the use of rhyme, as well as structure and rhythm, which come together to help convey the theme and mood of the poem. To His Coy Mistress tells of a young mans desire for his shy, modest lover. The man loves this woman and claims that given time, he would happily wait forever before sleeping with her. However, he can hear Times winged chariot behind him, and knows that life is too short for them to move as slowly as she would like. Therefore, he wants to make the most of their time on earth before the youthful hue of their skin fades. The central message that Marvell conveys in this poem is that time will not wait for anybody. A person cannot make the sun stand still, they cannot 9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION Definition of Hortatory Exposition Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition 1. Focusing on the writer 2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc 3. Using action verb 4. Using thinking verb 5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc 6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc 7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc 8. Using passive voice 9. Using simple present tense

EXAMPLE: Recently more parents choose to school their children from home. There are the positive aspects of this form of education versus other public and private schools. Homeschooling could be the parents right choice of learning for the kids There are a number of reasons as to why parents opt to home school their children. They include: * Religious reasons. * Family reasons. * Poor learning environment at the school. * Object the lessons of public school. * The child has a disability or is special needs. * Transportation issues. * Public or private school did not challenge the child. * The child could not get into the desired private school. * The parents career So if parents decide that home schooling is the best option for their children, they need to do a little research in finding out what criteria they and their children must meet.

10. EXPLANATION

Social Function: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena. Generic Structure

A general statement to position the reader A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features

Focus on generic, non-human Participants Use mainly of Material Processes and Relational Processes Use mainly of Temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions

EXAMPLE: The United States of America is where the Venuss fly trap has its origins. The Venuss fly trap is a unique plant. It belongs to a group of plants called carnivorous plants. These plants feed on insect. The Venuss fly trap has a special mechanism by which it traps its prey. This is how it works. At the end of each leaf which grows from the base of a long, flowering stalk there is a trap. The trap is made up of two lobes and is covered with short, reddish hairs which are sensitive. There are teeth like structures around the edge of the lobes. The trap contains nectar which attracts insect. When an insect comes in contact with the nectar, the trap snaps shut. There are certain digestive juice inside the trap which digest the insect. It takes about ten days for a trapped insect to be digested. We can tell when this digestion is complete, for then the walls automatically open to wait for another victim. There are two hundred species of carnivorous plants. Another kind of these well- known species is the pitcher plant. What differentiates this plant from the Venuss fly trap is the shape; the mechanism to catch insects is the same in both plants. The pitcher plants which cling to other plants by means of tendrils. At one end of the tendril, there is a pitcher shaped vessel with an open lid. The mouth and the lid of the pitcher contain glands which produce nectar to attract insect. When an insect settles on the nectar, the lid of the pitcher shuts, trapping its victim. The digestive juices inside the pitcher then begin to work.

11. DISCUSSION What is Discussion? a. Definition of Discussion Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text. b. Generic Structure of Discussion Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse c. Language Feature of Discussion Introducing category or generic participant Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc d. Examples and structures of the text The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow: It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.

 It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium. It produces small amount of waste. It is reliable. On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident. People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

12. REVIEW

a. Definition Review is one of text genres. This classification of text types is commonly based on the structure which used by the writer to compose his text. Each text type will have different form of generic structure. As I said in my previous post, review text usually has generic structure as: b. . Generic Structure Introduction: it is the highlight of the general description about what will be reviewed. It can be product, services which want to be sold, or just a site which want to be known publicly. Then it will drive more traffic into the site. Evaluation: the second phase is coming inside into the product in details. It states the parts, uniqueness, quality of the product which will be known publicly. However too much detail description will teach the will-buyer and it does not sound good. Evaluating as far as necessary for the targeted buyer is more genuine. The term of evaluation will not be far from simple word of good or bad. In this phase reviewer will apply much evaluative word, valuable, useful, worthy, etc. Interpretation: after writing about the objective thing of the product, it is the time for reviewer to write about what he thinks or impresses on the product. Of course this phase can be done after getting enough evaluation on the product. It is personal idea about the product. Frequently to support and

strengthen his idea or impression, a reviewer describes a comparison to other similar product. He states in which side the product has additional value or honestly admitted that the product lacks value in certain side. Summary: this phase is recommending conclusion for reader of the product. After clearly explanation, a reviewer will make a final comment whether the product is valuable or not for targeted buyer. This phase is the worth of the review for reader. c. Dominant Language features: 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor d. Examples and structures of the text EXAMPLE: Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix Orientation: I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart. Evaluation 1 : I have to say that of all the books, however, this one was not my favorite. Evaluation 2 : When the series began it was as much of a feel good experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying. Interpretative recount : Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this worksyou feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if were reading all about Harry just hanging out instead of having his usual

adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and Im not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it. description : A few other changes in this book the real world comes much more in to play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friends heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didnt fit with his character, like he turned into a walking clich of the angry teen overnight. The real story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great. 13. NEWS ITEM a. Definition of News Item News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. b. Generic Structure of News Item 1. Main event 2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place) 3. Resource of information c. . Language Feature of News Item 1. Focusing on circumstances 2. Using material process 4. Examples and structures of the text

EXAMPLE: Town Contaminated Newsworthy events Moscow A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence

of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. Background Events Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo 22 near Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a thermal and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.