Tp ch KHKT Nng nghip, Tp 1, s 2/2003

Thc trng sn xut v tiu th rau an ton x Vn Ni, huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H ni Current situation of production and distribution of safe vegetables in Van Noi commune, Dong Anh district, Hanoi city Ng Th Thun1
Summary

Production and distribution of safe vegetables are urgent issues in terms of economic and social development, environment and peoples health. The present paper reported results of a case study of Van Noi commune farmers who have a long traditional vegetable production. Particularly, the commune has been selected as one of the pilot sites of the safe vegetable program. The program has gained initial achievements, such as diversification of safe vegetables and establishment of marketing channels supplying safe vegetables to consumers. However, the program is facing constraints in production and distribution aspects such as low area and yield of safe vegetables, low quality of vegetables produced, fluctuation of vegetable prices, a backward method of vegetable distribution, especially lack of safe vegetable quality control network. The vegetable producers lack of capital, knowledge and an efficient marketing performance. Keywords: safe vegetable, production, product, marketing, distribution, price

1. t vn 1

Rau l thc phm khng th thiu c ca con ngi, rau xanh cung cp rt nhiu vitamin m cc thc phm khc khng th thay th c (Trn Khc Thi, 1995). Hin nay sn xut v tiu dng rau sch l vn c tnh cp thit v s pht trin kinh t, x hi, mi trng v sc khe con ngi. n nay, H Ni trin khai sn xut rau an to n mt s ni nh : x Vn Ni thuc huyn ng Anh; x Nam Hng thuc huyn T Lim; x Vn c, L Chi, ng D thuc huyn Gia Lm, nhng qui m sn xut cn nh. Trong ni th nh xut hin cc ca h ng bn rau an to n nhng gi cn cao, cha c phng php bo m cht lng, gy tm l thiu tin tng cho
1

ngi tiu dng. Tt c nhng vn n y do nguyn nhn g? yu t ch yu n o nh hng? Cn c nh hng v bin php pht trin v tiu th rau an to n ra sao? B i vit n y hng v o vic nh gi thc trng v pht hin mt s yu t nh hng ch yu n sn xut v tiu th rau an to n ca mt x ven .
2. a im v phng php nghin cu

B mn Kinh t lng, Khoa Kinh t v PTNT

a im nghin cu: x Vn Ni, huyn ng Anh, th nh ph H Ni. y l x chuyn sn xut rau xanh cho th nh ph H Ni, vi din tch chuyn rau l 201 ha, chim 67,9% din tch canh tc, 1564 h trng rau chim 86,5% tng s h sn xut nng nghip ca x , gi tr sn xut ca rau chim t 65 n 70% tng gi tr sn xut ng nh trng trt. X c v tr thun li, nhn dn c kinh nghim trong 157

thc trng sn xut v tiu th rau an ton

sn xut rau v kinh doanh cc hot ng dch v khc. Phng php nghin cu: Thu thp s liu t cc nh nghin cu, cc ban, ng nh ca x Vn Ni, huyn ng Anh, S Nng nghip & Pht trin Nng thn H Ni, Vin Nghin cu Rau qu v cc t i liu iu tra trc tip cc h sn xut rau an to n ca x . Chn v phng vn theo bn cu hi 60 h sn xut rau an to n, chim 36,8% tng s h sn xut rau an to n ca x (30 h chuyn sn xut rau an to n, 30 h khng chuyn sn xut rau an to n). Cc s liu c x l v tng hp trn phn mm EXCEL 7.0 theo cc ni dung nghin cu. Phng php phn tch s liu ch yu l phn tch thng k thng qua cc s tuyt i, s tng i, s bnh qun, tc pht trin. . . Ngo i ra, cn s dng h m Cobb-Douglas phn tch cc yu t nh hng ti nng sut rau an to n.
3. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun

Thc trng sn xut rau an to n ca x Vn Ni

u nm 1993, cc nng h Vn Ni bt u sn xut th nghim c hiu qu qui trnh sn xut rau an to n i vi ci bp, c chua, su h o, sp l, u trch, x lch xon. T n nay sn xut rau an to n ca Vn Ni tip tc pht trin, s h trng rau an to n ng y c ng tng. Nm 2000 to n x c 164 h sn xut rau an to n c chia th nh 2 loi. Loi th nht gm 97 h, khng c trang b nh li nn vn u t t hn, tiu th qua HTX vi cc hp ng v ngun h ng, din tch trng rau an to n bnh qun 1 h l 7,5 s o/h. Loi th 2 gm 67 h, c trang b nh li, c h tr u t ca cc Trung tm, Vin nghin cu, din tch trng rau bnh qun 1 h l 6,5 s o/h. S liu v din tch, nng sut v sn lng rau an to n sn xut Vn Ni c trnh b y bng 1 cho thy: Rau an to n ch thy mt s rau c gi tr kinh t cao nh c chua, su h o, sp l, ci bp, x lch xon. Din tch ca tng loi rau n y cng c xu hng tng ln, tng nhiu nht v chim t trng cao nht trong tng din tch gieo trng rau an to n ca x .

Bng 1. Din tch, nng sut v sn lng mt s loi rau an to n Vn Ni

Din tch ( ha) Nng sut (t/ha) Sn lng (t) Din gii 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 Ci bp 3,0 5,7 15,0 208,4 208,4 207,2 625,2 1187,9 3097,6 Su h o 1,0 4,1 16,3 124,0 126,0 129,1 124,0 516,6 2100,5 Sp l 8,0 14,3 24,7 230,6 250,0 274,3 1844,8 3575,0 6775,2 C chua 6,0 16,0 18,0 146,3 147,1 147,3 877,8 2353,6 2651,4 H nh ti 1,5 1,6 1,8 178,6 189,0 192,0 267,9 302,4 345,6 Ci cc loi 15,0 17,1 20,0 203,5 209,0 211,0 3052,5 3573,9 4220,0 u cc loi 0,5 1,1 1,4 138,7 138,9 140,3 69,4 157,0 200,6 X lch 8,7 8,9 20,0 281,7 285,4 284,2 2450,8 2528,6 5692,5 Da cc loi 1,5 1,8 2,9 216,2 221,0 229,5 324,3 397,8 665,6 (Ngun : Thng k x Vn Ni nm 2000)

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Ng Th Thun

Nng sut mt s loi rau an to n ca Vn Ni qua 3 nm u tng (sp l: 1998 230,6 t/ha, nm 2000 ln ti 274,3 ta/ha; su h o: t 124 t/ha ln 129,1 t/ha nm 2000.. thp hn so vi nng sut rau bnh thng, nng sut rau an to n thng thp hn (1998 Vit Nam bp ci: sn xut bnh thng t 226 t/ha, c chua 151

t/ha (Trn Vn L i, 1999). S khc nhau n y l do ging, iu kin sn xut, thi tit v c bit do qui trnh sn xut khc nhau. Rau an to n sn xut theo quy trnh tiu chun, khng bn phn ho hc nn nng sut thng thp hn rau thng. Cht lng rau an to n Theo kt qu kim tra ca S Khoa hc

Bng 2. Tn d NO3 v mt s kim loi nng mt s loi rau an to n ca Vn Ni Tn d NO3 (mg/kg) Tn d kim loi nng (mg/kg-lit (ppm)) Quy nh (1) Thc t (2) Zn (1) Zn (2) Pb (1) Pb (2) Cd (1) Cd (2) Hg (1) Ci bp 500 3038 4,95 0,016 0,67 Su h o 500 2150 4,90 3,40 0,009 Sp l 600 1987 4,07 0,020 0,65 C chua 150 169 5,34 0,05 0,018 H nh 400 717 <15-20 3,64 <1-2 0,28 <0,2-0,8 0,006 <0,005 Ci xanh 500 3198 6,70 0,63 0,021 H lan 200 448 6,90 0,009 0,47 X lch 1500 1477 4,67 0,48 0,007 Da chut 150 356 5,88 0,32 0,006 (Ngun: S Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng H Ni 1999) Din gii

Hg (2) 0,0005 0,0007 0,0004 0,00001 0,0001 0,0020 0,0004 0,00001 0,0002

Bng 3. H s ca cc yu t nh hng n nng sut mt s loi rau an to n Din gii Su h o Ci bp C chua Sp l 1. H s t do (Intercept) 2,052 1,308 1,643 1,157 2. Cc yu t nh hng - Ging (Cy) - 0,072 - 0,077 - 0,067 0,354 - m(kg) - 0,203 0,293 0,218 1,758 - Ln (kg) 0,115 - 0,476 - 0,466 - 0,381 - Kali (kg) 0,279 - 0,446 - 0,052 - 0,399 - Phn Vi sinh (kg) 0,412 0,070 0,092 0,049 1,046 0,507 0,072 0,205 - Phn hu c (kg) - Thuc su (1000d) 0,285 0,053 0,195 0,790 - Cng lao ng (ng ycng) 0,043 0,256 1,107 0,050 - Tham gia tp hun 0,042 0,014 0,051 0,599 - Thi v 0,82 0,019 0,173 0,119 0,9661 3. H s tng quan (R) 0,9823 0,9509 0,9869 4. H s xc nh tng quan (R2) 0,965 0,9043 0,9741 84,17 (Ngun: t i liu iu tra nm 2000; cc h s kim nh ngha thng k c tin cy t 95% tr ln)

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thc trng sn xut v tiu th rau an ton

Bng 4. c lng mc tng (gim) nng sut ng vi 1% tng (gim) ca tng yu t nh hng i vi mt s rau an to n n v tnh: t/ha Din gii Su h o Ci bp C chua Sp l Ging - 0,592 - 0,62 - 1,18 2,19 m - 1,669 2,35 3,82 11,02 Ln 0,945 - 3,81 - 8,18 - 2,35 Kali 2,293 - 3,57 - 0,91 - 2,46 Phn Vi sinh 3,387 0,56 1,61 0,30 8,598 4,06 1,26 1,27 Phn hu c 2,343 0,42 3,42 4,88 Thuc su 0,353 2,05 19,42 0,31 Cng lao ng

Cn tp hun Thi v

0,345 6,740

- 0,11 0,15

0,89 3,04

3,70 0,73

(Ngun: Tnh ton da trn s liu phn tch bng 3)

Cng ngh v Mi trng th nh ph H Ni v cht lng rau an to n Vn Ni (thng 12/1999) cho thy: - Do cc h sn xut rau an to n s dng lng phn hu c v phn vi sinh khng theo qui nh m cn bn phn ho hc (m, ln, kali) nn tn d NO3 trong cc loi rau an to n Vn Ni vn cn, thm ch s tn d n y vt qu nhiu so vi ngng cho php ci bp, su h o, sp l, ci xanh. - Tn d kim loi nng nh km, ch, cidi v cc loi thuc bo v thc vt tt c cc loi rau vn cn, nhng cha vt qu ngng qui nh, tc l nm trong mc an to n. Cc yu t nh hng n nng sut rau an to n Thng qua cc h s nh hng ca cc yu t ti nng sut mt s loi rau an to n cho thy nh hng ca phn hu c, cng lao ng v thuc bo v thc vt l r rt nht. H s nh hng ca phn hu c ti nng sut su h o l 1,046, ngha l c tng mc bn phn hu c ln 1% th nng sut su h o tng 1,046 %, nng sut bp ci tng 0,507%. Ring i vi c 160

chua cng chm sc c nh hng ln nht (bng 3). c lng mc tng (gim) nng sut ca cc loi rau an to n n y da v o h s nh hng ca tng yu t qua s liu bng 4 u cho nhn xt rng, hiu qu tc ng ca 3 yu t (phn hu c, cng lao ng v thi v l r rt v c vai tr tch cc trong sn xut rau an to n. Thc trng tiu th rau an to n ca Vn Ni + Rau an to n ti Vn Ni c tiu th qua 2 knh trc tip v gin tip nh sau (s 1): - H sn xut rau bn cho ngi tiu dng - H sn xut rau bn cho cc n v trung gian nh ngi thu gom, ngi bun, hp tc x tiu th hoc cc i l. Rau tiu th thng qua ngi thu gom v ngi bun kh ln, trung bnh h ng nm chim ti 30% lng rau tiu th ca x . - Hp tc x tiu th rau an to n ca x hnh th nh t nm 1997, vi 25 h chuyn sn xut v tiu th, h ng nm tiu th t 40-60 % lng rau an to n sn xut ra trong x , bnh qun 1,5-2 t/ng y/h.

Ng Th Thun

Ngi sn xut

Ngi thu gom

Hp tc x tiu th

Cc i l rau

Ngi bun rau cp 1

Ngi bn l rau

Khch sn, nh h ng

Ngi bn bun rau cp 2

Ngi tiu dng

S 1. H thng tiu th rau an to n ca x Vn Ni Cc nhm hp tc tiu th rau an to n, gm t 5-10 h. H lin kt vi nhau, hnh th nh cc nhm tiu th i cng. Phng thc hot ng ca h l cc h t thu hoch sn phm tp trung v mt ni thun li, sau h cng l m h ng (v sinh rau, phn loi, ng gi) v bn ti + Th trng rau an to n ca x Vn Ni gm : - Ch Vn Tr v cc t im bn ti nh trong cc ng xm ca x Vn Ni. Ngi bn l ngi trc tip sn xut, ngi mua c th l ngi bun, thu gom v nhng ngi tiu dng trong x . - Ch ng Anh v cc t im bn l ti th trn huyn ng Anh. Ngi bn c th l ngi sn xut hoc ngi bun. Ngi mua l ngi tiu dng, cc ca h ng, khch sn.. - Ni th nh H Ni l th trng tiu th rau an to n ln nht ca x . Ngi bn ch cho ngi bun, hoc i cng mang rau i bn ti cc ch. Kiu hp tc n y huy ng v s dng tt nht ngun lao ng ca cc h v gii quyt kh khn cho nhng h thiu lao ng, do vy n ang c a chung v pht trin. hoc l ngi sn xut, ngi bun, nhng ch yu l Hp tc x tiu th v cc i l rau ca x (Ca h ng 2D Ging V, 6 ng Th nh, 75 Trn Xun Son, 2 Phm Ngc Thch, 110 Trn Quang Khi, ch 19/12, ch Bc Qua, ch Yn Vin, ch Xanh). Ngi mua thng l cc khch sn, ca h ng n, cc c quan x nghip, ngi nc ngo i ang sng ti Vit Nam v ch yu l ngi dn ca th nh ph. + V nhu cu th trng v rau an to n l rt ln nn khi lng rau an to n m x Vn Ni sn xut ra h ng nm thng 161

thc trng sn xut v tiu th rau an ton

Bng 5. Gi bn mt s loi rau an to n theo ma v Din gii ng xun 1. C chua 2267 3300 - V sm 1200 - Chnh v 2300 - V mun 2. Ci bp 1100 1800 - V sm 600 - Chnh v 900 - V mun 3. Su h o 1233 1500 - V sm 600 - Chnh v 1600 - V mun 4. Sp l 3367 5700 - V sm 2000 - Chnh v 2400 - V mun (Ngun: iu tra h nm 2000) H thu 3733 2700 4800 3700 2000 1000 2000 3000 1633 2500 1000 1400 4733 2700 3700 7800 n v tnh: ng/kg Xun h 4833 4500 5000 5000 2833 3000 2700 2800 2200 1600 2000 3000 7617 8000 7500 6000

tiu th ht. Hin ti rau an to n ca x mi p ng khi lng nh so vi nhu cu th trng, chng loi v cht lng cn thp. + V gi bn, s liu bng 5 cho thy, gi bn rau an to n ti ni sn xut (gi cng tri) v sm v v mun thng cao hn v chnh, v xun h thng cao hn v ng xun v h thu. iu n y th hin phn n o s khan him ca cc loi rau trong tng v. - Tuy cha iu tra c gi bn theo tng knh v hnh thc bn rau an to n nhng thng thng gi bn l cao hn gi bn bun. Th d: gi bn bun bp ci l 1000 ng/1kg, gi bn l l 1130 ng/kg; cy ci b si gi bn bun l 5600 ng/kg, gi bn l l 6800 ng/kg Do quy trnh sn xut rau an to n c chi ph cao nn so vi rau thng th gi bn rau an to n c cao hn cht t, song vi gi bn rau an to n ti Vn Ni, theo chng ti ngi tiu dng c kh nng thanh ton c. Tuy nhin, rau an to n l 162

sn phm cn mi m i vi ngi tiu dng Vit Nam. Trn thc t chng ta cha c mt phng tin n o phn bit rau an to n v rau thng nn ngi tiu dng khng yn tm s dng (Vin Nghin cu Rau qu trung ng, 1999). i tng tiu dng rau an to n mi tp trung v o mt s ngi c thu nhp cao v c hiu bit v rau an to n. V vy, phn n o c nh hng n tiu th rau an to n trn th trng.
4. Kt lun

Sn xut v tiu th rau an to n Vn Ni my nm qua ang c xu hng pht trin tt, chng loi rau kh phong ph, gp phn gii quyt nhu cu rau xanh cho th trng H Ni. Tuy nhin, t trng din tch v sn lng cn thp, cht lng cha m bo, gi bn khng n nh. Cc hnh thc tiu th rau an to n ca x Vn Ni kh a dng, cng knh v ang trn pht trin. Phng thc bn cn th cng v c bit cha c h thng

Ng Th Thun

kim tra gim st cht lng rau an to n. Cc h sn xut rau cn thiu vn, thiu kin thc khoa hc k thut v th trng. Sn xut rau theo quy trnh an to n theo chng ti l mt trong cc bin php m bo an to n thc phm cho ngi v bo v mi trng. V vy, cc cp, cc ng nh cn y mnh tuyn truyn, nghin cu m rng sn xut, thng xuyn kim tra gim st v c cc chnh sch h tr sn xut rau ni ring pht trin theo hng xanh, sch v bn vng. T i liu tham kho
Trn Vn L i (1999), Tim nng v thch thc ca vic pht trin rau quanh nm v

rau an to n cc vng ngoi vi ca Vit Nam, Bo co ti Hi ngh Quc Gia v rau sch ti H Ni, thng 2/1999. Trn Khc Thi (1996), K thut trng rau sch, Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. Trn khc Thi (1995), Rau sch v mt s vn c quan tm nghin cu v ng dng, Tp ch Khoa hc k thut, s 1/1995, Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. S Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng H Ni (1998), Quy nh v quy trnh sn xut v lu thng rau an to n ca H Ni Vin Nghin cu rau qu trung ng (1999), Nghin cu cc gii php cng ngh v t chc qun l cht lng rau sch, Bo co kt qu nghin cu thng 1 v thng 12/1999.

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