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ISSN0976 4399

1 2 1 1 MohammadHoseinTadayon ,KhosroBargi ,HesamSharifian ,S.RezaHoseini 1Ph.Dstudent,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,Universityof Tehran, 2Professor,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,Universityof Tehran tadayon@ut.ac.ir

Effectofgeometricdimensionsonthetransmissioncoefficientof floatingbreakwaters

ABSTRACT Nowadays, marine structures such as floating breakwaters, floating berths, floating platforms, etc. are used widely. Floating structures have some advantages such as more compatibility with marine environment, easier and faster transportation for temporary works and capability to install at any depth. The most commonly used type of floating breakwatersarerectangularonesastheyhavesimpleandrapidinstallationandalsotheir deckcan beused.Forbehaviorstudyof floatingbreakwater,mostly structuralresponse andtransmissioncoefficientareconsidered.Thisarticleinvestigateseffectofaddingtwo thin boards vertically to the sides of rectangular floating breakwater to convert it to shaped floating breakwater and other geometric dimensions on the transmission coefficient of floating breakwaters. The results show that adding side boards and, mooringandfixingfloatingbreakwatermayreducetransmissioncoefficientconsiderably. In addition, dimensional aspects of can effect significantly on behavior of floating breakwater. Keywords: Floating Breakwater, Transmission Coefficient, Geometric Dimension, side board 1.Introduction Floating breakwaters are alternatives to conventional breakwaters for several reasons. firstly, the construction costof a floating breakwater is slightly dependenton the water depthandbottom foundationconditions,whereasthecostsofagravitytype breakwater is proportional to the square of the water depth and it is often impractical to build in water deeper than about 15 m, secondly, floating breakwaters have the ecological advantage of sea water circulation, biological exchange and sediment transport beneath thestructureandthirdly,floatingbreakwatersaretransportableandmaybeessentialfor temporaryfacilities.Theyareusefulinpreservingsmallmarinasandrecreationalharbors. Floating breakwaters with rectangular crosssection are the most common because of theirusabledeckarea.Variousmethodshavebeenproposedtoimprovetheperformance offloatingbreakwaters.Assuch,thispaperconsidersthechangesintheperformanceofa floatingrectangularbreakwaterduetotheattachmentofwaveboards(verticalplates)to itsupwaveanddownwavesides(Leeet.al.,2002). Inthispaperperformanceenhancementduetoattachingtwoverticalboardstothesides

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of a rectangular floating breakwater is studied. For this, an eigenfunction expansion matchingmethodisappliedfortheobliquewavecase. 1.1TheoreticalFormulation An incident train of monochromatic, small amplitude waves of height H and circular frequencypropagateinwaterofconstantwaterdepthhpastabreakwaterasshownin Fig. 1. A Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z) is defined with the xy plane at the undisturbed free surface, y is directed along the breakwater axis and z is measured vertically upwards. The direction of wave propagation a is measured counterclockwise fromthexaxis.Thebreakwaterisassumedimpermeableandinfinitelylong,sothatend effects can be neglected and the system is idealized as twodimensional through the assumption of pure periodic responses of a flexible breakwater in space and time. The breakwater has a rectangular crosssection with vertical plates attached to the upwave anddownwavefacesasshowninFig.1.Thecharacteristicdimensionsofthebreakwater areitsbeamB,draftd,andplateheightbbelowtheundersideofthebreakwater,andthe verticalplatethicknessisconsideredhereasverythincomparedtootherdimensionsand thus assumed to be zero in the analysis described below. The clearance between the seabed and the plate tip is denoted as h'. The water is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and the flow is irrotational, so that the flow field can be described in termsofavelocitypotential.Thefluiddomainisdividedintothreeregions:region1for upstream,region2forbelowbreakwater,andregion3fordownstreamshowninFig.1. Thevelocitypotentialp(x, y,z,t)inthepthregion may beexpresseddifferently.For regions 1 and 3 is used simple methods according to (Drimer,1992) and for region 2, conceptsof (Geshraha,2006)isemployed.

Figure1:SchematicDiagramoffloatingbreakwater

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2.NumericalresultsandDiscussion Calculations was performed for freely floating and fixed floating breakwaters with various geometric properties on different domains. To generalize obtained results, they are presented in dimensionless forms. In this paper, it has tried to study effect of geometricdimensionsontransmissioncoefficientoffloatingbreakwaters. Figure 2 shows effect of adding side boards to freely floating breakwaters on the transmission coefficient (CT) of various waves. As expected, floating breakwater is transparentforthegreatperiod(orlong)waveincidence.Foragivendimensionlesswave 2 frequency( B/g),thetransmissioncoefficientdecreaseswithanincreaseinrelativeside plateheight(b/B).Thetransmissioncoefficientdecreasesfrom1.0inthelongwavelimit to zero at the point of complete reflection, where the breakwater acts as a complete vertical barrier. Dimensionless wave frequency of complete reflection point decreases with an increase in relative side plate height. As dimensionless frequency of wave increasesfurther,transmissioncoefficientincreasesagain.Here,transmissioncoefficient decreaseswithincreaseinrelativesideplateheight.
b/B=0 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 b/B=0.1 b/B=0.2 b/B=0.3 b/B=0.4 b/B=0.5

C T

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2 B/g

3.5

4.5

5.5

Figure2:Effectofdifferentheightofsideboardsonwavetransmissioncoefficientof freelyfloatingbreakwater(B/h=1.0,d/B=0.25, a=0) In figure 3, the transmission coefficient is calculated for different relative breakwater width(B/h).Foragivenrelativedrift(d/B)offloatingbreakwater,itisshownthateffect ofrelativewidthofbreakwaterisnotgreat.However,lowerrelativewidthleadstohigher transmissioncoefficient.

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B/h=2d/B=0.25 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 B/h=1d/B=0.25 B/h=0.2d/B=0.25

ISSN0976 4399

C T

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3

2 B/g

Figure3:Effectofdifferentbreakwaterwidthonwavetransmissioncoefficientoffreely floatingbreakwater(b/B=0, a=0) Figure 4 and figure 5 show effect of various relative drift and relative width of breakwater on its transmission coefficient. For agiven relative width of breakwater, an increaseinrelativedriftmaydecreasefullbarrierpointandtransmissioncoefficient. Bycomparingfigures3,4and5,itcanbefindthat,forstudyofeffectofrelativewidth of a floating breakwater, it is not relative drift to width of breakwater (d/B) that is effective, but relative drift of breakwaterto water depth (d/h) is important. For a given "d/h",thelowerisrelativewidthofbreakwaterthemoreistransmissioncoefficient.
B/h=2d/B=0.4 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 B/h=2d/B=0.35 B/h=2d/B=0.3

C T

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2 B/g

3.5

4.5

5.5

Figure4:Effectofdifferentbreakwaterdriftsonwavetransmissioncoefficientoffreely floatingbreakwater(b/B=0, a=0)

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B/h=0.5d/B=2.0 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 B/h=0.5d/B=1.5 B/h=0.5d/B=1.0

ISSN0976 4399

C T

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5
2 B/g

1.75

2.25

2.5

2.75

Figure5:Effectofdifferentbreakwaterdriftsonwavetransmissioncoefficientoffreely floatingbreakwater(b/B=0, a=0) Infigure6,thetransmissioncoefficientisstudiedfordifferentwavedirections.Forgreat period wave incidence, there is no significant difference in transmission coefficient related to different wave directions, but for medium or low period waves, transmission coefficientincreaseswithanincreaseinwaveincidentangle.
b/B=0 =0 b/B=0.25 =45 b/B=0.25 =0 b/B=0.25 =60 b/B=0.25 =30

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

C T

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2 B/g

3.5

4.5

5.5

Figure6:Effectofdifferentwaveincidentangleonwavetransmissioncoefficientof freelyfloatingbreakwater(B/h=1.0,d/B=0.25)

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All of above results are for freely floating breakwaters. Figure 7 shows a comparison between freelyand fixed floating breakwaters.Forthesame floating breakwaters,fixed one have significantly lower transmission coefficient than free one. As expected, for a given relative width of breakwater, more relative drift of breakwater ends in lower transmissioncoefficient.Inaddition,foraconstantrelativedrift,transmissioncoefficient decreaseswithanincreaseinrelativewidthofbreakwateroraddinglongersideboards.
F.F.B/h=2b/B=0d/B=0.35 FixedB/h=1.4b/B=0d/B=0.35 FixedB/h=2b/B=0d/B=0.35 FixedB/h=1.4b/B=0.1d/B=0.35 FixedB/h=2b/B=0d/B=0.25

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

C T

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

2 B/g

3.5

4.5

5.5

Figure7:Comparisonofwavetransmissioncoefficientoffreelyfloating(F.F.)andfixed breakwaters 3.Conclusions This paper studied the effect of various geometric dimensions on wave transmission coefficient of freely and fixed floating breakwaters. In addition, the possibility of performance enhancing of rectangular breakwaters by attaching two side boards is examined.Theresultsarepresentedindimensionlessforms.Followingitemswerefound afterobtainingnumericalresults: Floatingbreakwateristransparentforthegreatperiodwaveincidence. Addingthesideboardsresultedinlowerwavetransmissioncoefficient. Effectofrelativewidthofbreakwaterisapparentforconstantdrifttowaterdepth ratio.Morerelativewidthofbreakwaterlessensthewavetransmissioncoefficient. Wave incident angle may decrease transmission coefficient of waves with intermediate and small period, but it has no significant effect on large period wavestransmission. Byfixingfloatingbreakwaters,transmissioncoefficientisdecreasesconsiderably. 780

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4.References 1. Lee, J. and W. Cho, 2002, Effects of Mean Wave Drift Force on Mooring Tension and Performance of a Moored Floating Breakwater, KSCE journal of civilengineering,6(2):pp 193201 2. Yamamoto, T., 1981, Moored floating breakwater response to regular and irregularwaves,AppliedOceanResearch,3(1):pp 2736 3. Gesraha, M.R., 2006, Analysis of [pi] shaped floating breakwater in oblique waves:I.Imperviousrigidwave boards,Applied OceanResearch,28:pp327 338 4. Drimer,N.,Y.AgnonandM.Stiassnie,1992,Asimplifiedanalyticalmodelfor afloatingbreakwaterinwaterof finitedepth,AppliedOceanResearch,14:pp 3341 5. Stiassnie, M., 1980, A simple mathematical model of a floating breakwater,AppliedOceanResearch,2(3):pp 107111

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