Excel work Blue Print f Life Questuion 1.

Use an Australian example either plant or animal to show how changes in physical and chemical conditions OR increased competition for resorces have led to change in a species. Taller trees in rainforests generally have large canopies that increase sunlight collection. These canopies however block out the sun and prevent sunlight reaching the ground and as a result, smaller trees are inhibited from growing. This decreases the competition for light, nutrients and water for that particular tall tree. (No surrounding competition). Question 2. Trace the fossil record of one group of ogranisms. Camel pic Question 3. Using a named example show how advances in technology have changed scientific thinking about evolutionary relationships. Until the 1950s, the relationships between organisms were worked out by similarities in anatomical features. At this time, it became possible to analyse protein sequence data and DNA sequence data. Proteins, such as haemoglobin, could now be compared and similarities worked out based on biochemical similarity. If the rate of change is approximated, it is possible to work out a molecular clock that estimates the time since two organisms shared a common ancestor. Question 4. identfy and describe examples of hybridisation in agriculture or horticulture. The act of hybridization is the cross breeding, so to speak, of plants of different varieties in order to produce a new plant with desirable traits from both parent varieties. Corn in particular had highly increased crop yields after the introduction of hybrids in about 1933. (Logsdon 92) Hybrid corns are stronger than the inbred, or self pollinated, types. (Logsdon 18) However, the increased vigor that is characteristic of new hybrids only lasts for one generation, as it is not passed to its offspring, so continual hybridization has helped to "double U.S. corn yields since the 1940s."One side benefit of hybridization is the ability to increase production of a crop in different regions and climates. For example, a breed of corn with a very high seasonal yield that is adapted to growing in a warmer climate could be hybridized with a staple variety of corn Question 5. using diagrams demonstarte crossing over, segregation of chromosomes and the production of in Meiosis 2 pics Question 6. Briefly explain 2 examples showing the effect of the environment on phenotype. Question 7. how was evidnece for the mutagenic nature of radiation and certain chemicals collected during the twentieth century? Enviornmental factors that may incrase the rate of mutations include exposure to X-rays, atmoic radiation and ultraviolet light. Studies of epidemiology of cancer have provided much indirect evidence for the mutagenic nature of radiation. the danger of ionising raditation became apparent soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. the effects of ultraviolet radiation have been known for some time. While the evidence that radiation causes cell damage is undisputed, it is not so easy to collect evidence to establish that radiation causes mutations.Much of the evidence is inconculsoive. some key findings include: * There is no change in the incidence of genetic disease in offsrping of people who have been trested for cancer using radiation therapy. * Childern did, however, have a higher incidence of mental retardation, smaller head sizes. Part of the reason that the evidence is not clear os because the ability of nuclear material (i.e. material in the nucleus of cells) to repair itself cannot easily determined. Question 8. Briefly explain the process of Cloning giving two examples. The word clone first appeared in the language of science at the beginning of the 20th century to describe "groups of plants that are propagated by the use of any form of vegetative parts" (8). Since then cloning has been used to describe the process by which a cell or group of cells, from one individual organism is used to derive an entirely new organism. The defining characteristic of a clone is that it is genetically identical to its parent cell or organism.The two techniques are nuclear somatic transfer or nuclear transplantation and cell mass division or embryo splitting. The first method, nuclear transplantation.This process involves deleting the nucleus (or the genetic material) of an egg cell and replacing it with a nucleus (the genetic material) of another cell. This cell could be either an embryonic, a fetal or adult cell. The egg is then placed between two electrodes and a direct electric current is passed through it.The nuclear genes of clones produced by this method will

be identical, although the mitochondrial DNA of such clones would differ. On the 23 February 1997, the world woke up to news of a new technological advance,this advance was embodied in a "little lamb" going by the name of Dolly. Dewey the Deer a white tail, cloned at Texas A&M University in 2003, is one of those clones lacking a solid premise. His ilk are some of the most abundant game in North America; still, scientists say clones could be used to research deer genes and produce better deer stock for hunters. As importantly, they managed to clone a deer before anyone else could do it. Question 9. Briefly explain DNA replication using simple diagrams. During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. The double helix of the DNA unwinds. Then, the enzyme helicase 'unzips' the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds. Then, the enzyme DNA Polymerase pairs each of the two strands with the correct nitrogenous bases. The top strand is called the 'leading strand' and the bottom strand is called the 'lagging strand'. Then the enzyme ligase glues together the different fragments of the lagging strand of DNA. Now we have two exact replications of DNA, each with 46 chromosomes called daughter cells. Question 10. Briedly explain the historical developments of the theories of evolution and used avaible evidence to assess social and political influences on these developments. Some historical developments of the therioes of evolution include: *1735- Linnaeus published the classification system in which he classifed humans and apes together. there was no idea of evolution in the classification but his idea was strongly resisted. *1809- Lamarck put forward the first theroy of evolution- variation in species has developed due to the 'use' or disuse of body parts. these changes are passed on to the offspring. his theroy was proved incorrect, but his work challenged the belief in creationism and helped make Darwin's ideas more acceptable. *The early 1900's- scientists refined Darwin's theroy. Some social and political influences on these developments: The predominant view western cultures, up until Darwins theroy, was creationism- the diversity of living things was created for their enviornments at the same time by God in six days; the organisms have not changed and are not related. in spite of mounting scientific evidence, Darwin's theroy of evolution, was and still is rejected by religious people. Darwin's theory, particularly the idea that humans are descended from apes, caused social and political outrage. in the 1920's Pritestant traditionalists campaigned aganist the ideas of evolution. Social and poltical forces still exist in some communities today and exert pressure on schools to teach the Biblical story of Creation. Question 11. Construct a pedigree and family tree to trace the inheritance of a selected characteristic and discuss their current use. Question 12. Describe and analyse the relative importance of James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins in determining the structure of DNA and im exemplifying the role of collaboration and effective communication in scientific research. Scientific discoveries are raley the work of one person but tend to reslut from teams of people bringing together different skills. These teams may be working together or may be scattered all over the world working independtly in different laboratories. Determining the structure of DNA is a good case study exemplifying the role of collaboration and effective communication in scientific research. The four people in this story worked at two different places. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were from King's College London and James Watson and Francis Crick were from Cambridge University. Rosalind Frankin was a woman working in a field that was male dominated. Her work on X-ray diffraction showed that DNA had the charcteristics of a helix. she wished to gather more evidence of this result but Maurice Wilkison showed her resluts to Watson and Crick wothout her permission or knowledge. This information was enough to encourage Watson and Crick to develop their model of the double helix for the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin died of cancer in 1958 at age of 37. Watson , Crick and Wilkins recieved the Nobel Prize for their work in 1962. Question 13. Develop a simple model for protein synthesis

Question 14. Outline the evidence that led to Beadle and Tatum 'one gene-one protein' hypothesis and explain why this was altered to the 'one gene- one polypeptide' hypothesis. Beadle and Tatum used bread mould to investigate nutritional mutations. Using X-rays, they produced mould that was unable to produce a specific amino acid. The mould was unable to grow unless the amino acid was added. They showed that genes controlled biochemical processes. Their hypothesis was that for each gene there was one enzyme or protein. The enzymes that they studied consisted of one polypeptide but many enzymes consist of chains of polypeptides. Therefore, the hypothesis has been changed to the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. Question 15. explain how the development of anitbiotic resistance in insect pests in modern examples of 'natural' selection. Process information to best illustrate trends and patterns. Modern examples include antibiotic resistance of bacteria and the insecticide resistance of insects. Look for similarities in the way that bacteria have become antibiotic resistant and insects have become insecticide resistant. Analyse the information looking for a cause and effect relationship between the organism and the selecting pressure, such as antibiotic or insecticide. Some organisms, such as bacteria and insects, produce large numbers of offspring. Amongst large numbers of bacteria offspring, some individuals may carry genes that give them resistance to antibiotics. These individuals are then able to survive and reproduce with reduced competition from other members of the same species. Each generation will produce a higher percentage of individuals containing the resistant genes. This has been the story for antibiotics since they were first used. The initial use of an antibiotic results in good protection from bacteria. Over time the chemicals become less and less effective. A case study provides a good example of how natural selection occurs. A similar situation occurs in the resistance of insects to insecticides. Selecting those individuals that are able to survive and reproduce increases the frequencies of those genes in the population. This is survival of the fittest where the fittest are those that have a natural resistance to a selecting factor, which in the case of bacteria described above, is antibiotics.