Simulation and Analysis of Current Controlled PFC Converter-Inverter Fed SRM Drive

Sachin Goyal, Rajesh Kumar, Prof. R.A.Gupta

Abstract: Switch reluctance motor (SRM) drives are simpler in construction and their combination with power electronic equipments yield an economic solution to its variable speed operation. Power electronics equipments are the major source of harmonic pollution of the utility supply and reduce the efficiency and could be avoided by using the techniques presented in this paper. The paper presents the circuit configuration of power factor correction (PFC) that includes a single-phase diode bridge rectifier together with a boost converter and hysteresis current controller (HCC), which improves the quality of the current drawn from the utility supply. The advantages of the developed system are low harmonic distortion in ac supply currents, nearly unity power factor over a wide operating shaft speed range. The proposed system is modeled including SRM and the simulated performance in MATLAB frame is presented and discussed. Significant reduction of the THD and rms value of the supply current is achieved with the proposed method.

This paper deals with the design and implementation of a HCC based PFC for SRM. Design criteria, important features of the resulting SRM and operating characteristics of the PFC in variable-speed SRM applications are given in the paper. Also the power quality analysis is described here.
II. LINE POWER QUALITY

Index Terms- Boost converter, Power Quality, THD, HCC, Power factor

I.

INTRODUCTION

IN recent years, increasing emphasis on power quality has

directed researchers toward proposing and developing inherently clean new power converter topologies. A three phase SRM rotates by successive excitation of here phase windings through an inverter. The inverter feeds power to SRM by appropriately closing the semiconductor devices at accurate instants of rotor position [2]. Generally a rectifier is used to feed power to inverter, which suffers from the poor power factor, injection of harmonic in utility supply and fluctuations in the dc link voltage with fluctuation in supply frequency and voltage. A closed loop current controlled single phase Boost-type rectifier offers a good solution for direct conversion of ac to dc at high power densities to meet the strict PF penalty limits imposed by electricity authorities and input line current harmonic distortion limits dictated by various harmonic standards [3]. The switch reluctance motor is doubly salient on both its stator and rotor and can be mass produced at the lowest cost compared to any other motor. It has no winding or the magnets on the rotor that reduces its cost. Further this has the added advantage of minimum inertia, very little losses on the rotor and robustness thus enabling it to be driven at high speed. The stator windings are concentric making it possible to wind easily compared to any other drive windings.
Sachin Goyal, Rajesh Kumar and Prof. R.A.Gupta are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India.

With the development of modem industry, more and more production processes and assemblies rely on those equipments whose kernels are power electronics devices. Moreover, owing to rapid use of large numbers of non-linear loads and various faults in power system, many power quality problems will be caused. Diode and Thyristor converters essentially constitute a nonlinear load on electric utility system. The line waveforms generated by these converters are far from sinusoidal and as a result serious harmonic problems are created. The harmonic currents generated by the converters flow through the utility system and cause various power quality problem. The distorted current flowing through line source inductance distorts the distribution bus voltage. The nonsinusoidal bus voltage may create a problem on sensitive loads operating on the same bus. Additionally, harmonic currents create additional loading and losses in line equipments, such as generator, transmission and distribution lines, transformers etc. the harmonics also give error in meter reading, protective relay malfunction and can cause spurious line resonance with distributed inductance and capacitance parameters. The harmonic problem on the line can be mitigated by passive (non resonant and resonant) and active filters or by wave shaping in the line converter itself.
III. SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

This converter consists of a diode rectifier cascaded with a hysteresis current controlled boost converter. Fig. (1) shows the schematic diagram of the proposed system wherein a converter-inverter fed switch reluctance motor is used. An uncontrolled diode rectifier with a boost converter is used to convert the single phase AC in to a constant DC link voltage, which is fed to the inverter supplying a SRM. This converter draws unity power factor current from the AC mains eliminates harmonic currents and regulates the DC link voltage even under fluctuating voltage conditions of AC mains.

(e-mail:

0-7803-9484-4/05/$20.00 2005 IEEE

sachingw(_redffmail.com, rk-umar(mnitaci

1 433

Fig. 1. Block diagram of Converter- Inverterfed SRM Drive

IV. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The converter is controlled using a proportional-integralderivative (PID) controller to regulate its output DC link voltage [4]. DC link voltage is compared with reference voltage and error is fed to PID controller. The output of the PID controller is passed through a limiter to produce peak amplitude of inductor reference current (I* ). This amplitude is then multiplied by a rectified unit sinusoidal template (obtained from AC mains) to derive the rectified sinusoidal reference current (ii ). A hysteresis current controller is used to derive the gating signal for a switch of the converter. Inductor current is compared with inductor reference current and according to error of these to current HCC generates the switching for switch S. In response to the gating signal of the switch, the converter regulates the DC link voltage even under nonlinear load of an inverter fed SRM drive and in face of fluctuations in supply voltage. It also ensures that the converter draws unity power factor sinusoidal current from the AC mains. A PWM inverter is used to feed the SRM. The inverter provides the variable AC voltage determined by rotor angle. A speed controller (PID) is used to maintain the speed of the motor close to its desired reference value. The output of the speed controller is passed through limiter and produces the reference current. The reference current and motor current is fed to hysteresis current controller that produces gate signal for IGBTs of the inverter but these gate signals are also governed by rotor angle also [7]. Machine current and torque also depends upon rotor position and generated from lookup table because of its nonlinear characteristic [2].

A.

Voltage Controllerfor dc Link

The error between reference

(Vdc)

and sensed value of

(Vdc )

of dc link voltage acts as an input to the PID voltage controller [4]. The error in the dc link voltage at nth instant is given by:

Vdce (n)
B.

dc (n)

Vdc (n)

(1)

Reference Inductor Current

The reference inductor current is estimated as:
ii
=

Im

(2)

Where
Ud
V d

Vd

Vd

Iv I
sm

|;

s = Vs,, sin( ot); 0 = Supply frequency in red/sec. C. Hysteresis Current Controller of PFC Converter

The switching signal of the MOSFET of a PFC converter is generated using hysteresis current control as:
If

k(ii

ii) > h

then S=1

(3)

V. MODELING OF SYSTEM
Different parts of the close-loop SRM drive system are modeled separately, which are then integrated to get the complete model. The drive system is divided into following sub-systems:

If k (ii - ii ) <= - h then S=O (4) Where ii Inductor current, k = Gain factor for a amplifying the current error h = Hysteresis band

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D. The PFC Converter

The PFC converter is represented by two first order differential equations of inductor current and dc link capacitor voltage as:
di dt
dV dc dt
-

(vd - Vdc (1- S )- Ri)

L

(5)
(6)

Armature inductance I = Voltage input to the motor Te = Electrical torque J= Moment of inertia TL = Load torque 0 =Rotor position
=

(i(1

S)

'd

G. Hysteresis current controlled Inverter In the hysteresis current control current remain in the hysteresis band. To apply the voltages +V or zero depending upon the current error positive or negative. With regards to the rotor angle inverter output is as follow: If 0 >=

Where Resistance of the inductor L. C= dc link capacitance. id = dc link load current (chopper input current)
E.
PID Controller.

Ri

Oon
=

If 0 >= 0off and 0

=-V

Volt

and 0 < 0off s*v

<

(13)
(14)

Oq

Vout The transfer function of a PID controller has the following If 0 > Oq form: Vout = K Where 7 G(s) Kp + +K d S() S = switching of HCC V= input dc voltage to inverter In the time domain equation of PID controller can be written
as

(15)

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

- (t)

U(1)

k, (t) * e(t) + ki (t) |e(t)dt + kdd * de(t) (8) ~~~~~~~~dt

A. Dynamic Performance of PFC converte-Inverterr fed SRMDrive

Where kp, ki and kd are the proportional, integral and The effectiveness of the drive with PFC is examined. Developed model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK derivative gains respectively. frame. Because of machine's nonlinear property phase current and torque is calculated from data file using lookup-tables. F. Switched Reluctance Motor From Fig. 2 to Fig. 5 shows the transient and steady state Switch reluctance motor is nonlinear in nature, the behavior of drive that includes phase current of SRM, instantaneous voltage across the terminal of a phase of an SR electrical torque developed by machine, speed and rotor angle. motor is governed by V = RI + d (9) dt

The electromechanical equations governing the motor behavior are

d

=(T, -tT )/

(10)
(1 1)
(12)

E
'

Te =

dO d dt

dc dO
c

Where

V = Motor armature current R = Armature resistance

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Time in sec

Fig. 2.Phase Current vs Time (one phase current)

4.5

Starting torque

Load

/i
I]

No load Torque

3.5

x,-1

E
2.5 2
a)
0

E
0

1.5

compared with the input current, where the dc link voltage is obtained with the conventional diode bridge rectifier without power factor corrector and filter (with same value of inductance and capacitance as used in PFC converter). Although the structure is simple but it draws a pulsating line current that introduces harmonics in line. The comparison is carried out in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) and input current (rms). Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the input currents and voltages and Fig. 8 and 9 show their harmonic analysis in both cases without and with PFC converter at rated speed of 120 rps.
-

0.5 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Time in
sec

t -0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

200

Fig.3. Torque vs Time

140

r. : Y-v

Supply voItage

,curr nb-tt

Distorted supply

q1
1 00

L)

QD

Reference speed 120 rps

80
_
4

:)

60

-250 0.03
40_,X X _

0.04

0.05

0.06 Time

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

20

Fig. 6. Input current and voltage to the diode rectifier (without PFC)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Time in 0.25
sec

0.3

0.35

0.4

250 200 1 50

Supply votlage

Fig.4. Speed vs Time

10

Supply-current

1 00
3~

50
0

g
u
q

-50-

.9

-1 0 0

-1 50 -200

oI L
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05
sec

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

Time in

0.0 5

.1

0.1

0l.2 Time in sec

0.2

0.3

0.3

Fig. 7. Input current and voltage to the PFC converter

Fig. 5. Rotor angle vs Time

Load of IN is applied at 0.2 sec. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that there is no variation in speed at the time of load application. Phase current increases at the time of load application and again decreases at the time of load removal at 0.3 sec. From Fig. 2 it is clear that stating torque of machine is high and as it picks up its speed (reference speed) torque decreases to no load torque. At the time of load application, torque generated by machine is summation of no load torque and load torque.
B. Power quality performance of drive
25

20

-a 15
C:

(D

0)

5
10

cu

-==

I l
I
L 4

Ord er of Harm onic

1d 1o2
0

I
14

I
16

I
18

converter. Fig. 7 shows the input current and voltage of the PFC converter in steady state, input current to the PFC converter is nearly sinusoidal, and in time phase with the

Performance of drive is examined with and without PFC

Fig 8. Harmonic Spectrum of input current of diode

rectifier

supply voltage that provides unity

power

factor. This is

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input rms current for same speed operation. Hence the proposed PFC is capable of offering excellent power saving features.
._
15 -_

Xt

XJ--

REFERENCES
[1] Hongwei Gao; Salmasi, F.R.; Ehsani, M., "Inductance model-based sensorless control of the switched reluctance motor drive at low speed," IEEE trans. On power electronics, Vol. 19, Issue 6, pp. 1568-1573, Nov. 2004. [2] F.Soares, P.J.Costa Branco, "Simulation of a 6/4 Swiyched Reluctance Motor Based on Matlab/Simulink Environment," IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic System, Vol. 37, pp. 989-1009, No. 3 July 2001. [3] Mir, S.; Husain, I.; Elbuluk, M.E.;, "Energy-efficient C-dump converters for switched reluctance motors," IEEE Transactions on Power electronics, Vol. 12, issue 5, pp. 912-921, Sept. 1997. [4] Bhim Singh, B. P. Singh, M. Kumar, "PFC Converter fed PMBLDC Motor Drive for Air Conditioning ," IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol 84, pp. 22-27, June 2003 [5] Arkada, A.A.; Sidani, M.; Du, P., "Characterization of SRM drive systems under normal and fault operating conditions," IEEE International on electric machine and drives, IEMD '99 pp. 249-251, 9-12 May 1999. [6] R. Krishnan, "Switch Reluctance Motor Drives modeling, simulation analysis design and applications," CRC press,2001(Book). [7] V. K. Sharma, B. Singh, S. S. Murthy, "Dynamic Analysis of Sliding Mode Control of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive," IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol. 79, pp. 119-125, December 1998. [8] Bimal K. Bose, "Modern Power electronics and ac drives", Prentice Hall,2002 (Book), pp. 255-259. [9] Le-Huy, H.; Slimani, K.; Viarouge, P, "A current-controlled quasiresonant converter for switched-reluctance motor," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 38, Issue 5, pp. 355 - 362, Oct. 1991.

10

--

Order of Harmonic

1f 0 1H 2

-L 14

_-

-L 16

_-

L 18

Fig.9. Harmonic Spectrum of input current ofPFC converter.

45

-T
-l -l -l -l

40 35
a

/Without

PFC

L L L

_ _

jI

30 25
-

'O

4
70 .0

With PFC

Rated_S peed
1 00

s 60

so0

1 10

1 20

1 30

140

50

Speed in rps

Fig. 10. THD at various speeds with PFC converter and diode

rectifier

22 20 18
A

ci E
S
0

16

Sachin Goyal was born in Khairthal, Rajasthan, India in 1983. He is a research scholar in Department of Electrical Engineering of Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur (INDIA). His field of interest includes power electronics, drives and control system.

1. 2
12

Without PFC

u U) 5-x

10__
ith PFC

T-

Rated Speed

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

1 50

Speed in rps

Fig. 1. Input ac current (rms) at various speeds with PFC converter and diode rectifier

The variation of THD and input rms current with and without PFC converter is shown Fig. 10 and 11 respectively. From these figures it is clear that the harmonic contents in supply current (THD) is drastically reduced. The input current (rms) is also less when PFC converter is used. It is seen from Fig. 11 that at the rated speed reduction in rms current is highest

was born in Rambass, Haryana, India in 1972. He received B.Tech. (Electrical) degree from National Institute of Technology (NIT), Kurukshetra, India in 1994 and M. E. from Malaviya National Institute of Technology (NMIT), Jaipur, India in 1997. In 1995 joined as Lecturer in Department of Electrical Engineering, NMNIT, Jaipur. His field of interest includes power electronics, electrical machines and drives, intelligent control, fuzzy, neural and genetic

Rajesh Kumar

VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper analysis of converter-inverter fed SRM drive operating under starting and steady state condition at no load

and full load with its unity power factor operation is presented. The use of hysteresis current controlled PFC provides elimination of harmful supply harmonics and reduces the

R. A. Gupta was born in chandera, Rajasthan, India, in 1956. He received B.E. (Electrical) and M.E. Degrees from the University of Jodhpur, India in 1980 and 1984, respectively. In 1982, he joined as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jodhpur. In November 1990, he joined as a Reader and become full Professor in 1999 at the Department of Electrical Engineering, MREC, Jaipur (INDIA). His field of interest includes power electronics, electrical machines and drives. Prof. Gupta is a fellow of Institute of Engineers (INDIA), a life member of (ISTE) and Indian Society for continuing Engineering Education.

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