Muscles Objectives

Superficial muscle layers of the anterior and posterior parts of the body we will focus on the main ones The term muscle comes from little mice, because back in the days, these used to be thought as little mice running around the skin and contracting them strange A motor unit: consists of motor neuron axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Overview of muscle You have be aware that there are three types of muscle and the superficial differences between them we will be focusing mainly on skeletal muscle

Different types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac and smooth Cardiac in the heart Smooth the visceral organs : the obvious place is the GI tract Skeletal attach to the bone, expect the skin allows you to do the different motions that you do

Fundamental differences between them:

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and the other two are involuntary so you have no control on how they move The cell shape and appearance : skeletal muscle you have these sort of long cylindrical multi nuclei cells - the nuclei are on the surface of the cell Cardiac muscles not as long or as nuclide as skeletal muscle they have a single movement

Functions of Skeletal Muscles They produce movement ex. Triceps straighten the arm and the biceps flex the arm Maintain posture keeps you up right Stabilize joints Thermal regulation generate heat ex. Shivering, the idea is to generate heat to the body

Muscles Muscles are attached to bones The muscle itself is surrounded by an Epimysium - Within that muscle organ wrapping there are fascicles each of those fascicles are surrounded by a membrane that membrane is called a Perimysium each of the compartments is a muscle fiber or a single muscle cell

The sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle cell Thin actin filaments, and the thick myosin filaments its the movement of these filaments against one another, the causes contraction

Attachments are from muscle to bone Muscles always have nerve and blood supply blood supply because they work hard and nerve because they need impulses from nervous system to contract Muscle fiber = name of a single muscle tissue cell Muscles have several different levels of CT wrapping (noted below going from inner to outer):

Muscle Attachments Span joints Attach to bone in two places of origin and point of insertion

Direct attachments: epimysium is fused directly to the periosteum Indirect attachments: muscles CT wrapping extends as a tendon or an aponeurosis Tendon: rope-like extension Aponeurosis: flat, broad extension of CT Indirect attachments more common due to durability & small size

Define: agonist, antagonist, synergist, fixator; origin, insertion; explain the general nomenclature of skeletal muscles Functional groups of the skeletal muscle: 1. Prime movers: provide major forced for a particular movement ex. Biceps brachii in elbow flexion 2. Antagonist : opposes a particular movement - Can provide resistance to prevent overshoot or control rate of movement - Ex. Triceps brachii in elbow flexion A single muscle can be a prime mover for one action and an antagonist for another action. For ex. Biceps brachii and triceps brachii 3. Synergists: muscles that help the prime mover by promotion the same movement - Add force to a movement; reduce undesirable or unnecessarcy movement 4. Fixators: synergists that immobilize a bone or a muscles origin for ex. Muscles that immobilize the scapula during shoulder joint movements or load Ex. Supraspinatus (carry suitcase)

Arrangament of the Fascicles 4 patterns:

1. Circular : fascicles arranged in concentric(circular) rings surround and contract to close opening ex. Obicularis oculi 2. Convergent: fascicles converge towards a single tendon insertion muscle is triangular or fanshaped ex. Pectoralis major 3. Parallel : fascicles parallel to the long axis of a strap like muscle can be strap like (ex. Sartorius) or fusiform (ex. Biceps branchii) 4. Pennate: short fascicles attached obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle - Unipennate: ex. Extensor digitorum - Bipennate: ex. Rectus femoris - Multipennate: ex. Deltoid

Naming Skeletal Muscles Location of the muscle : bone or body region ex. Temporalis, intercostals Shape of the muscle: ex. Deltoid (triangular) , right and left trapezius muscles form a trapezoid Relative size of muscle: maximus, minimus, longus, bervis ex. Gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus Direction of muscle fibers: ex. Rectus = straight, parallel to midline (rectus femoris) transverses abdominus, oblique(at a angle) Number of origins ex. Biceps 2 origins Location of muscles origin and/or insertion if both indicated, origin always indicated first Action of the muscle flexor, extensor, adductor ex. Adductor longus for thigh adduction (pull towards)

Describe the muscles of facial expression The axial muscles: stabilizes and positions the head, neck, and trunk can be divided into 4 broad groups based on location and/or function

Muscles of the head Two groups: 1. Muscles of facial expression 2. Muscles of the mastication and tongue movement

Insert into skin or other muscles, not bones All are innervated by the facial nerve

Scalp: - Epicranius: main muscle of the scalp; bipartite muscle Frontal belly (frontalis) raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead Occipital belly (occipitalis) pulls scalp posteriorly

Face/facial expression - Orbicularis oculi Surrounds rim of orbit Protects eyes from light/injury blinking, squinting, also draws eyebrows down

Frontal belly

Galea aponeurotica

Occupital belly

Face/facial expressions: 1. Zygomaticus: zyogmatic to corner of the mouth smiling muscles 2. Orbicularis oris: maxilla and mandible to muscle and skin around the mouth closes, protrudes(sticks out) lips 3. Buccinator: mandible/maxilla to orb. Oris deep to masseter - whisling, sucking, hold food in place when chewing; esp. in nursing infants 4. Plastysma: fascia of chest to mandible helps depress the mandible tenses skin of the neck shaving muscle

Describe the muscles that move the mandible and the tongue Masification: Four pairs involved in masifcation: Prime movers and jaw closure Termpoalis and Masseter Grinding movements Medial and lateral pterygoids

All innervated by mandibular division of cranial nerve V

Messeter - zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone to angle and ramus of mandible

- Prime mover of the jaw closure (powerfully) Termporalis - temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible Evlates and retracts mandible (closes jaw) maintains closed jaw at rest Medial and lateral pterygoid - sphenoid to mandible - Additional jaw movements (ex. Side to side grinding movements)

Overall muscles of head/face

Describe the Muscles of the Neck & vertebral column head and trunk movements Head moved by the muscles originating from axial skeleton Muscles the move the head Muscles that extend the trunk and maintain posture

Neck muscles Sternocleidomastoid: manubrium/clavicle to mastoid process of temporal bone Prime mover (both muscles) of head flexion (life head when lying on back) Individual muscle action for head rotation to side, head tilt

Scalenes: cervical vertebrae to 1st 2 ribs Elevates first 2 ribs Flexes and rotates neck Role in coughing

Splenius: spinous process of vertebrae to mastoid process of termporal bone Head extension (both sides) Rotation, tilts head (one sided)

Vertebral Column-Trunk extention - Deep/intrinsitic back muscles Trunk movements and back posture Form a broad, think column extending from sacrum

Erector spinae: (scaropinalis) group prime movers of back extension and lateral bending Llidodstalis (3 parts) Longissimus (3 parts) Spinalis (2 parts) - Provides resistance to bending forward - Extensors for return erect position unilateral action; lateral flexion ribs and transverse(slanting) processes

Semispinalis extend vertebral column Deeper, 3 parts Composite muscles from thoracic region to head Extends vertebral column and health Rotation of head Synergistic with stermoclidiomastoid muscles of opposite side

Quadratus lumborum synergist in extension and rotation Illac crest to lumbar vertebrae

Individual muscles flex vertebral column laterally Jointly they extend lumbar spine and fix 12th rib Maintain upright posture

Intervertebral muscles Stabilizes the spine Synergize rotation and extension Maintain upright posture

Describe the respiratory muscles muscles of the thorax

Muscles of the Respiration: - External intercostals More superficial muscles 11 pairs between ribs; oblique Bottom of one rib to the top of the adjacent rib Pulls ribs together to elevate rib cage for inspiration (1st ribs fixed by scalene muscles) - Internal intercostals Deeper muscles 11 pairs between ribs, external intercostals Obliquely backwards from the bottom of one rib to the top of the adjacent rib Draws ribs together to depress rib cage; aids forced expiration 12th ribs fixed by quadratus lumborum

- Diaphragm Floor of thoracic cavity; dome-shaped when relaxed Prime mover of inspiration, flatten on inspiration increasing thoracic volume Attached to the lower six ribs and their costal cartilages, as well as to the sternum and the sides of

the lumbar vertebrae

(inferior view of Diaphragm)

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Supports viscera, flexion, stabilizes pelvis - Four paired muscles - Their fasciae and aponeuroses form the lateral and anterior abdominal wall Internal obliques External obliques Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis

Fascicles of these muscles run at angles to one another, provided added strength All are innervated by intercostals nerves

Actions of these muscles: Lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk Help promote urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, and screaming

1. -

Rectus abdominis: Medial , superficial Pubic crest, and symphysis to sternum and costal cartilage Lumbar rotation Fix and depress ribs Stabilize pelvis during walking

2. External Oblique: - Largest and most superficial lateral muscle

Outer surface of lower 8 ribs to linea alba/pubis Together increase abd. pressure Flex vertebral column Individual rotation

3. Internal oblique - Deeper but same actions as external obliques 4. Transversus abdominis - Deepest - Compresses abdominal contents

Contraction of the abdominal muscles and deep back muscles: Prevents hyperextension of the spine Splints (supports) the entire body trunk stabilizes the body core

Transverse section through the abdominal wall

Describe the muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum Muscles of the Pelvis Floor and Perineum The Pelvic Diaphragm Funnel shaped muscular floor of the pelvis is formed by: 1. Levator ani (pubis to inner coccyx) 2. Coccyggeus (spine of ischium to sacrum and coccyx)

Functions: Seal the inferior outlet of the pelvis Supports the pelvic organs Support the floor and elevate it to expel feces Resist increased intra-abdominal pressure

Perineum Urogential diaphragm Just inferior to the pelvic diaphragm Contains external sphincter muscles of the colon and urethra and muscles controlling blood flow to the reproduction organs

Function Supports pelvic viscera and constricts urethra