In Euclidean geometry, a convex quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides is referred to as atrapezoid in American English and as a trapezium

in English outside North America. A trapezoid with vertices ABCD is denoted ABCD or ABCD. The parallel sides are called the bases of the trapezoid. This article uses the term trapezoid in the sense that is current in the United States (and sometimes in some other English-speaking countries).[citation needed] Readers in the United Kingdom and Australia should read trapezium for each use of trapezoid in the following paragraphs. In all other languages using a word derived from the Greek for this figure, the form closest to trapezium (e.g. French trapze, Italian trapezio, German Trapez, Russian ) is used. The term trapezium has been in use in English since 1570, from Late Latin trapezium, from Greek (trapzion), literally "a little table", a diminutive of (trpeza), "a table", itself from (tetrs), "four" + (pza), "a foot, an edge". The first recorded use of the Greek word translated trapezoid ( , trapzoeide, "table-like") was by Marinus Proclus(412 to 485 AD) in his Commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements.[1]

In Euclidean geometry, a rhombus or rhomb is a convex quadrilateral whose four sides all have the same length. The rhombus is often called a diamond, after the diamonds suit in playing cards, or a lozenge, though the latter sometimes refers specifically to a rhombus with a 45 angle. Every rhombus is a parallelogram, and a rhombus with right angles is a square. (Euclid's original definition and some English dictionaries' definition of rhombus excludes squares, but modern mathematicians prefer the inclusive definition.)[1] The English word "rhombus" derives from the Ancient Greek (rhombos), meaning "spinning top". The plural of rhombus can be either rhombi or rhombuses.

Rectangle
In Euclidean plane geometry, a rectangle is any quadrilateral with four right angles. The termoblong is occasionally used to refer to a non-square rectangle.[1][2] A rectangle with verticesABCD would be denoted as ABCD. The word rectangle comes from the Latin rectangulus, which is a combination of rectus (right) and angulus (angle). A so-called crossed rectangle is a crossed (self-intersecting) quadrilateral which consists of two opposite sides of a rectangle along with the two diagonals.[3] It is a special case of anantiparallelogram, and its angles are not right angles. Other geometries, such as spherical,elliptic, and hyperbolic, have so-called rectangles with opposite sides equal in length and equal angles that are not right angles. Rectangles are involved in many tiling problems, such as tiling the plane by rectangles or tiling a rectangle by polygons.

Square
Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher

Square (geometry), a regular quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles Square number, an integer that is the square of another integer Construction Square (area), an Imperial unit of floor area and other construction materials Square, a public meeting place: Town square, an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings Market square, an open area where market stalls are traditionally set out for trading Garden square, an open space with buildings surrounding a garden Square, a "L" or "T" shaped tool: Combination square, a tool with a ruled blade and one or more interchangeable heads Machinist square, a metalworking tool used to produce right angles Steel square, also called a "framing" or "carpenter's" square, produces right angles

Triangle

A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a polygon with three corners or vertices andthree sides or edges which are line segments. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted ABC. In Euclidean geometry any three non-collinear points determine a unique triangle and a uniqueplane (i.e. a two-dimensional Euclidean space).

Sphere

A sphere (from Greek sphaira, "globe, ball"[1]) is a perfectly round geometrical object inthree-dimensional space, such as the shape of a round ball. Like a circle in two dimensions, a perfect sphere is completely symmetrical around its center, with all points on the surface lying the same distance r from the center point. This distance r is known as the "radius" of the sphere. The maximum straight distance through the sphere is

known as the "diameter" of the sphere. It passes through the center and is thus twice the radius. In mathematics, a careful distinction is made between the sphere (a twodimensional spherical surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space) and the ball (the three-dimensional shape consisting of a sphere and its interior).

Cone
Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible forcolor vision; they function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light. Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea, but gradually become sparser towards the periphery of the retina. A commonly cited figure of six million in the human eye was found by Osterberg in 1935.[1]Oyster's textbook (1999)[2] cites work by Curcio et al. (1990) indicating an average close to 4.5 million cone cells and 90 million rod cells in the human retina.[3] Cones are less sensitive to light than the rod cells in the retina (which support vision at low light levels), but allow the perception of colour. They are also able to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images, because their response times to stimuli are faster than those of rods.[4] Because humans usually have three kinds of cones with

different photopsins, which have different response curves and thus respond to variation in colour in different ways, we have trichromatic vision. Being colour blind can change this, and there have been reports of people with four or more types of cones, giving them tetrachromatic vision. Destruction to the cone cells from disease would result in blindness. A study involving mice injected with opsin into their retinas showed retinal activity involving light signals three months later.

Cylinder
A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes, the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given line segment, the axis of the cylinder. The solid enclosed by this surface and by two planes perpendicular to the axis is also called a cylinder. The surface area and the volume of a cylinder have been known since deep antiquity. In differential geometry, a cylinder is defined more broadly as any ruled surface spanned by a one-parameter family of parallel lines. A cylinder whose cross section is an ellipse, parabola,

orhyperbola is called an elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, or hyperbolic cylinderrespectively.

Pyramid
The pyramid (from Greek: "" pyramis[1]) is a structure whose outer surfaces are roughly triangular and converge to a single point at the top. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at least three triangular surfaces (at least four faces including the base). The square pyramid, with square base and four triangular outer surfaces, is a common version. A pyramid's design, with the majority of the weight closer to the ground,[2] and with the pyramidionon top means that less material higher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above. This distribution of weight allowed early civilizations to create stable monumental structures. Pyramids have been built by civilizations in many parts of the world. For thousands of years, thelargest structures on Earth were pyramidsfirst the Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great

Pyramid of Khufu, both of Egypt, the latter the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still remaining. Khufu's Pyramid is built entirely of limestone, and is considered an architectural masterpiece. It contains around 1,300,000 blocks ranging in weight from 2.5 tonnes (5,500 lb) to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) and is built on a square base with sides measuring about 230 m (755 ft), covering 13 acres. Its four sides face the four cardinal points precisely and it has an angle of 52 degrees. The original height of the Pyramid was 146.5 m (488 ft), but today it is only 137 m (455 ft) high, the 9 m (33 ft) that is missing is due to the theft of the fine quality limestone covering, or casing stones to build houses.

Rectangular Prism
The rectangular prisms geometry is almost identical to that of the square prism, and is the most common of all the prisms to have questions based upon it in standardized tests. The rectangular prism is also known as a cuboid. It is also probably the most common prism used in packaging, from cereal boxes to parcel delivered by mail. So the next time your family finishes a box of cereal, be sure to keep the box, so you can open it up and use it as a prism net for explanation purposes for your child.

Cube
In geometry, a cube[1] is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces,facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex. The cube can also be called a regularhexahedron and is one of the five Platonic solids. It is a special kind of square prism, of rectangular parallelepiped and of trigonal trapezohedron. The cube is dual to the octahedron. It has cubical symmetry (also called octahedral symmetry). It is special by being a cuboidand a rhombohedron.

Circle
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane that are a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any of the points and the centre is called the radius. Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions: an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure, or to the whole figure including its interior; in strict technical usage, the circle is the former and the latter is called a disk. A circle can be defined as the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. A circle may also be defined as a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident and theeccentricity is 0. Circles are conic sections att.

Pentagon

In geometry, a pentagon (from pente, which is Greek for the number 5) is any five-sidedpolygon. A pentagon may be simple or self-intersecting. The sum of the internal angles in asimple pentagon is 540. A pentagram is an example of a self-intersecting pentagon.

Hexagon

In geometry, a hexagon (from Greek hex, "six") is a polygon with six edges and six vertices. A regular hexagon has Schlfli symbol {6}. The total of the internal angles of any hexagon is 720.

Heptagon

In geometry, a heptagon is a polygon with seven sides and seven angles. In a regular heptagon, in which all sides and all angles are equal, the sides meet at an angle of 5 radians, 128.5714286 degrees. Its Schlfli symbol is {7}. The /7 area (A) of a regular heptagon of side lengtha is given by

The heptagon is also occasionally referred to as the septagon, using "sept-" (an elision ofseptua-, a Latin-derived numerical prefix, rather than hepta-, a Greek-derived numerical prefix) together with the Greek suffix "-agon" meaning angle).

Octagon
In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek okto, eight[1]) is a polygon that has eight sides. A regular octagon is represented by the Schlfli symbol {8}. Regular octagon A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135 and the sum of all the internal angles is 1080 (as for any octagon).

Nonagon

In geometry, a nonagon /nnn/ (or enneagon /nin/) is a ninesided polygon. The name "nonagon" is a prefix hybrid formation, from Latin (nonus, "ninth" + gonon), used equivalently, attested already in the 16th century in French nonogone and in English from the 17th century. The name "enneagon" comes from Greek enneagonon (, "nine" + (from = "corner")), and is arguably more correct, though somewhat less common.

Decagon

In geometry, a decagon is any polygon with ten sides and ten angles, and usually refers to aregular decagon, having all sides of equal length and each internal angle equal to 144. ItsSchlfli symbol is {10}.