MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry

1
Properties of Some Common Geometric Shapes
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1. PLANE GEOMETRY
A coIIection of usefuI properties of triangIes , quadriIateraIs , poIygons , and circIes .
TriangIes
D E J + + = 180
D E J > > > > D E F
T is called an exterior angle.
An exterior angle is equal to the sum of
the two oposite interior angles
T D E = +
Area =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 2 3
DK EK FK = =
Right-angIed TriangIes
If one of the angles is 90
o
the triangle is called
a right-angIed triangIe
D E F
2 2 2
+ = (Pythagoras Theorem)
and Area =
1
2
DE .
IsosceIes TriangIes
If there are two angles equal it is an
isosceIes triangIe and the sides opposite to
the equal angles are also equal.
Area =
1
4
4
2
E D E
a
b
c
|
o

b
a
c
90
o
|
o
b
a
|
o
o
a
o
E
D
T
c
a
b
h
3
h
1
h
2
Denotes an
angle of 90
o
MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry
2
EquiIateraI TriangIes
If D E J = = = 60 the triangle is called an
equiIateraI triangIe, and all three sides are
of equal length.
Area =
D
2
3
4
Congruent TriangIes
Two triangles are congruent if they are identical apart from orientation
o o
b
c b c
J
E J E
a a
SimiIar TriangIes
Two triangles are similar if they have the same three angles
B

o | |
A Q C
The ratios of the corresponding sides are equal:-
%& $% $&
34 $3 $4
= =
QuadriIateraIs (Four sides)
D
D E J G + + + = 360 E
G J
a
a
a
60
o
60
o
60
o
MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry
3
ParaIIeIogram
A quadrilateral with opposite angles
and opposite sides equal andD E + = 180
is called a paraIIeIIogram.
D E + = 180 K
Area = bh = absin o = absin |
If D E = = 90 the figure is
called a rectangIe
Area = ab
A parallelogram with
all sides equal is called a rhombus .
Area = a
2
sin o = a
2
sin |
If D E = = 90 the figure is
called a square.
Area = a
2
Trapezium .
D E + = 180 and J G + = 180
Called a trapezium (or trapezoid)
Area =
1
2
( ) E G K +
a
o
|
b
b
a
a
|
o
o
|
|
o
a
a
a
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
h
a
c
b
d
|
o

o
MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry
4
r
PoIygons
Any plane closed figure having 3 straight sides (3 corners) is called a poIygon.
sum of angles = Q 2 180
If all the angles (and sides) are equal it is called a reguIar poIygon
Angle =
Q
Q

2
180
ExampIes of reguIar poIygons
Pentagon Hexagon Octagon
D = 108 D = 120 D = 135
CircIes
Circle with centre at 0.
Radius 23 U =
Diameter $% U G = = 2
Circumference = 2SU = SG
Area = S S U G
2 2
1
4
=
Straight line 3% is called a chord.
Any triangle inscribed in a semi-circle
is a right angled triangle.
r
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0
r
P
B
A
r
0
MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry
5
CircuIar Measure (Radians)
Arc length $% U = D
Area of sector 2$% U =
1
2
2
D
where D is measured in radians.
1 radian
180
S
degrees
1 degree
S
180
radians.
ExampIes
10
10
180
0174533

=
S
. radians
180 S radians
90
2

S
radians
60
3

S
radians
30
6

S
radians
45
4

S
radians
1 radian 57 2958 . degrees.
o
A
B
0
r
o
r
MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry
6
2. SOLID GEOMETRY
A coIIection of usefuI properties of paraIIeIepipeds , pyramids , cyIinders ,cones and
spheres .
RectanguIar paraIIeIepiped
6 rectangular faces
Surface are, = 2(,-+,.+-.)
Volume = ,-.
If all faces are square it is called a cube.
6 square faces
Surface area = 6,
2
Volume = ,
3
Pyramids
B = base area, h = height
Triangular base Rectangular base
Volume =
1
3
%K Volume =
1
3
%K
a
b
c
a
a
a
MathScope Handbook - Plane Geometry
7
CyIinders
General cylinder Right circular cylinder
Volume = %K Volume = S U
2
K
Curved surface area = 2S UK
Cones
General cone Right circular cone
Volume =
1
3
%K Volume =
1
3
2
SU K
Curved surface area = SU)
Sphere
Surface area = 4
2
SU
Volume =
4
3
3
SU
Surface area of shaded cap = 4
2
2 2
S
D
U sin .
The quantity 4
2
2
S
D
sin is called the solid angle subtended by the cap at the centre of the
sphere.
h
r
h
h
h
r
)
r r
o