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501 LTE Long Term Evolution
501 LTE Long Term Evolution
501 LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE: Long Term Evolution LTE: Long Term Evolution Fourth Generation Wireless Fourth Generation Wireless
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Course Outline
What is LTE? Spectrum and the Development of Wireless Overview of Competing 4th Generation Systems and Spectrum Structure of the LTE RF signals, uplink and downlink LTE Network Architecture All-IP operation Flat Architecture
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What is LTE?
Fourth generation wireless technologies offer much higher data speeds, much lower latency, more sophisticated Quality-of-Service, lower cost per bit, and simpler/less expensive/more robust network architectures. LTE, Long Term Evolution, is a fourth-generation wireless technology Already supported by most US wireless operators as their choice for fourth generation deployment and migration Two other technologies are also being discussed as potential fourthgeneration wireless technologies WiMAX Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access based on IEEE standard 802.16, several versions implemented by Sprint in initial markets in 4Q2008 UMB Universal Mobile Broadband proposed by Qualcomm, based on enhancements of the 1xEVDO standard, EVDO rev. B and EVDO rev. C. Qualcomm withdrew its proposal in early December, 2008 due to lack of operator interest in implementing it
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Goals of LTE
Reduce operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenditures (CAPEX) Dramatically increase data speeds and spectral density compared to 3G technologies Substantially reduce latency, to provide superior voice-over IP and other latency-dependent services Flatten the network architecture so only two node types (base stations and gateways) are involved, simplifying management and dimensioning Provide a high degree of automatic configuration for the networka high degree of automatic configuration. Optimize interworking between CDMA and LTE-SAE so CDMA operators can benefit from huge economies of scale and global chipset volumes
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Course 501
Spectrum and the Spectrum and the Development of Wireless Development of Wireless
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0.3
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3.0 MHz
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VHF LOW Band
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FM
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14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz 7
VHF VHF TV 7-13
VHF TV 2-6
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3.0 GHz
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30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
Broadcasting
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700 MHz.
700 MHz
800
900
2000
SAT
2100
2200
Modern wireless began in the 800 MHz. range, when the US FCC reallocated UHF TV channels 70-83 for wireless use and AT&Ts Analog technology AMPS was chosen. Nextel bought many existing 800 MHz. Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio (ESMR) systems and converted to Motorolas IDEN technology The FCC allocated 1900 MHz. spectrum for Personal Communications Services, PCS, auctioning the frequencies for over $20 billion dollars With the end of Analog TV broadcasting in 2009, the FCC auctioned former TV channels 52-69 for wireless use, 700 MHz. The FCC also auctioned spectrum near 1700 and 2100 MHz. for Advanced Wireless Services, AWS. Technically speaking, any technology can operate in any band. The choice of technology is largely a business decision.
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SAT
AWS Uplink
PCS Uplink
A
869
B
891.5
825
846.5
Frequencies used by A Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies Frequencies used by B Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Wireline companies
In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted A licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only B licenses awarded to existing telephone companies only subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation
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D
5
B
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E F
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C
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A
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D
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B
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E F
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C
15 1990 MHz. Page 9
1910 MHz.
1930 MHz.
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To satisfy growing demand for wireless data services as well as traditional voice, the FCC has also taken the spectrum formerly used as TV channels 52-69 and allocated them for wireless The TV broadcasters will completely vacate these frequencies when analog television broadcasting ends in February, 2009 At that time, the winning wireless bidders may begin building and operating their networks In many cases, 700 MHz. spectrum will be used as an extension of existing operators networks. In other cases, entirely new service will be provided.
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To further satisfy growing demand for wireless data services as well as traditional voice, the FCC has also allocated more spectrum for wireless in the 1700 and 2100 MHz. ranges The US AWS spectrum lines up with International wireless spectrum allocations, making world wireless handsets more practical than in the past Many AWS licensees will simply use their AWS spectrum to add more capacity to their existing networks; some will use it to introduce their service to new areas
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The AWS spectrum is divided into blocks Different wireless operator companies are licensed to use specific blocks in specific areas This is the same arrangement used in original 800 MHz. cellular, 1900 MHz. PCS, and the new 700 MHz. allocations
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Current Wireless Technologies Current Wireless Technologies and New Directions for 4G and New Directions for 4G
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ue eq Fr
Each user occupies a private Frequency, protected from interference through physical separation from other users on the same frequency
F re
e qu
nc
Each user occupies a specific frequency but only during an assigned time slot. The frequency is used by other users during other time slots.
CDMA
Each user uses a signal on a particular frequency at the same time as many other users, but it can be separated out when receiving because it contains a special code of its own
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CDMA
Power
Tim
DE CO
e
ue req
nc
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OFDM, OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; Orthogonal Frequency Division Muliple Access The signal consists of many (from dozens to thousands) of thin carriers carrying symbols In OFDMA, the symbols are for multiple users OFDM provides dense spectral efficiency and robust resistance to fading, with great flexibility of use
MIMO
MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output An ideal companion to OFDM, MIMO allows exploitation of multiple antennas at the base station and the mobile to effectively multiply the throughput for the base station and users
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A Technical Comparison A Technical Comparison LTE, WiMax, UMB LTE, WiMax, UMB
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LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP project to improve UMTS to meet future requirements LTE aims to improve efficiency, reduce costs, improve services, add capability to use newly allocated spectrum, and integrate better with other open Standards LTE itself is not a standard, but part of upcoming UMTS release 8 LTE specific technical goals and details are: 100 Mbit/s downloads, 50 Mbit/s uploads for each 20 MHz. of spectrum used Capacity for at least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell Latency under 5 ms for small IP packets Increased spectrum flexibility, using slices from 1.25 to 20 MHz. depending on availability of spectrum (great for fitting in around an operators existing technology Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance Co-existence with legacy standards (users calls or data sessions can transparently transfer to LTE where available LTE is an AIPN, All-IP Network
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UMB
Radio Access Network EV-DO Rev. A One Carrier EV-DO Rev. B Two Carriers EV-DO Rev. B Three Carriers EV-DO Rev. C UMB 20 MHz Required Spectrum 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 3.75 MHz 20 MHz Peak Forward Link Throughput 3.1 Mb/s 6.2 Mb/s 9.3 Mb/s 275 Mb/s Peak Reverse Link Throughput 1.8 Mb/s 3.6 Mb/s 5.4 Mb/s 75 Mb/s
1xEVDO rev. A works on one carrier, and 1xEVDO rev. B uses multiple carriers in parallel for higher speeds. UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband, 1xEV-DO rev. C) attempts to compete with LTE and Wimax by using a transmission format very similar to LTE. Due to prevalent lack of UMB interest from operators, Qualcom in November 2008 abandoned its UMB proposal and all development UMB Summary Uses OFDMA, FDD, scalable bandwidth 1.25-20 MHz Data speeds >275 Mbit/s downlink and >75 Mbit/s uplink FL advanced antenna techniques, MIMO, SDMA and Beamforming Low-overhead signaling and RL CDMA control channels Inter-technology and L1/L2 handoffs, independent Fwd/Rev Handoffs Dead!
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The LTE Air Interface: The LTE Air Interface: Forward Link (Downlink) Forward Link (Downlink)
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The forward link is transmitted continuously because it has its own frequency This frequency division duplex mode is the most commonly used mode for large LTE systems
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Type 2 - TDD
The forward link is transmitted discontinuously, alternating with the reverse link on the same frequency This arrangement allows effective LTE operation in a small amount of spectrum, but does limit the capacity of the system
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A resource block is normally 12 OFDM carriers, spaced 15 kHz. apart so the block occupies 180 KHz. The number of resource blocks varies depending on the amount of spectrum available for the LTE signal to occupy. It ranges from 6 blocks for a 1.4 MHz. wide signal, to 100 blocks for 20 MHz.
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One download slot normally consists of seven OFDM symbol periods on each of the individual subcarriers of the OFDM signal One symbol on one subcarrier is called a Resource Element For transmission to a user, the OFDM eNB scheduler allocates a certain number of subcarriers to carry the user data. Those subcarriers for the period of one downlink slot are called a Resource Block.
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Notice that there is a trigger based on UE measurements Handover execution involves an interruption in throughput which is typically 60 ms. The handover is arranged essentially between the two eNBs, with the AGW implementing a path switch as the final step, and releasing the original eNB Handover in LTE is hard, since the eNBs are on different frequencies in a frequency plan much like GSM or IDEN
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The LTE Air Interface: The LTE Air Interface: Reverse Link (Uplink) Reverse Link (Uplink)
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Differences between OFDMA and SC-FDMA As Used on the LTE Downlink and Uplink
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In OFDM, users are assigned fractions of the total subcarriers available for fractions of the available time In OFDMA, users are assigned to carriers on a dynamic real-time basis aimed at maximizing throughput It is simpler to allow users to share the signal
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On the reverse link, there are two ways to assign subcarrier frequencies to UEs One is Localized Subcarriers, which gives one user a single block of adjacent carriers this can be vulnerable to selective fading, but frequency control is not as critical The other is Distributed Subcarriers this provides superior protection against selective fading this requires very precise frequency control to avoid interference
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S2c interface
(LTE SAE) Provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between UE and the PDN GW. This reference point is implemented over trusted and/or untrusted non-3GPP Access and/or 3GPP access. This protocol is based on Client Mobile IP co-located mode S3 interface (LTE SAE) The interface between SGSN and MME and it enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active state. It is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSNs S4 interface (LTE SAE) Provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between SGSN and the SGW and is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSN and GGSN.
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S5a interface
S5b interface
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WiMax
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard Provides MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) broadband connectivity also known as the IEEE WirelessMAN air interface. WiMAX-based systems can have ranges up to 30 miles. The 802.16d standard of extending 802.16 supports three physical layers (PHYs). The mandatory PHY mode is 256-point FFT Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The other two PHY modes are Single Carrier (SC) and 2048 OFDMA mode For interest, the corresponding European standardthe ETSI HiperMAN standarddefines a single PHY mode identical to the 256 OFDM modes in the 802.16d standard.
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