USES OF LCD

LCD:A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.

Contents:Monitor overview Operating Principle Liquid Crystals Illumination Blue Phase mode Military use of LCD monitors Quality control Zero-power (bistable) displays Colour displays HISTORY Advantages of LCDs Disadvantages of LCDs Specifications References conclusion

Monitor Overview
They are used in a wide range of applications including: computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube(CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes.They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer
image burn-in LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of alight source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in

colour or monochrome

The most-used output device on a computer.

Most desktop displays use a cathode ray tube (CRT). Laptops use liquid crystal display (LCD), lightemitting diode (LED), and gas plasma or other image projection technology. Monitors using LCD technologies are beginning to replace CRT.

LCD with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are parallel.

LCD alarm clock

Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed.

Operating Principle
The parallel arrangement of liquid crystal molecules along grooves When coming into contact with grooved surface in a fixed direction, liquid crystal molecules line up parallel along the grooves.

Molecules movement:Along the upper plate : Point in direction 'a' Along the lower plate : Point in direction 'b Forcing the liquid crystals into a twisted structural arrangement.

Light movement:Light travels through the spacing of the molecular arrangement. The light also "twists" as it passes through the twisted liquid crystals. Light bends 90 degrees as it follows the twist of the molecules. Polarized light pass through the analyzer.

Construction of Liquid Crystal Display:Two bounding plates (usually glass slides), each with a transparent conductive coating (such as indium tin oxide) that acts as an electrode; A polymer alignment layer : undergoes a rubbing process as grooves. Spacers to control the cell gap precisely; Two crossed polarizers (the polarizer and the analyzer); Polarizers are usually perpendicular to each other.

Properties of LCD Display:Small footprint (approx 1/6 of CRT) Light weight (typ. 1/5 of CRT) power consumption (typ. 1/4 of CRT) Completely flat screen - no geometrical errors Crisp pictures - digital and uniform colors No electromagnetic emission Fully digital signal processing possible Large screens (>20 inch) on desktops High price (presently 3x CRT) Poor viewing angle (typ. 50 degrees) Low contrast and luminance (typ. 1:100) Low luminance (typ. 200 cd/m2)

Liquid Crystals
intermediary substance between a liquid and solid state of matter. e.g. soapy water light passes through liquid crystal changes when it is stimulated by an electrical charge.

Examples of liquid crystals:-

ILLUMINATION
As LCD panels produce no light of their own, they require an external lighting mechanism to be easily visible. On most displays, this consists of a cold cathode fluorescent lamp that is situated behind the LCD panel. Passive-matrix displays are usually not backlit, but active-matrix displays almost always are, with a few exceptions such as the display in the original Gameboy Advance. Recently, two types of LED backlit LCD displays have appeared in some televisions as an alternative to conventional backlit LCDs. In one scheme, the LEDs are used to backlight the entire LCD panel. In another scheme, a set of green red and blue LEDs is used to illuminate a small cluster of pixels, which can improve contrast and black level in some situations. For example, the LEDs in one section of the screen can be dimmed to produce a dark section of the image while the LEDs in another section are kept bright. Both schemes also allows for a slimmer panel than on conventional displays.

Passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs:LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements. Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal organizers, electronic weighing scales, older laptop screens, and the original Gameboy have a passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted nematic or doublelayer STN technologythe latter of which addresses a colour-shifting problem with the formerand colour-STN where in colour is added by using an internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single electrical circuit.The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses. This type of display is called passivematrix addressed because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible.Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs. Colour passive-matrix displays exist, although they are limited to 16 colours.

Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displays). The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome), but passive-matrix was the norm until the mid-1990s, when colour active-matrix became standard on all laptops. High-resolution colour displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the polarizing and colour filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look "brighter" and "sharper" than passivematrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images.

A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of 16 characters.

Active matrix technologies:-

A Casio 1.8 in colour TFT liquid crystal display which equips the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P93A digital compact cameras

Twisted nematic :Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystal elements which twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, the light is polarized to pass through the cell. In proportion to the voltage applied, the LC cells twist up to 90 degrees changing the polarization and blocking the light's path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any grey level or transmission can be achieved.

In-plane switching:In-plane switching is an LCD technology which aligns the liquid crystal cells in a horizontal direction. In this method, the electrical field is applied through each end of the crystal, but this requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2009, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight, which consumed more power, and made this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. This newer, lower power technology can be found in the Apple iMac, iPad, and iPhone 4, as well as the HewlettPackard Elite Book 8740w. Currently Panasonic is using an enhanced version eIPS for their large size LCD-TV products.

Advanced fringe field switching:Advanced fringe field switching is a technology similar to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and colour gamut with high luminosity. AFFS is developed by HYDIS TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics, LCD Task Force). AFFS-applied notebook applications minimize colour distortion while maintaining its superior wide viewing angle for a professional display. Colour shift and deviation caused by light leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut which also enhances white/grey reproduction. In 2004, HYDIS TECHNOLOGIES CO.,LTD licenses AFFS patent to Japan's Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, HYDIS also licenses AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation. HYDIS introduced AFFS+ which improved outdoor readability in 2007.

Vertical alignment:Vertical alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystal material naturally exists in a vertical state removing the need for extra transistors (as in IPS). When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal cell remains perpendicular to the substrate creating a black display. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystal cells shift to a horizontal position, parallel to the substrate, allowing light to pass through and create a white display. VA liquid crystal displays provide some of the same advantages as IPS panels, particularly an improved viewing angle and improved black level.

Military use of LCD monitors

LCD monitors have been adopted by the US military instead of CRT displays because they are smaller, lighter and more efficient, although monochrome plasma displays are also used, notably in M1 Abrams tanks. For use with night vision imaging systems an LCD monitor must be compliant with MIL-L-3009 (formerly MIL-L85762A). These LCD monitors go through extensive certification so that they pass the standards for the military. These include MIL-STD901D - High Shock (Sea Vessels), MIL-STD-167B Vibration (Sea Vessels), MIL-STD-810F Field Environmental Conditions (Ground Vehicles and Systems), MIL-STD-461E/F EMI/RFI (Electromagnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference), MIL-STD-740B Airborne/Structure borne Noise, and TEMPEST - Telecommunications Electronics Material Protected from Emanating Spurious Transmissions.

Blue Phase mode

Blue phase LCDs do not require a liquid crystal top layer. Blue phase LCDs are relatively new to the market, and very expensive because of the low volume of production. They provide a higher refresh rate than normal LCDs, but normal LCDs are still cheaper to make and actually provide better colours and a sharper image

Quality control
Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. It is claimed that it is economically prohibitive to discard a panel with just a few defective pixels because LCD panels are much larger than ICs, but this has never been proven. Manufacturers' policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.[5] Currently, though, Samsung adheres to the less restrictive ISO 134062 standard.[6]Other companies have been known to tolerate as many as 11 dead pixels in their policies.[7] Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2standard.[8] However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. For example, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the LCD panel would be a 0% yield. Due to competition between manufacturers quality control has been improved. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one. Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have "zero defective pixel guarantee", which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A" and "B" grade panels. Many manufacturers would replace a product even with one defective pixel. Even where such guarantees do not exist, the location of defective pixels is important. A display with only a few defective pixels may be unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each other. Manufacturers may also relax their replacement criteria when defective pixels are in the centre of the viewing area. LCD panels also have defects known as clouding (or less commonly mura), which describes the uneven patches of changes in luminance. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes.

Zero-power displays
The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by QinetiQ (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("Black" and "White") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufacture both grayscale and colour ZBD devices. A French company, Nemoptic, has developed the BiNem zero-power, paper-like LCD technology which has been mass-produced in partnership with Seiko since 2007.[10] This technology is intended for use in applications such as Electronic Shelf Labels, E-books, E-documents, E-newspapers, E-dictionaries, Industrial sensors, Ultra-Mobile PCs, etc. Kent Displays has also developed a "no power" display that uses Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (ChLCD). A major drawback of ChLCD screens are their slow refresh rate, especially at low temperatures .Kent has recently demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colours, and keep that colour even when power is cut off. In 2004 researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.[12] Several bistable technologies, like the 360 BTN and the bistable cholesteric, depend mainly on the bulk properties of the liquid crystal (LC) and use standard strong anchoring, with alignment films and LC mixtures similar to the traditional monostable materials. Other bistable technologies (i.e. Binem Technology) are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.

Colour displays:In colour LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are coloured red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters (pigment filters, dye filters and metal oxide filters). Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colours for each pixel. CRT monitors employ a similar 'subpixel' structures via phosphors, although the electron beam employed in CRTs do not hit exact subpixels. The figure at the left shows the twisted nematic (TN) type of LCD.

Subpixels of a colour LCD

Comparison of the OLPC XO-1 display (left) with a typical colour LCD. The images show 11 mm of each screen. A typical LCD addresses groups of 3 locations as pixels. The XO-1 display addresses each location as a separate pixel.

Example of how the colours are generated (R-red, G-green and B-blue)

Photo showing subpixels in detail

HISTORY

Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888 by Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer. Melt cholesterol-like substance. When cooled, the liquid turned blue before finally crystallizing.

RCA made the first experimental LCD in (1968). Manufacturers have been developing creative variations and improvements since on LCDs.

From CRT to LCD: CRT

-Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube technology. -Using technology that was developed in the 19th century.
LCD -First LCD laptop monitors were very small due to manufacturing costs. -Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have sharp picture.

Advancement of lcd day to day:1888: Friedrich Reinitzer (18581927) discovers the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colours) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beitrge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte fr Chemie (Wien) 9, 421-441 (1888)). 1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his work "Flssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals). 1911: Charles Mauguin first experiments of liquids crystals confined between plates in thin layers. 1922: Georges Friedel describes the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in 3 types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). 1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". 1962: The first major English language publication on the subject "Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", by Dr. George W. Gray. 1962: Richard Williams of RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what is now called Williams domains inside the liquid crystal.

1964: George H. Heilmeier, then working in the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colours by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid crystal display based on what he called the dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation.[16][17][18] George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCD.[19] 1960s: Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UK's Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs). 1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United States by Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, PA. 1996 Samsung develops the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and IPS subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2010.

1970: On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann Laroche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.[16] Hoffmann-La Roche then licensed the invention to the Swiss manufacturer Brown, Boveri & Cie who produced displays for wrist watches during the 1970s and also to Japanese electronics industry which soon produced the first digital quartz wrist watches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute filed an identical patent in the USA on April 22, 1971. In 1971 the company of Fergason ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. 1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United States by Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, PA. 1996 Samsung develops the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and IPS subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2010. 1997 Hitachi resurrects the In Plane Switching (IPS) technology producing the first LCD to have the visual quality acceptable for TV application. 2007: In the 4Q of 2007 for the first time LCD televisions surpassed CRT units in worldwide sales. 2008: LCD TVs become the majority with a 50% market share of the 200 million TVs forecast to ship globally in 2008 according to Display Bank.

Advantages of LCDs:-

Physical Size:Compact and Lightweight Space saving Can be mounted on a wall or panel

Display Size:Available at comparable in screen size as traditional CRT Shown on the next slide, a 12.1" LCD display (left) has only a slightly smaller viewing area than a typical 14" CRT monitor. Newer, larger LCD monitors are also appearing that have 15", 17", and even larger screen sizes that are comparable to the largest CRT monitors. (One thing to note is that LCD monitors are typically sized by their actual viewable diagonal measurement, but CRTs typically are not.)

Power Consumption and Radiation Emission:Consume less energy and more durable A typical CRT losses approximately 50% of its brightness after 10,000 hours. An LCD bulb will maintain its brightness anywhere from 25,000 to 50,000 hours. LCD consumes fewer watts than a CRT. LCD will use an average 30 watts compared to 120 watts for the CRT. Can reduce electric bill by 40-85%. Uses a combination of fluorescent-based backlight, color filters, transistors, and liquid crystal to create and illuminate images. It blocks light rather emit light

Viewing:Cause less eyestrain Does not flicker or glare

Disadvantages of LCDs :Resolution:Displays Native Resolutions (Resolution that it displays best)

Viewing Angle:Smaller, needed to be viewed more directly from the front. From the side the images on an LCD screen can seem to disappear, or invert colors. Newer displays that are coming out have a wider viewing angle so this is not as much of an issue as it has been in the past.

Price:Upfront cost it is more costly but long-term cost but will conserve energy in the long run. The energy savings may not be much for an individual use, but for a corporate office where 50 displays or more are in use, the energy savings might be more of an issue.

Installation:Need a plug interface to connect to the computer. Some require a special digital plug-interface in order to work . Problem: is that this plug is not available on most computers, so another video card or adapter must be purchased to plug these LCD monitors into the computer.

Response Time:It is much slower. The delay can cause a ghosting effect on images it displays.

Viewing Angle:Look at very small angle

LCD Future Trends:Short & Long Term Prices 3 Important Ergonomic Features LCD Monitor Quality New Technologies

Lower Prices in the Long-Term:Calculators, CRTs, VCRs and DVD Players were all very expensive at first They now sell at lower prices because of the laws of supply and demand What do they have in common with LCDs?

A workstation where all three of these ergonomic features are useful

Specifications:Each of the major features of a display has both a resolution and a range that are tied to each other but very different. Frequently the range is an inherent limitation of the display while the resolution is a function of the electronics that make the display work. Spatial Performance LCDs come in a variety of sizes for a variety of applications and a variety of resolutions within each of those applications. LCD spatial performance is also sometimes described in terms of a dot pitch. The size (or spatial range) of an LCD is always described in terms of the diagonal distance from one corner to its opposite. This is a historical aspect from the early days of CRT TV when CRT screens were manufactured on the bottoms of a glass bottle. The diameter of the bottle determined the size of the screen. Later, when TVs went to a more square format, the square screens were measured diagonally to compare with the older round screens. The spatial resolution of an LCD is expressed in terms of the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024768). This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that was easily understood and not subject to interpretation. Each pixel is usually composed of a red, green, and blue sub pixel. However there are newer schemes to share sub-pixels among pixels and to add additional colours of sub-pixels. So going forward, spatial resolution may be more subject to interpretation. One external factor to consider in evaluating display resolution is the resolution of your own eyes. For a normal person with 20/20 vision, the resolution of your eyes is about one minute of arc. In practical terms that means for an older standard definition TV set the ideal viewing distance was about 8 times the height (not diagonal) of the screen away. At that distance the individual rows of pixels merge into a solid. If you were closer to the screen than that, you would be able to see the individual rows of pixels. If you are further away, the image of the rows of pixels still merge, but the total image becomes smaller as you get further away. For an HDTV set with slightly more than twice the number of rows of pixels, the ideal viewing distance is about half what it is for a standard definition set. The higher the resolution, the closer you can sit to the set or the larger the set can usefully be sitting at the same distance as an older standard definition display. For a computer monitor or some other LCD that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of dot pitch or pixels per inch. This is consistent with the printing industry (another form of a display). Magazines, and other premium printed media are often at 300 dots per inch. As with the distance discussion above, this provides a very solid looking and detailed image. LCDs, particularly on mobile devices, are frequently much less than this as the higher the dot pitch, the more optically inefficient the display and the more power it burns. Running the LCD is frequently half, or more, of the power consumed by a mobile device.

An additional consideration in spatial performance are viewing cone and aspect ratio. The Aspect ratio is the ratio of the width to the height (for example, 4:3, 5:4, 16:9 or 16:10). Older, standard definition TVs were 4:3. Newer, HDTVs are 16:9 as are most new notebook computers. Movies are often filmed in much different (wider) aspect ratios which is why there will frequently still be black bars at the top and bottom of a HDTV screen. The Viewing Angle of an LCD may be important depending on its use or location. The viewing angle is usually measured as the angle where the contrast of the LCD falls below 10:1. At this point, the colours usually start to change and can even invert, red becoming green and so forth. Viewing angles for LCDs used to be very restrictive however, improved optical films have been developed that give almost 180 degree viewing angles from left to right. Top to bottom viewing angles may still be restrictive, by design, as looking at an LCD from an extreme up or down angle is not a common usage model and these photons are wasted. Manufacturers commonly focus the light in a left to right plane to obtain a brighter image here. Temporal/Timing Performance: Contrary to spatial performance, temporal performance is a feature where smaller is better. Specifically, the range is the pixel response time of an LCD, or how quickly you can change a sub-pixels brightness from one level to another. For LCD monitors, this is measured in btb (black to black) or gtg (gray to gray). These different types of measurements make comparison difficult.[28] Further, this number is almost never published in sales advertising.

Refresh rate or the temporal resolution of an LCD is the number of times per second in which the display draws the data it is being given. Since activated LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, LCD monitors exhibit no refreshinduced flicker, no matter how low the refresh. rate.[29] Highend LCD televisions now feature up to 240 Hz refresh rate, which requires advanced digital processing to insert additional interpolated frames between the real images to smooth the image motion. However, such high refresh rates may not be actually supported by pixel response times and the result can be visual artifacts that distort the image in unpleasant ways. Temporal performance can be further taxed if it is a 3D display. 3D displays work by showing a different series of images to each eye, alternating from eye to eye. For a 3D display it must display twice as many images in the same period of time as a conventional display and consequently the response time of the LCD becomes more important. 3D LCDs with marginal response times, will exhibit image smearing. The temporal resolution of human perception is about 1/100th of a second. It is actually greater in your black and white vision (the rods in your eye) than in colour vision (the cones). You are more able to see flicker or any sort of temporal distortion in a display image by not looking directly at it as your rods are mostly grouped at the periphery of your vision.

Colour Performance There are many terms to describe colour performance of an LCD. They include colour gamut which is the range of colours that can be displayed and colour depth which is the colour resolution or the resolution or fineness with which the colour range is divided. Although colour gamut can be expressed as three pairs of numbers, the XY coordinates within colour space of the reddest red, greenest green, and bluest blue, it is usually expressed as a ratio of the total area within colour space that a display can show relative to some standard such as saying that a display was 120% of NTSC. NTSC is the National Television Standards Committee, the old standard definition TV specification. Colour gamut is a relatively straight forward feature. However with clever optical techniques that are based on the way humans see colour, termed colour stretch .,[30] colours can be shown that are outside of the nominal range of the display. In any case, colour range is rarely discussed as a feature of the display as LCDs are designed to match the colour ranges of the content that they are intended to show. Having a colour range that exceeds the content is a useless feature. Colour Depth or colour support is sometimes expressed in bits, either as the number of bits per sub-pixel or the number of bits per pixel. This can be ambiguous as an 8-bit colour LCD can be 8 total bits spread between red, green, and blue or 8 bits each for each colour in a different display. Further, LCDs sometimes use a technique called dithering which is time averaging colours to get intermediate colours such as alternating between two different colours to get a colour in between. This doubles the number of colours that can be displayed; however this is done at the expense of the temporal performance of the display. Dithering is commonly used on computer displays where the images are mostly static and the temporal performance is unimportant.

When colour depth is reported as colour support, it is usually stated in terms of number of colours the LCD can show. The number of colours is the translation from the base 2-bit numbers into common base-10. For example, s 8-bit, in common terms means 2 to the 8th power or 256 colours. 8-bits per colour or 24-bits would be 256 x 256 x 256 or over 16 Million colours. The colour resolution of the human eye depends on both the range of colours being sliced and the number of slices; but for most common displays the limit is about 28-bit colour. LCD TVs commonly display more than that as the digital processing can introduce colour distortions and the additional levels of colour are needed to ensure true colours. There are additional aspects to LCD colour and colour management such as white point and gamma correction which basically describe what colour white is and how the other colours are displayed relative to white. LCD televisions also frequently have facial recognition software which recognizes that an image on the screen is a face and both adjust the colour and the focus differently from the rest of the image. These adjustments can have important impact to the consumer but are not easily quantifiable; people like what they like and everyone does not like the same thing. There is no substitute for looking at the LCD you are going to buy before buying it. Portrait film, another form of display, has similar adjustments built in to it. Many years ago, Kodak had to overcome initial rejection of its portrait film in Japan because of these adjustments. In the US, people generally prefer a more colour facial image than is reality (higher colour saturation). In Japan, consumers generally prefer a less saturated image. The film that Kodak initially sent to Japan was biased in exactly the wrong direction for Japanese consumers. TV sets have their built in biases as well.

Brightness and Contrast ratio: Contrast Ratio is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel and, as such, would be directly tied to brightness if not for the invention of the blinking backlight (or burst dimming). The LCD itself is only a light valve, it does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either a florescent tube or a set of LEDs. The blinking backlight was developed to improve the motion performance of LCDs by turning the backlight of while the liquid crystals were in transition from one image to another. However, a side benefit of the blinking backlight was infinite contrast. The contrast reported on most LCDs is what the LCD is qualified at, not its actual performance. In any case, there are two large caveats to contrast ratio as a measure of LCD performance. The second caveat is that the human eye can only image a contrast ratio of a maximum of about 200:1. Black print on a white paper is about 15-20:1. That is why viewing angles are specified to the point where the fall below 10:1. A 10:1 image is not great, but is discernable. Brightness is usually stated as the maximum output of the LCD. In the CRT era, Trinitron CRTs had a brightness advantage over the competition so brightness was commonly discussed in TV advertising. With current LCD technology, brightness, though important, is usually the same from maker to maker and is consequently not discussed much except for notebook LCDs and other displays that will be viewed in bright sunlight. In general, brighter is better but there is always a trade-off between brightness and battery life in a mobile device.

References:LCD Principle http://infochem.hanyang.ac.kr/researches/researches_lc d_english.html Sharp http://www.sharp.ca/lcd_principles.html Liquid Crystals http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~dbraun/courses/lcd.html PC Technology Guide http://www.pctechguide.com/07panels.htm Casio official homepage http://www.casio.co.jp/edu_e/product/2line

Conclusion