LCD

The Optimization of Optical Design for

LCD Backlight Module

Yu-Bin Fang
Chi-Chuan Hwang

ASAP
false position method

15
1.8LED90

Abstract
Liquid crystal displays have a lot of excellences, such as thin
thickness, slight weight and high brightness, etc. It is so important subject
that developing the high brightness, uniformity, low power consumption
and thin backlight module. In backlight module, light guide plate (LGP)
is a key-component of lower cost and easier self-development. Therefore,
we emphasize dot pattern of LGP in this thesis.
Much simulation software can solve actual problems due to
development of computer science. For example, optical software designs
and analyses backlight module. If we learn how to design the LGP by
optical software, we can economize unnecessary try-and-error times and
the waste of cost.
In this thesis, we develop a design procedure of optimization by
ASAP optical simulation software. First, we divide LGP into several
blocks, and adjust the Dot density ratio of each block by employing the
false position method. It purposes to achieve the flux of each block to the
initial range. Second, we fit these flux of each block and its position to a
curve function. Then we divide curve function into more parts and use the
dot density ratio of parts on smaller blocks. Last, the program executes
automatic adjustment to get the average luminance distribution. We apply
this procedure to 15 inches side type backlight with a CCFL light source
and 1.8 inches LEDs backlight. The result shows that over 90%
uniformity is achieved.
Keywords : backlight module, light guide plate, dot pattern, optimization
II

ASAP

III


............................................................................................................I
Abstract......................................................................................................II
..........................................................................................................III
..........................................................................................................IV
......................................................................................................VI
......................................................................................................IX
...................................................................................................X
............................................................................................1
1.1 .....................................................................1
1.2 .....................................................................2
1.3 .....................................................................4
1.4 .....................................................................5
1.4.1 ...............................................................5
1.4.2 ...............................................................8
1.5 .............................................................................9
1.6 ........................................................................................10
..................................................................................18
2.1 ...............................................................................18
2.2 ...................................................................................20
2.3 Fresnel Equations...........................................................................22
2.4 Eikonal Equation............................................................................24
2.5 Ray Equation..................................................................................25
2.6 ....................................................................................27
2.7 Lamertian scatter.............................................................................28
2.8 ........................................................29
..............................................40
3.1 .......................................................................40
3.2 .......................................................................................41
3.2.1 ....................................................41
3.2.2 ........................................................................42
3.2.3 Curve fitting.............................................................................43
3.2.4 ....................................................................43
3.3 ...................................................................................44
3.3.1 .............................................................44
3.3.2 ..............................................................45
IV

 LED .................................................65
4.1 .......................................................................65
4.2 .......................................................................................65
4.2.1 .....................................................................65
4.2.2 .................................................66
4.2.3 .....................................................................67
4.2.4 Y ......................................................................68
4.3 ...................................................................................69
......................................................................90
5.1 ...............................................................................................90
5.2 .......................................................................................91
..................................................................................................92
..........................................................................................................95


1-1 LCD ......................................................11
1-2 ...............................................................11
1-2 LCD .................................................................................12
1-4 .............................................................13
1-5 .............................................................14
1-6 ..............................................................15
1-7 (a)(b)US-5940571.............................15
1-8 .....................................................................16
1-9 (US-6099134)..............................16
1-10 (US-5093765)....................................16
1-11 (US- 6328453)...................17
1-12 (US-6231200)........................................17
2-1 .........................................................................32
2-2 TE mode ..........................................................................32
2-3 TM mode ........................................................................33
2-4
..........................................................................................................33
2-5 .34
2-6 .............................................................34
2-7 .................................................................................35
2-8 .............................................................................35
2-9 .........................................................................36
2-10 ...............................................................................36
2-11 Lambertian Scatter......................................................................37
2-12 ................................................37

2-13 i = f ( Di ) .............................................................38
2-14 ................................................38
2-15 ................................................39
3-1 15 .....................................................48
3-2(a) CCFL (b) CCFL
..................................................................................................49
3-3 .............................................................................49
3-4 .....................................................................50
3-5 R=0.25mm...................50
3-6 .....................................51
VI

 3-7 .....................51
3-8 .................................52
3-9 .....................................................................53
3-10 ...................................53
3-11 ...................................54
3-12 ...............54
3-13 ...............................55
3-14 .......................................55
3-15 ...................56
3-16 ...........56
3-17 ...............................................57
3-18 ...............................58
3-19 ...........................................58
3-20 ...............................................................59
3-21 .......................................60
3-22 ...........61
3-23 ...........61
3-24 ...............................................62
3-25 ...............................63
3-26 ...........................................63
4-1 LED ..............................................................70
4-2 LED (a)(b).........................71
4-3 SMD-LED (a)(b)...................................72
4-4 LED ..............................................................73
4-5 R=0.1mm.....................................74
4-6 R=0.1mm.....................................74
4-7 LED ................................................75
4-8 LED ................................................75
4-9 LED ....................................................76
4-10 ...................................................................76
4-11 (a)(b)(c)
..........................................................................................78
4-12 ...........................................................79
4-13 X=3mm .........................................................80
4-14 X ...............80
4-15 Z 4-15
..................................................................................................81
4-16 Y ...................................81
VII

 4-17 .......................................................................82
4-18 F S ...................................82
4-19 Y F S ....83
4-20 Y .....................................................83
4-21 X=1.8mm .....................................................84
4-22 Y .....................................................84
4-23 X ...................................85
4-24 Y ...................................85
4-25 .......................................................................86
4-26 ...........................................................86
4-27 X .............................................87
4-28 X .............................................87
4-29 ...........................................................................88
4-30 ...................................................89

VIII


1-1 2004Q1 .....................................12
3-1 ..........................................59
3-2 .........................................64
4-1 LED ......................................89

IX

A
B
c
D
D
E
E
H
I
J
k
k
L
l
N
n
Q
R
r
r
S
S
t
t
u
v
w
x

eikonal

//

i
p
ave
dot
non_dot
block_area
x
y

X
Y

XI

1.1
liquid crystal displayLCD

LCD 16
IC 1-1

2002 80~90
LCD [1-4] 1-2

60

2004
1711.2 29.1
115 1284.8 426.5
1-1TFT-LCD

 107.6
53.7[5]

1.2
LCD
1-3LCD
light sourcelight
guide platediffuserprism sheet
reflector[6-8]
direct typeside-edge1-41-5

LCD TVLCD monitor

cold cathode fluorescent lamp

CCFLlight emitting diodeLED

1.8mm1000mmLULED
30 lm/W
LED

(prism film)
brightness enhancement film
BEF

1.3

pattern correlation method[9]

V-cut[10]

LIGA
1.
(SiO2 TiO2)
screen printing

[11]
2.

[12]

3. LIGA

[13]
4.
(slot cut)V
V
()

1.4
1.4.1
1.5


[14]

1-6

[15]1-7

1-8

1-9
[16]
[17] 1-10

1-11 [18]

1-12 [19]

MMA

1.4.2

[20]

d function
[21]

Trace ProV-cut
[22]
2003Mizuta
[23]
2001koike
Mie Scattering
[24-26]

1.5

try and

error

ASAPAdvanced System Analysis Program

dot pattern

1.6

Fresnel equation
Eikonal equation
Ray equation
Lambertian Scatter

15

LED LED 1.8

10

 18%

26%

1%
ACF 1%
Cell
4%
4%

11%

IC 19%

Backlight 16%

1-1 LCD

100% 80%

21%

20%
0%

3M

5%

34%

14%
100%
35%
0%

25%

18%

3%
22%

kurarayother

11%

12%

100%

100%
48%

42%
22%

15%

21%

0%
TOSHIBA Sankan West other

Source2002/10

1-2

11

0%

30%

20%

Tsujiden SKC

2004/Q1

Q/Q Rate

PDP

Y/Y Rate

-11.40%

361.30%

60.8

126.60%

1,095.50

25.50%

130.20%

4,503.30

70.70%

76.3

84.30%

126.60%

351.9

105.00%

96.8

20.70%

34.20%

329.1

9.80%

5.6

-5.70%

104.80%

41

131.10%

1,284.80

26.90%

119.00%

5,286.00

67.60%

87.6

29.20%

83.30%

399.8

70.50%

92.7

36.50%

148.90%

434.2

99.30%

66.8

48.20%

172.50%

302

126.60%

IC

71.8

15.40%

87.50%

358.1

76.40%

107.6

53.70%

75.10%

485.1

82.50%

426.5

36.30%

103.80%

1979.2

87.70%

1,711.20

29.10%

115.00%

7,265.20

72.60%

[>10"]
TFT-LCD
[<10"]
TN/STN
OLED

2004CY(e)

10.6

TFT-LCD

Y/Y Rate

VFD TFT-LCD (IEK-ITIS )

1-1 2004Q1

Black matrix

Common electrode
Protective film

(Panel)

Sealant

(Backlight)

TFT

Spacer

1-3 LCD
12

(a)

(b)
1-4

13

(a)

(b)
1-5

14

1 = 2 = 3 = L

1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5

1-6

1-7 (a)(b)US-5940571

15

 1-8

1-9 (US-6099134)

1-10 (US-5093765)

16

1-11 (US- 6328453)

1-12 (US-6231200)

17

2.1

Maxwells Equations[27]
E =

B
t

H = J +

(2.1)

D
t

(2.2)

D =

(2.3)

B = 0

(2.4)

E electric field B magnetic induction H

magnetic field D electric displacement J
electric current density charge density

constitutive relations
J = E conductivity
D = E dielectric constant

(2.5)

B = H permeability

(2.1)(2.2) (2.3)
E =

H
t

18

(2.7)

H =

E
t

(2.8)

E = 0

(2.9)

(2.7)(2.8)

( E ) =
t

= ( H )
t
=

2E
t2

( E) = ( E ) 2 E
( E ) 2 E =

2E
t2

(2.9)
2 E =

2E
t2

(2.10)

2 H =

2H
t2

(2.11)

v=

(2.12)

0 = 4 10 7 Ns 2 /C 2 0 = 8.854 10 12 C 2 /Nm 2
c = 2.998 10 8 m / s 0 0

index of
refraction

19

n=

=
=
v
0 0
0

(2.13)

2.2
[27]

E(r, t ) = Re E(r )e j t

(2.14)

(2.1)~(2.4)
E = jH

(2.15)

H = J + j E

(2.16)

E = /

(2.17)

H = 0

(2.18)

=0 J=0 =0
(2.15)~(2.18)
2E + k 2E = 0

(2.19)

2H + k 2H = 0

(2.20)

k
k = =

(2.21)

(2.19)
E = E 0 exp( j ( t k r ))

k r

20

(2.22)

n1n2[28]2-1

E i = E 0 exp( j ( t k i r ))

(2.23)

E r = rE 0 exp( j ( t k r r ))

(2.24)

E t = tE 0 exp( j ( t k t r ))

(2.25)

rt2.3

ki r = kr r = kt r

(2.26)

k i sin i = k r sin r = k t sin t

(2.27)

ki k r ki = kr

i = r

(2.28)

k t vt 1 v t c v t
n
=
=
=
= 2
k i vi 1 v i
c vi
n1

(2.29)

k t n2 sin i
=
=
k i n1 sin t

(2.30)

n1 sin i = n2 sin t

(2.31)

(2.26)

21

Snells law

2-3 Fresnel Equations

[27](2.22)(2.15)
E = jk 0 E
H =

jk 0 E
j 0

k0

E =

(2.32)
1

(2.33)

(2.32)
0 =

0
= 337
0

(2.34)

2-1O
xz
TEtransverse electricmode2-2
TMtransverse
magneticmode2-3(2.23)
(2.24)(2.25)rt
TE mode
Ei + E r = Et 1 + r = t

(2.35)

X
H i cos i H r cos r = H t cos t
22

(2.36)

(2.34)
=

0
=
= v =
=
nc n

H =

n
E
Z0

(2.37)
(2.38)

(2.36)
n1 (1 r ) cos i = n2 t cos t

(2.39)

(2.35)(2.39)
n cos i n2 cos t
sin ( i t )
E
r = r = 1
=
sin ( i + t )
E n1 cos i + n2 cos t
2 cos i sin t
E
t = t =
sin ( i + t )
E

(2.40)
(2.41)

r t TE mode

TM mode2-3
H i // + H r // = H t // (1 + r// )n1 = t // n2

(2.42)

Ei // cos i E r // cos r = Et // cos t

(1 + r// ) cos i = t // cos t

(2.43)

(2.42)(2.43)
E
n cos t n2 cos i sin 2 t sin 2 i
tan ( i t )
r// = r = 1
=
=
tan ( i + t )
Ei // n1 cos t + n2 cos i sin 2 t + sin 2 i

(2.44)

E
2 cos i sin t
t // = t =
Ei // sin ( i + t ) cos( i t )

(2.45)

r// t // TM mode

(2.40) (2.41) (2.44) (2.45) Fresnel

23

EquationsFresnel Equations
2-42-52-4
external reflection
090TETM mode
180 r// 0
p polarizing angleBrewsters angle2-5

internal reflection
41.8o
r// r 1

total internal reflection

2-4 Eikonal Equation

[29]

E 0 = e(r ) e jk0 S (r ) H 0 = h(r ) e jk0 S (r )

(2.46)

S (r ) e(r ) h(r )
(2.15)~ (2.18)
S h + e =

1
h
jk 0

(2.47)

S e h =

1
e
jk 0

(2.48)

24

e S =

1
(e (ln ) + e)
jk 0

(2.49)

h S =

1
(h (ln ) + h )
jk 0

(2.50)

0(2.21) k 0

S h + e = 0

(2.47)

S e h = 0

(2.48)

e S = 0

(2.49)

h S = 0

(2.50)

(2.47)(2.48) h
1

[S (e S ) e S ] + e = 0
2

(2.49)
2S = n2

(2.51a)

S S S
2
+ + = n ( x, y, z )
x y z
2

(2.51b)

n S eikonal(2.51b)eikonal equation

S (r ) = constant

geometrical wave-fronts

2-5 Ray Equation

25

(2.52)

2-6
r = r0 + su

(2.53)

u=

dr
ds

(2.54)

S = nu = n

dr
ds

(2.55)

A
dAy
dA
dA dAx
=
i+
j+ z k
ds
ds
ds
ds
dA dx dAx dy dAx dz
i + L
= x
+
+
dx ds dy ds dz ds
dr
dr
dr
= Ax i + Ay j + Az k
ds
ds
ds
dr
= A
ds

(2.56)

d dr d
n = (S )
ds ds ds
dr
= (S )
ds
1

= (S ) (S )
n

1
=
[S S ]
2n
1
2
=
(S )
2n
1
=
n 2
2n
= n
26

(2.57)

Ray Equationn(2.57)
dr
=0
ds

(2.58)

r = sa + b

(2.59)

2.6
photometry
360nm 770nm
radiometry
[30]
Luminous flux

QlmPowerW=J/t

dQ
dt

(2.60)

IlluminanceE
lxlm/m2
2-7

E=

d
dA

Luminous intensityI
27

(2.61)


Solid angleARAp
Ap=AcosApR2-8sr
4sr
=

Ap
R2

A cos
R2

(2.62)

cd=lm/sr2-9
I=

d
d

(2.63)

LuminanceL
Ap
2-10
L( ) =

d 2
dA p = dA cos
dA p d

(2.64)

nitcd/m2
brightness

2.7 Lamertian scatter

Lamertian
2-11[30]
2.622.63 d = I dA cos / R 2 2.61

28

E=

d I cos
=
dA
R2

(2.65)

Lamberts cosine law

2.9
L( ) =

d 2
I cos
d 2
= 2
=
= L(0 )
cos dA d R d cos dAd

(2.66)

Lamertian source/surface
LED

2-8
2-12

n1
D

i = f ( D1 ,L , Di ,L Dn1 )

(2.67)

D1 Di i i
ii
i
i
29

 i = f ( Di )

(2.68)

10%
false position method2-13[31]

i = i ave = f ( Di )

(2.69)

DaDb f (Da ) f (Db ) < 0

D Da
f (Da )
=
f (Db ) f (Da ) Db Da
= f (Da ) +

D Da
( f (Db ) f (Da ))
Db Da

(2.70)

= 0
Dc = Da

Db Da
f (Da )
f (Db ) f (Da )

(2.71)

Dc f ( Dc )

f (Da ) f (Dc ) > 0 Da = Dc

f (Db ) f (Dc ) > 0 Db = Dc

(2.72)

2-14
n1x
D=f(x)

30

n1n2n1
[31]2-15

31

Ei //

Ei

i i r

Er

E r //
n1

Interfa
ce

z
Plane of
incidence

t
Et

Et //

2-1

Ei

Er
i

H i

r
H r
x

Interface

t
t
Ht

Et
t

2-2 TE mode

32

n2

Ei //

H i //
i

E r //

r
H r //

Interface

Et //

H t //
t

2-3 TM mode

t //
t

r//

56.3o

2-4

33

p c
r//

33.7 o 41.8o

i
2-5

2-6

34

dA

2-7

dA

d Ap

2-8

35

2-9

dAp

dA

2-10

36

I ( ) = I 0 cos

2-11 Lambertian Scatter

2-12

37

f (D)

= f (D)

f ( D b )

Da

Dc

f ( D c )

f ( D a )

2-13 i = f ( Di )

Da Db

f (Da ) f (Db ) < 0

Db = Dc

Da Db

Da = Dc

Dc
Dc

f ( Dc )

f ( D c )

f ( D c )

2-14

38

Db

 2-15

39

3.1
15
3-1300mm
230mm3mm0.3o
1.49CCFL230mm
2.4mm242
44000cd/m2
3-2Y3-2(b)
Y-ZZX-Z
Z
Lambertian ScatterZ

0.2mm~0.4mm
3-3RXSxY
SyLambertian Scatter
3-4

40

0.95

3.2
3.2.1

R=0.25mm
XSx=1.5mmYSy=1.61mm
3-5X
Y

436Cd/m213
X
YY
30mm3-6

1
300 x 230300 x 30

3-7 3-8

41

0.15mm0.2mm
0.25mm
R=0.2mmR0.25mm

3.2.2
block
Dot density ratioD3-9

D=

Adot
Anon _ dot

Adot
Ablock _ area Adot

(3.1)

Ablock _ area Adot

local dot pattern design

108
37.5x30mm2 3-10

42

3.2.3 Curve fitting

3-11(a)3-12

8
Curve fitting
Polynomial Regression[31]3-12
40
7.5x30mm23-11(b)3-12

3.2.4
Global dot pattern design

RSx
12
cases
9
43

3.3
3.3.1
S x = 1.5mm S y = 1.5mm
3-133-14

N x = INT [ w / S x ] N y = INT [l / S y ]

(3.2)

INT[ ]

N total dot = N x N y INT( N x 2 )

(3.3)

INT( )(3.1)
D=

Adot
Ablock area Adot

Adot =

D
wl
D +1

(3.4)

Adot = N total dot R 2

R=

Adot
N total dot

(3.5)

3-15(a)3-16

44

5
903-16

3-15(b)3-16

0.22mm0.36mm
3-173-18

3-199
3-20 3-1 A3
447.47cd/m2B3488.29 cd/m291.6

3.3.2
N total dot = 98 R=0.25mm
Y S y = 1.5mm
XSx
(3-21)(3.1)
Ablock area =

1+ D
1+ D
Adot =
N total dot R
D
D
Ablock area
w=
l

45

(3-6)
(3-7)

wL = wi

(3-8)

i =1

wLwLGP
w ' i = wLGP

wi
wL

(3-9)

w LGP = w i

(3-10)

i =1

w
Nx

(3-11)

area = w l
Ablock

(3-12)

Sx =

=
Adot

R =

D
area
Ablock
1+ D

Adot
N total dot

(3-13)
(3-14)

R1 = R2 = R3 = L = Rn

(3-15)

R R D

3-22(a)3-23X=120mmX=230mm
X=265mm
3-16
46


3-22(b)3-23

3-24325
2mm0.9mm

3-2693-2
C3418.867cd/m2 A3459.740cd/m2
91.1

47

 = 0.3o

3-1 15

X
(a)

48

(b)
3-2(a) CCFL
(b) CCFL

3-3

49

Incident light

3-4

Y
X
3-5 R=0.25mm

50

 3-6

3-7

51

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)
3-8 (a) R=0.15mm(b)
R=0.2mm(c) R=0.25mm(d) R=0.3mm(e) R=0.35mm(f)
R=0.4mm
52

 3-9

3-10

53

(a)

(b)
3-11 (a)(b)

3-12

54

 3-13

S x = 1.5mm
S y = 1.5mm
N x = INT [ w / S x ]
N y = INT [l / S y ]

Adot =

N total dot = N x N y INT ( N x 2 )

D
w l
D +1

Adot = N total dot R 2

R=

Adot

N total dot

3-14
55

(a)

(b)
3-15 (a)(b)

3-16

56

57

Region C

Region B

Region A

Region A
Region B

Region C

 3-18

3-19

58

 3-20

3-1
A

447.47

488.29

479.72

473.89

470.38

461.13

463.72

470.29

454.44

59

N total dot

Ablock area =

1+ D
1+ D
N total dot R
Adot =
D
D

w=

Ablock area
l

wL = wi
i =1

w L = wLGP

w 'i = wLGP
Sx =

w
Nx

wi
wL

w LGP = w i
i =1

Sx =

w
Nx

area = w l
Ablock

=
Adot
R =

D
area
Ablock
1+ D

Adot

N total dot

R1 = R2 = R3 = L = Rn

3-21

60

(a)

(b)
3-22 (a)(b)

3-23

61

62

Region C

Region B

Region A

Region A

Region B

Region C

 3-25

3-26

63

 3-2
A

459.740

450.549

418.867

456.918

452.016

441.059

437.280

459.721

427.070

64

 LED
4.1
LED1.8
3LED4-14-2
40mm32mm1mm1.49
4-2(b)
36.4mm30.4mm86.45LED
SMD4-34mm1.4mm0.8mm
1.134LED
4-4 LEDX3-2(b)
X-YXX0
0.6cdX-Z

Lambertian Scatter
0.30.95

4.2
4.2.1

65


R=0.1mmX Sx=0.3mmY Sy=0.3mm
4-5 4-6
LED LED

4-7 4-8

4.2.2
LED
3mm 4-9

3 4-10
4-11(a)
LED

4-11(b)

13~200 1.27
4-11(c)20~30
02.64

66

 4-12(a) LED

4-12(c)
LED LED
LED
4-12(b)
LED

4-13 X=3mm

4.2.3
X 10
4-144-15 4-15
y
( 4-16 )
4-17
0.8 Y

67

4.2.4 Y
4-15
Y LED F S
4-18
uniformity
0.8 4-194-20
4-19 F S X=0 F
D=0.071D=0.167S
D=0.81
X=0~3.58mm X=3.58 D=0.15

F S F S
4-20
4-21 Y

31X32 1.19mm1mm
Y 9X32
4-22 4-20

82.8~101.2 cd/m2 4-2324 X

68

4.3
4-2526
5
4-274-28 XY
3-3-1
4-294-30
W 9
9 4-1 B1 88.15
cd/m2 C3 97.964 cd/m2 90

69

 4-1 LED

70

(a)

(b)
4-2 LED (a)(b)

71

(a)

(b)
4-3 SMD-LED (a)(b)

72

(a)

(b)
4-4 LED (a)(b)

73

 4-5 R=0.1mm

4-6 R=0.1mm

74

 4-7 LED

4-8 LED

75

 4-9 LED

(a)

(b)

4-10 (a)
(b)()(c)()

76

(c)

(a)

(b)

77

(c)
4-11 (a)(b)(c)

(a)

78

(b)

(c)
4-12 (a)(b)(c)

79

 4-13 X=3mm

4-14 X

80

 4-15 Z
4-15

4-16 Y

81

 4-17

4-18 F S

82

 4-19 Y
F S

4-20 Y

83

 4-21 X=1.8mm

4-22 Y

84

 4-23 X

4-24 Y

85

 4-25

4-26

86

 4-27 X

4-28 X

87

(a)

(b)
4-29

88

 4-30

4-1 LED

93.798

91.32

97.964

92.569

93.795

92.852

93.678

88.15

94.205

89


5.1
1.

2. ASAP

3. CCFL
3-3-1

3-3-2

3-3-1

91
4. LED
LED

90


5. LED

90

5.2

91

[1] 2002/01
[2] TFT-LCD
44 2003/03
[3] Roadmap
43 2003/01
[4] 44 2003/03
[5] ITIS
2004/05/02
http://www.udn.com/2004/5/2/NEWS/FINANCE/FIN4/1989324.shtml
[6]
pp.104-1071999
[7]

[8]
[9] http://www.radiant.com.tw/
[10] http://www.k-bridge.com.tw/
[11] LCD
03/30/2001
92

[12] LCD
207 2004/3
[13]
2002

[14] 49
2004/1
[15] Tadahiro Masaki, Nondiffusive light guide plate, lens film and
surface light source assembly, 1999/8/17, US pattern 5940571.
[16] Keiji Kashima, Naoki Yoshida, Back lighting device for a panel,
1992/3/3, US pattern 5093765.
[17] Hitoshi Taniguchi, Yasuo Hira, Liquid crystal display device,
2000/8/8, US pattern 6099134.
[18] Shingo Ohkawa, Surface light source device of side light type and
light control element, 2001/12/11, US pattern 6328453.
[19] Masayuki Shinohana and Shigeru Aoyama, Surface light source
device, elements therefor and apparatus using the same, 2001/5/15, US
pattern 6231200.
[20]
87
[21]
89
93

[22]
92
[23] Ide T, Mizuta H, Numata H, Taira Y, Suzuki M, Noguchi M, Katsu Y,
Dot pattern generation technique using molecular dynamics,
JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A, 20 (2): 248255, 2003.
[24] Tagaya A, Nagai M, Koike Y, Yokoyama K, Thin liquid-crystal
display backlight system with highly scattering optical transmission
polymers, APPLIED OPTICS, 40 (34): 6274-6280 DEC 1 2001
[25] Okumura T, Tagaya A, Koike Y, Horiguchi M, Suzuki H, Highlyefficient backlight for liquid crystal display having no optical films,
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, 83 (13): 2515-2517 SEP 29 2003
[26] Tagaya A, Koike Y, Highly scattering optical transmission polymers
for bright display, MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA, 154: 73-82
APR 2000.
[27] David K. Cheng2002
[28] 77
[29] Max Born and Emil Wolf, Principles of Optics, Cambridge
university press, 7th edition.
[30] Robert W. Boyd, Radiometry and the detection of Optical Radiation,
John Wiley & Sons, 1983.
[31] 84

94


:
69 07 20

84/9-87/6

87/9-91/6

91/9-93/6

79 3
(06)2697843

95