Professional Documents
Culture Documents
6. Delta Modulation (DM) : δ. In other words, in DM,
6. Delta Modulation (DM) : δ. In other words, in DM,
6. Delta Modulation (DM) : δ. In other words, in DM,
Justification: By over sampling the input message signal x(t) (i.e., at a rate much higher than the Nyquist rate), the correlation between adjacent samples is increased purposely. In this way, the prediction error, so that the quantization error, can be very small.
DM Encode
DM Decode
xn
en + +
n 1
2-level Q D: Ts
yn
xn
...
yn
x n
x 1 n
D: Ts
Low-pass filter
xn = x
where en = xn xn = xn x*1 n
* xn = xn 1
= 2
output
+
Special property of DM: y n = sgn( e n ) Accumulative property: if we choose the * initial state x 0 = 0 , then we have
input
x =x
* n
* n 1
+ yn = ( x
* n2
+ y n 1 ) + y n = L =
y
i =1
+ x = sgn( ei )
* 0
i =1
This means that to obtain x , one only to accumulate the values of n simplifies the block diagram Fig. 6.1 to Figure 6.2.
yn . This
xn
+ +
en
2-level Q
yn =
...
yn
Accumulator
x n
Low-pass filter
B. Staircase Approximation
* x n 1 = x n
a staircase approximation to x n
x(t) t
C. Quantization Noise
1. Slope-overload distortion
The step size = 2 is too small * for the staircase{xn } to follow a steep segment of x(t).
2. Granular noise
The step size is too large relative to the local slope characteristics of the input waveform x(t), therefore causing the staircase approximation to hunt around a relative flat segment of the input waveform. This type of noise is analogus to quantization noise in PCM. x(t) Staircase approximation x*(t)
Fig. 6.3. Small and slopeoverload distortion Fig. 6.4. Large and granular noise
* xn = xn + q n
en = xn x*1 n
= ( x n x n 1 ) qn 1
, we have
Example 6.2. For the DM depicted in Fig 6.1., find the maximum output signal-toquantization noise ratio under the assumption of no slope-overload for sinusoidal signal
x(t ) = A cos( 2f ct + )
2 (2 )2 2 = = = 12 12 3
2 Q
Solution. Then
We also assume that the psd of the error is flat in the interval: , . The filter T Ts in the DM decoder is a low-pass filter whose bandwidth is equal tos the message bandwidth W. Then the average noise power at the filter output is given by
2 2 Qout = Q
1 1
2W 2 2 = WTs Q = WTs 2 / Ts 3
Max
dx(t ) = A2f c dt
A2 2 P max = = Ts 2 8 2 f c 2 T s2
SNR
o, max
Remark.
By doubling
2. Binary signal detection in AWGN: the match filter as an optimal detector, block diagram of the Tx and Rx, computation of average probability of bit error for the on-off signaling and antipodal signaling, SNR and ratio E/N0. 3. Time division multiplexing (TDM) of PCM signals
2 2 X 4. Uniform quantization : = , and SNRo = 2 12 Q 2 Q
5. DPCM: transmitter and receiver structures, linear predictor and optimal predictor in the sense of minimizing the mean square error.
6. DM : (a) transmitter and receiver structures (b) staircase approximation dx(t ) (c) to avoid slope overload : max Ts dt