Hi Muhammad The Messenger of Allah

Y<\NJGV L6 [ ( FM
HTJ(HQ>
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.

\V>NG
NG
Y&QTM=HNXY
N
NKJN
YXTRNQG
NQG
YUNPM=JHNXIWNP<\NJ

OD
NNVNX
NX
N4KGTM=JHNXIWNP<\NJHQXK
WNIGMJTO6XHQXK
L]GN
NG
N
NG
^]f
f
[

a\
a\

Y<\NJ
Y<\NJGVL6[(FMHTJ(HQ>
(HQ>

IFI/H<\NIJM=JHNIXM=JKH
H6DYIUHVJMFNXYN6MQN\TY<\NJGVXNHOVYNMD+NGMUNJZ$

L]/UNRXN

WF LZRKD YN6M LI
SHK QTIXN IRSNMNNMN GV
YDNGNMYN6M+N]9PLNOXNGVYNVMVHVDWKRXNLXGM
MJK )NK@ HNXR WNIU XNXN L]GNM GK Y.NXUN@ HZ>N=UN@
IL10NLX@ LUX@ X6IUG Y>N\NGK YN6M OND/GCIUG
I[MNR9OV WZ!MJK)NK$YMF`KLHVD \NV[HZIU=NVD GNV
LZWUV@\0IGNVD GNV HNM0N\UV@RV
NYN6M2I+NSNMOV
GHNE= GMUV 4NMORNOK YI;X LZWN GV ON)N ON)N
Y5NSNMKIGO]NGK+NKLZWNHVD I\,U)NV IWOXV 4NMOK
O(L]QNGVH"NCNNX4MUYN6MS XKSGNV46\N
M>NN)NNIJM'\XV HNIXNVD GV FKSON(L]QNIG+NVQ
+NNR GNV +N0GN M>NN )NN$ STXNSV RJ YLXV NH= GV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
IRMNVINNVD GNRNGMQVUN)NN@O5UNNNMKHNXK
NNOX
YNI)N=G@ MNWXKIUG YN6M L]
NNOIXG +N]9NSNM OV LKI0U
)NKJN UGP8JNVD XV WXUNLM96'O\[NM>NN)NN
IWOVAAIOMGN96'O GJNWNUN)NNIWOVXN[IMGYLXV
IOMGNVG9XVOVFSNXVGVFQ\VQVUN)NN
EOK GNMN JH QV>NUV J6D IG ONHN8 L OV ONHZIJG
YN5H J5N GK LZMK U6NMK )NK$ PO OH HNXR WNIU
YN5HJ5NOV GVR\L]O8XJKXJKD )NK@FI<GPOLM
9Z9KL0MJK)NK
EOL]GNMQTIXNY5NSNMYN6MLUXU)NNIL10VLXGV
OHTQ] HVD JSGNV\V >NN MJK )NK IG YMF `KL GV LIR
X[M H'GN HTGM=HN HVD Y<\NJ GV O8QV9N HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV L HVD G P77R\
L]GN
N4Z9NIWOGKIGMNNVDOVV OR=ODONML]GN
NHNXJNV
[NYN6MPOVE/\NHGNHN[=Q
N=XL]N,UJTYN$
EO L]GNM +N9GUK JTE= HNXRUN GNV G RN/UIRG HN[=
Q
N=G@M^NGYN6MHTI'UQVXVRN\NHJNXPLGNMK@LN\Z@
IXGNHYN6M
NTdQLTNL]N,UJNV [N$IWOV POGK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
GN6H GV \NV[NVD XV AAONIQG

ONIQG
ONIQG O3SN@ O5RNQK YN6M
AAYHKX
YHKX
YHKX IR
R/U@ YHNXUQNM GK PLNIN OV WNXUK
)NK YN6M IWO GNV PO GV LN\XJNM XV EO UMJ OV
O(FNVINUIGN
AAJHXV
AAJHXV YNLGNV OR= ODONMGV I\MJHU GNN
FXNGM+NVWNJ6$
OZMUT\YI(FN
STXNDSVOR= ODONMGV LN\XJNMXV YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
R O<\H GV L6[NH GNV IR
R 2NLK GNN YN6M QN
"NNVINU IGN J6 WNV OR= OH GN\ HVD OR= ODONM GV
\NV[NVD GNV ONHN8 L OV OI(HI\U J6$ J MJHU
GNNYN6MQNIGOKOHY)NRNIGOKO(L]QNGV
ON)NIRI
N9XJKDJ6$Y)NN=UL]5VGHNXRGVIXG9YNL
QNGVLN J6D$
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H/RD 4MHNUV J6D IG
AAH6DGNNFXGMYNNJZWNVOR=ODONMGVLN\XJNM
GKYNVMOVODONNMRN\NV
MRN\NVDGVI\GPLJNMJ6$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
IQ YNL EOGK LTI9 GMXN SNJUV J6D UNV L6[(FM

O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGKWKRXKGNYXGMVD@
YNLGNV L[L[LML6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H
GKGNNYN6MQNGVYXTLHQ
N=XGNYXT+NRJNV[N$
U)NN L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H OQa2RJNM
YN6MI
N9NSNMGV IWOI
N>NMLMLQNOKX)NV RJN UG
XIGOKGKLJTSJTE=J6YN6MXJNV[K$YN6MVON'NVDX
JNV WFOR= ODONMGNLN\XJNMJKEOGK[RNJKQVUV
JTGJMJNJ6
AAIXOD
AAIXODQVJ YNLHJNXYNSMN Y>N\NG OV OT
OTOI7WU
I7WU
J6D$
OZMUT\ G\H
U)NNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H/RD 4MHNUV J6D
IGAAHT
AAHT!VL6[(FMFXNGM+NVWNJKEOI\[NJ6IG
H6DY31VY>N\NG I
N9NSNM GKLZIU=GMQZ$

EOGKLTI9HVD YNLGV WKRXON)NKYNE
NNMIW<\NJT
Y8JNGNJ G)NXIGUXN UG= LZN= J6 IG AAGTMY
a NX
GMKHJKYNLGNY>N
YNSNM )NN$
GMKHJKYNLGNY>N\a NG YNSNM )NN$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
I4MOR=ODONMGVI\IGUXK\7WNGKFNUJ6IG
VOV HJNXLTNGV IRHKI0NXV T1V0 M>NNJ6
YN6MP8JVD FQXNHGMXV GV HZ>N= L]NOIGV WNMJV J6D$
AAMJHU
MJHU GNN@QN WNV
YNLGNOFOV HJNXYN6M
MJHU
IR
NVN[TNJ6 YN6MIWOOV YNLGV F0V OV F0V
N T +NK
L]+NNIRUJTIFXNXMJOGV@POKLML]
XGNIS8J
\[NNWNMJNJ6
OSUNV JJ6 IGGT5UNVD GV +NZDGXV OV FNQ\GNGT1
XJKD IF[0UN@IG8UT JODONMGV L]5VGHXTGV I\
G\DGGNGNMNJ6 IGHNXRWNIUGV HTI'UQNUN@E=
RM
GV YDIUHO8QV9N@E/\NHYN6M
NNDIUGV L6[(FMHTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNEOL]GNMYLHNXIGN
WN$
IQ YNL EO HJNX LTN GV OQa2RJNM YN6M
I
N9NSNMOV YXI+N.YN6MYLIMISUJ6D NIGOK+N]NDIU
GV I
NGNM J6D@ UNV IR
NVN L OV YNL GV I\ L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H PX LM Y<\NJ GK LN
YN6M
NNDIUYRUIMUJNV GNWKRX QL=NL]/UTUJ6@WNV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGV2I'U5RGNV/L9
GMXV HVD OJNGIOJNV[N$U5L
SNUYNL/RD IXN=
GM OGUV J6D IG EO 8N IL] HJNX LTN GV ON)N
RU=HNXOHGVAA8NGVQNRVQNM IGUXNF0
NY8N
NM
GMMJVJ6D
OR= W[U GV LN\XJNM OV JHNMK L]N)N=XN J6 IG EO
LTI/UGNGNVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKLIR
WKRXK OV HNXRUN GNV LIMISU GMNXV HVD \N+NQNG
FXNV$
YUNPM=
JHNXIWNP<\NJ

atazia75@gmail.com*

Y<\NJ
(HQ>

+NZIHGN

WF JH OR=ODONM GV \NV[NVD GK YNVM Y<\NJ GV
ODQVtNRNJG L6[(FM HTJ(HQ>O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\H GV IRN HVD FNU GMUV J6D UNV L]NSKX YN6M
YNNTIXG EIUJNO GV OFOV HJNX 2I'U5R GV FNMV HVD
FNUGMMJV JNVUV J6D$YN6MJGNVE= IXMNNNMQNRNXJKD
J6@ 'NVDIG WNV +NK 2I'U NNIH=G L^NLNU DR G9a9MLX
U)NN2I'U[UYI+NISNVD OV Y\[)N\[JNV GMYNL
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
10
GK WKRXK GN YX GMV[N YN6M YNLGV SIMU] YN6M

OQa2RJNMGKWNXGNMKL]N,UGMV[NRJJHNMVEOIRSNM
GK LTI9 GMV[N YN6M EOGN ON^NK JNV[N@ W6ONIG GT1
8NIL][6MHTI/\HNVDXVEOFNUGKON^QKJ6$
L]NV4VOM JOX Y\K AAXZ\ E/\NH XNHK LIU]GN HVD
GJUV J6D PXGV G F]N0 IHU] XV PXOV GJN AAH6D
E/\NH GV L6[(FM GNV ODONM GN OFOV HJNX YN6M
IXLTNUHLTNHNXUNJZ$
L]NV4VOM JOX Y\K XV PO OV LZ1N E/\NH GV L6[(FM
YNLGKIX[NJHVD IGOGNMNOR=ODONMGV OFOV GNIH\
LTN)NV?UNV POXV P5UMIQNAAH6D E/\NHGV L6[(FM
GV +NKUM IRI+N8X YNSNM@ O(LZN= 2RJNM YN6M YXVG
/R+NNRLNUNJZ WNV H6D XV IRtRGV EIUJNOHVD IGOKG
2I'UGV YDQM G JK OHHVD XJKD QV>NN$ YNL G
VOV MNWN tNNOG )NV IWXGV YNKX PXGN LZMN MN7
)NN@YNLPOHVD IWOL]GNMSNJUV
NNOXGMUV )NV@EOGV
PLMN8UYNLFJTUIRXKUYN6MXH] )NV@JOH!UV )NV
IG YNL IGOK SKW GN YINGNM XJKD M>NUV J6D FI<G
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
11
ONMNYINGNMPXGV LN\XJNMGV JN)NHVD J6$YNLP8JVD

FJTUJKIX/LCJYN6MFVIXNWLNVVD[VIGYNLGKMNWNNXK
HVDODLINNVDOV\QVJT9YNUV)NV\VIGXEOGVFNRWZQ
YNL IXN=X MJUV )NV@ GE= GE= IQXNVD UG YNLGV "NM HVD
>NNXNLGNXVGVI\SZ<JNXJKDW\UN)NNYN6MYINGNDtN
YNLPLNOMJUV)NV JHYNLGNVGHJNXIOLJaON\NM
GV L HVD QV>NUV J6D IG YNL G Y<L OD>G YN6M
GHWNVMY/U]tN/U]RN\K4N6WGKIOLJON\NMKGMUVJ6D
YN6MPXGV `NMNO(LZN= Y/U] tN/U] OV OTOI7WUJWNMNVD
GK OD>N RN\K 4N6W OV T GMUV J6D YN6M P8JVD FTMK
UMJLMNIWUGMQVUV J6D$JHYNLGNV VONtNNI8UIL]
LNUV J6D WNV ODINGNV L]NNXUNQVUV )NV YN6MIXItSDUJNVGM
ODUT9NLZR=G ODIN GK tNUNV=D LM J/UN^NM GMUV )NV WFIG
YNLGV ON)NYNLGV ONI)NNVD GKJWNMNVD GK4N6WJNVUK
)NKIWXHVD OV JMGRKM@FJNQTM@ONJOKYN6MP5ONJ
OV +NMN JTYN JNVUN )NN$ U)NN JH YNL GNV G RKM
FJNQTMGV LHVD QV>NUV J6D WNV YLXV JWNMNVD QTtHXNVD GV
ONHXV PXGK YINGUN GK ISDUN IG IFXN YGV\V 09
GM>N0V JNV WNUV J6D@EOGV FNRWZQYNLQN\T@yLN\T@
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
12
GNVH\ JCQ RN\V YN6M YLXV QNHX GNV G FZQ >NZX
FJNXV OV LNGM>NXV RN\V J6D$YNLONMV YMF`KLGK
OH/NYNVDGV OHNNNXHVD ISDIUUMJUV )NV@EOGV JNVUV JT
YNL YLXV "NM FNM@ FKRK F3SNVD YN6M HTO\HNX 4GKMNVD
YN6MIH/GKXNVD QIMQ]NVDRIXN=X\NV[NVD GVHNH\NVDGKQV>N
MV>N YN6M L]FDN GMXV OV LK1V XJKD MJUV )NV$ YNL PX
\NV[NVD GN NX M>NUV )NV IW8JNVDXV YLXV L6QN GMXV RN\V
GNV +NT\NIQN)NNYN6MPOOV HTJHNV0 I\N)NN@YNL
VOV \NV[NVD GV OTNNMGV I\FJTUE31TGYN6M\N\NIU
)NV$ONMNDtNJIGYNLLZMKQTIXNGK+N\NE= GKI4G]
HVD L0V MJUV )NV IG8UT EOGV FNRWZQYNLQTIXNOV G9
GMY<\NJGKYNVMNX\[NMJUV )NV@YNLQTIXN
HVD JNVUV JT+NKQTIXNHVD I\,U XJKD MJUV )NV@EOI\
IG YNL GN IQ\ Y<\NJ UYN\N HVD YN6M Y<\NJ GNV
O8XGMXVRN\KSKWNVDHVD \[NMJUN)NN$YNLXV G+NK
YLXV /RN)N= GV I\ IGOK OV EXaIUGNH FQ\N XJKD
I\N$YNLYLXV QTtHXNDV GV I\+N\NE= GKQTYNGMUV
)NV YN6MPXGN+N\NG<NN SNJUV )NV@IG8UT Y<\NJ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
13
GVQTtHXNVDGNV^NHNXJKDGMUV)NVYN6MXP8JVD1NV0UV)NV$
Y<\NJ GV MN/UV OV HTJ HNV0XV RN\V \NV[NVD GNV \[NUNM
0MNUV MJUV )NV YN6MP8JDV XMGGV YWNFGKNHGKQVVUV
)NV$YNLWNIJQ)NV@QTIXNHVD GNVE= ISXJKD M>NUV )NV@
YNLEFNQU[TWNM)NVY<\NJGNIWG]GMXVYN6MPOOV
L]N)N=XN GMXV GV I\ MNU GNV WN[N GMUV )NV$ YNLGV
/R+NNRHVDJ+NKXWMYN[NIGYNLGRKM FJNQTM
IOLNJK)NV WNV U\RNMOV T`GMUV )NV$YNLP8JVD %KG
POKOHGFTIHNXMOZ\ODQVtNRNJGYN6MHNOZH
IXQNV=N XFKE=tQZU LNVD[V IWO"N0KYNLP8JVD G
IRWVUNGV ,NHVD QV>NUV J6D IW8JNVD XV QVtNNVD GNV IRWGM
I\N YN6M MN9NVD GNV YLXV !0V U\V GM I\N$ YNL
>NWZMGV L5UV GKFXKJTE= GS9NE= LM\V9UV J6D YN6M
>NWZMGV LV0 GK1N\OV +NMV JTGUIGNLM9VG
\[NUVJ6D@IWOOHJHNMVIQ\NVDHVDJYNUNJ6IGJH
P8JVDYMFGNMNWNGJVDYN6MYNLGNVLZMVYMFQVtNNVDGN
FNQtNNJ GJGM LTGNMVD$ YNLGV "NM RN\V PLNO MJUV )NV
YN6M GI%X WKRX IFUNUV )NV WFIG YNLGV LNO YMF
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
14
L]N`KLGV GNVXV GNVXV OV YINGNINGNX QN6\UYNUV )NV

YN6MYNLGKHI/WQGV YN[XHVD POGV VM\[WNUV
)NV$ YNLGK FV9K YN6M G\VWV GN 9TG0N 4NIUHN
MIW<\NJT Y8JN YNLGV LNO YNUK J6D YN6M J
ItNGNU GMUK J6D IG HtNGKWN P%NXV YN6M S'GK OV
YN9NLKOXVGVGNMNP8JVDGI%XNE=!V\XKL0UKJ6JN
UG IG PXGV JN)NNVD HVD 1N\V L0 [V YN6M tNMKM HVD
HtNGKWNP%NXV OVIXtNNXL0[J6D@POOHY<\NJ
GV L6[(FM HTO\HNXNVD GV FKS WD[ OV N,U JNVXV RN\V
[T\NHNVDYN6M\N6DI0NVD GNV FN9MJV JNVUV J6D@IG8UT YNLGK
FV9KGNVPOOV GNVE=IJ/ONXJKD IH\UNJ6@IORNEOGV
IGYNLPXGNV GT1QTYNVD IO>N\NUV J6D IGPXGV `NMN
RJYLXVLN\XJNMGNVWLVD$GIQXYNLGVON)NKPHM
MIW<\NJT Y8JT YNLGV LNOYNYN6MYNLGV GHMV
HVD YLXKIX[NJQN60NE= UNV G>NWZMGV L5UV GKFXK
JTE=S9NE=GVIORNGT1XJKDLNNIWOLMYNL\V9VJT
)NV YN6MYNLGV LJ\Z HVD POGV IXtNNXL0V JT)NV@YN6M
"NMGKGT\LZWKGONY\[+N[YNE= IG\NV WN6
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
15
YN6MPOKGVLNO>NZD9KLM9D[NJTYNGHtNaGKWN)NN$
PO OH Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM GV "NM GK JK LZMK
O(LI5U )NK IWO IQX YNNN YMF YNL GV YNKX )NN$
WF PHM MIW<\NJT Y8JT XV J QV>NN UNV YNL OV
MJNX[NYN6MYNLGKYN>NNVD OV YNOZ FJXV \[V UNV
Y<\NJGVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXVPHMOV
LZ1NV PHM'NVD MNV MJV JNV?UNV P8JNDV XV GJNH6D 'NVD
X MNV WFIG H YN6M E=MNX GV FNQtNNJ QTIXN GN
YNX8Q\VMJVJ6DYN6MPOGKXVHUNVDGN\N+NP%NMJVJ6D@
YN6M Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H
GVR\P8JKD SKWNVD GV HNI\GJ6D WNV H6D QV>NMJNJZEO
LMMOZ\O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV PXOV GJNV
PHM'NUT(JVD JFNULODQXJKD IGG6OMRIGO]N
GNV EO QTIXN GK XVHUNVD OV J IJ/ON N,U JNV YN6M
YNI>NMUGVR\JHNMVI\JNV?
7NFXFKO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV H'GNGNV IRW
GMXV GV I\YLXV 4N6IWNVD GNWNSL0UN\IGNUNV
YFZ OT4aNX XFK O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV SSN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
16
Y&FNO GV F[\ HVD )NN YN6M QNVXNVD@ HTO\HNX HTWNIJQNVD

GNV QV>N MJV )NV IWXGV YN[V FJTU ONMV !0V )NV$ YFZ
OT4aNXPOOHY+NKEO\NHGNIRMNVNK)NN$STXNSV
RJHTO\HNXNVD GKOVXNGKF0KOD>NYN6MPXGV ON)N
OI(HI\UHTO\HNXGFK\NVD GNV QV>NGM+N+NKUJNV [N
WNV +NNXGUZ4NXGKUMJH'GNLMSV S\V YNMJV
)NV@ IW8JVD X GNVE= MNVGXV RN\N )NN YN6M X GNVE= SKW
PXGV MN/UV HVD YN0V YN OGUK )NK$J QV>N GM YFZ
OT4aNXXVYLXVON)NKOVGJNAAVY&FNOUVMN+NUKWN
UNVFJTUF0NFNQtNNJFX[NJ6$ 5NNVY&FNOXVWRNF
IQN YN6MRJYFZOT4aNXWNVVGT1QV>NMJN)NNPOGV
IRLMKU QV>N MJV )NV AAV YFZ OT4aNX EOGN
FNQtNNJU OV GT1 XJKD \VXN QVXN J6@ J UNV XTFT2RU
E=tQZU5RYN6ML6[(FMKJ6$
YQK Y5UNE= WNV OTIO JNIUH GN FV9N J6 IWOGK
O>NNRUYN6MQNXtNK\UNHVD GJNRUFNXGKWNUKJ6
RJAAU6 XNHKGFK\V GNOMQNM)NN@GIQXRJXFK
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGKHJI4\HVD PLI/)NUJTYN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
17
WFIGRJY+NKE=ONE=JK)NN$WFPOXVQV>NNIGOJNFN
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNFJTUYNQMYN6M
O(HNXGMUV J6D YN6MIWJNQGV JI)NNMNVD YN6MOTM^NNGV
I\IWMJOV \VOJ6D UNV RJL6[(FMKYN6MFNQtNNJUGV
FNMV HVD ODQVJ GN ItNGNM JNV [N YN6M YLXV IQ\ HVD
POXV J tX P%NN IG YNL G FNQtNNJ J6D N
L6[(FMNVD HVD OV GL6[(FMJ6D?RJEOKPNV0 FTXHVD )NN
IGHQKXNGKG[MKFHIJ\NXFKO<\<\NJTTY\6IJR
O<\HGV LNOYNE= YN6MYNLOV GJNAAV Y<\NJGV
L6[(FMH6DYNLOVGT1MNWGKFNUGMXNSNJUKJZ$
YNLXV POOV GJNAAUTHHQKXNGKIWO[\KHVD SNJNV
H6D UTHOV GNDU UXaJNE= HVD IH\XV GV I\U6NMJZ$
I4M YNL PO HIJ\N GV ON)N P% GM S\V [V YN6M
POGKWMULZMKGK$WFJNIUHUNE= GV FV9V XV XFK
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK J HJNX YNIWWK R
>NNGONMK QV>NK WFIG YNL YLXV ONI)NNVD GV FKS
FNQtNNJGKHJNXUNGV OHNXHJ5RM>NUV )NV UNV POGK
YND>NNVD GV ONHXV OV FNIU\ YO5@IH)N GN YDNVMN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
18
19[NYN6MPOGVI\JGO5/L9JNV[NYN6M
POV J IRtRNO JNV [N IG J HNH\N Y<\NJ GK
L6[(FMKOVODFDINUJ6@STXNDSVPOXVYLXKO\KFIXGN\
GM4VDGQKYN6MY<\NJGV MOZ\O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\HGVONI)NNVDGVON)NE/\NHGVL]GN
NHVDRVtNGM
[$
JHEOLTI/UGNHVDHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGV
FNMV HVD HT/UtNMVGKX [6M HTI/\H IR`NX WNV E/\NHK
IR.NXDR
NN/ GN.NXM>NUV J6D GV GT1G)NXNVD GN
+NKP<\V>NGMVD[V@WFIGHTO\HNXJNVXVGKJ6IOUOV
JH YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK L6[(FMK YN6M
E=tQZU5R LM IRtRNO M>NUV J6D@ JHVD EO UMJ GV G)NXNVD
GN P<\V>N GMXV GK YNRtGUN XJKD J6@ \VIGX VON
GMXVGVQNVGNMNJ6D
,NJ\NGNMNJHXV
HT/UtNMVGKXGV G)NXNVD GNP<\V>N
,NJ\NGNMN
IGNJ6 UNIG GT1 RJHTO\HNX WNV E/\NH GN GVR\
XNHWNXUVJ6D@P8JVDVLVDYN6MJWNXGNMKN,UGMVDIG
[6M HTI/\H PXGV PO XFK R L6[(FM GV FNMV HVD 'N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
19
GJUVJ6DIWXGKL6MRKYN6MYN.NLN\XGNVP8JNVDXV1NV0
IQNJ6@OD+NRJ6IGJPXGVI\YLXVQKXGKYNVM
O3SNE=GVON)NL\9XVGKtNTYNUFXWN$
QZOMNGNMN
MNGNMN JH XV HT/UtNMVGKX GV Y'RN\ G)NX
EOI\P<\V>NIGVJ6DUNIG[6M HTI/\HE8JVDLVD@OH!VD
YN6M EO YHNXUQNM L6[(FM GK JGKGU GN LUN PX
\NV[NVD GV HTJ OV S\ND WNV P8JKD GK X/\ OV J6D YN6M
P8JKD GKFNV\KFNV\UV J6D$JNV OGUNJ6 J\NV[E/\NH
GVHN[=LMYNWNDYN6MJPXGVI\EOHJNXQKX
GNV OH!XV GV I\ G O3SK >NNVW GN YNM(+N IO
JNV$
EX \NV[NVD OV HVMN J YXTMNVN J6 IG RJ QZOMNVD GK
FTINVD Y'\NVD OV ONVS IRSNM X GMVD@ FI<G PXGV
LNO+NKFTINJ6DIWXGV`NMNRJ Y[ML^NLNUYN6M
UY/OTF GNV 1NV0 QVD UNV JG YN6M FNIU\@ [\U YN6M
OJKJGKLJSNXGMOGUV J6D$EOGNMGV \NV[NVD GV
I\HVMKJL]N)N=XNJ6 IGY<\NJUYN\NPXGV IQ\NVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
20
GNVJGGVI\>NNV\QV@POGKYNVMPXGKMJXTHNE=GMV
YN6MP8JVDOKNVHN[=GKIJQNUQV$

Y&QTM=JHNXIFXY&QT\GMKHYttNKJN
IMNWLNV/9FN'O
www.islamland.org
Email:alsheha@yahoo.com

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
21

L6[(FMHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTY\6IJ
RO<\HGN6XJ6D?
YNLGNXOFXNHNRD
YNLGNXOFXNHNRD
NNR\K
NNR\K
YNLGKGTI8XUAYFT\ GNIOH U)NNXNHAHTJ(HQ J6$
YNL GV ILUN GN XNH AY&QT<\NJ YN6M QNQN GN XNH
AY&QT\HT5UI\F J6$YNLGNXOFAYQaXNX UGLJTSUN
J6 WNV Y<\NJ GV >N\K\ QNV/U EF]NJKH Y\6IJ/O\NH
GV FV9V E/HNE=\Y\6IJ/O\NHWNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FM)NV
GK YN6\NQ HVD OV J6D$ YNL GK HN AYNIHXJ LTU]K
ARJF J6D IWXGNXOF+NKAYQXNX UGLJTSUNJ6 WNV
EF]NJKH>N\K\T<\NJGVFV9VL6[(FME/HNE=\Y\6IJ/O\NH
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
22
GKYN6\NQHVD OV J6D$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H

4MHNUVJ6D
AAY<\NJ UYN\N XV IGXNXJ
IGXNXJ GNV E/HNE=\
Y\6IJ/O\NH GK YN6\NQ HVD OV STXN@ YN6M GTM6tN
GNV IGXNXJ HVD OV STXN YN6M GTM6tN HVD OV
FXZ JNItNH GNV STXN YN6M FXZ JNItNH HVD OV HT!V
STXNJ6$
$ OJKJHTI/\H
$
EOUMJYNLGNJXOFLZMKNMUKLMOFOV -V%
XOF J6$ EOGK [RNJK YNLGV QTtHXNVD XV +NK QK J6$
YFT OT4aNXWNV E/\NH\NXV OV LJ\V L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ RO<\H GN G9a9M QTtHX )NN@ POXV H GV
tNNOGIJM'\GVLNOEOGK[RNJKQK$
Y&QT<\NJ IFX Y&FNO MIW<\NJT Y8JTHN FNX GMUV
J6D Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H XV
G6OMHGV FNQtNNJ GV LNOPOV E/\NHGKQNRU
QVXV GV I\LU] I\>NNYN6M RJLU] QVJaN Y\ G\FK
GNV QVGM+NVWN$MOZ\T<\NJO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
23
P8JVD YNQVtNIQNIGRJLU] FTO]NGV [RX=MGNV ON6DLQVD

UNIG RJ POV G6OM UG LJTSN QV$ G6OM PO OH
Y<\NJGNtNTIG]NYQNGMXV GV I\IJHaOOV E=I\N
RU=HNXF6UT\ HI'QOYNN)NN'NVDIGY<\NJUYN\N
XV E=MNXGK OVXNLM POV IRWL]QNX IGN)NN$ WF
G6OMGNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMGNLU] IH\NUNV POV LXV
GV FNQPOXV GJNJN OV PXGKGN6HGNGNVE= YNQHK
ZGMHVMV LNO\NYNV UNIGH6D POOV HTJ(HQGV FNMV
HVDLZ1 UN1G$E&XVY&FNOGJUVJ6DIGYFZ OT4aNX
XVHT!OVFUNNIGRJPOOHGTM6tNGVGT1\NV[NVDGV
ON)NtNNHHVD )NV WNV IUWNMUGV I\YNV )NV@JPO
OHGN\GKFNUJ6WFY<\NJGVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HYN6MGT4NMVGTM6tNGVFKSODINJTE=)NK$
YFZ OT4a NXGNGJXNJ6 IGG6OMGV JMGNMV XV tNNH
GV IGOK X[M HV JHVD LN I\N YN6M HT!V YN6M HVMV
ONI)NNVDGNV\VGME=I\NF6UT\ HI'QOYNNYN6MJHVD
G6OMGVtNNJKHJ\HVD\V[N@WNVUNWLJXVJTYLXV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
24
IODJNOXLM IFMNWHNX)NN YN6MPOGV SNMNVD UM4 H

GVF0VF0V\NV[)NV$
POXV YLXV UW=THNX YXTRNQG OV GJN EX OV LZ1NV
IGJYNQHKWNV YLXV YNLGNV L6[(FMOH!UNJ6 EO
OV EXHVD OV GN6XYNQHKOFOV IXG9>NNXQNXKODFDN
M>NUNJ6?
YFZ OT4aNX GN GJXN J6 IG H6D XV GJN H6D PO OV
OFOVIXG9>NNXQNXKODFDNM>NUNJZ$
POXVGJNUT(JNMVYN6MPXGVFKS'NIMtUVQNMKJ6?
H6D XV GJNRJHVMV SSVMV +NNE= J6D$YN6MEOGNMRN HVD
PO OH HVMV IORN FXZ Y&QV HXN4 GN GNVE= Y8
YNQHKXJKD)NN$
G6OMXV GJNEOV HVMV GMKFGMQNV@YN6MHVMV ONI)NNVD
GNV +NK HVMV LK1V HVMV G8NV GV LNO F6%NXV GN YNQVtN
IQN$
I4MYLXVUW=THNXOVGJNEOGVONI)NNVDOVFUNQNVIG
H6D EOYNQHKOV PO2I'UGV FNMV HVD L]tXG[NWNV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
25
YLXV YNLGNV L6[(FMOH!UNJ6@Y[MJ!Z%FNV\V

UNVUTH\NV[EOV!T%\NQVXN$
YFZ OT4NXGJUV J6DY<\NJGKGOHY[MHT!V J
tNH= X YNUK IG HVMV ON)NK HVMV FNMV HVD !Z% GK SSN=
GMVD[V UNV WF POXV HT!OV YNLGV FNMV HVD LZ1N)NN H6D
YRtPOOV !Z%FNV\UN@\VIGXHT!V tNH= YNE= IGRJ
HVMV FNMV HVD !Z%GKSSN= GMVD$EOI\H6D XV POV OS
OSWRNFIQN$
I4MPOXV YLXV UW=THNXOV GJNUTH \NV[NVD HVD POGN
XOFG6ONJ6?
H6DXVGJNRJJHNMVFKSSVXOFRN\NJ6$
POXV GJNUNV 'NJFNUEOOV LJ\V +NKUTHHVD OV
IGOKXVGJK)NK?
H6DXVGJNXJKD$
POXV GJN 'N EOXV WNV FNU GJK J6 EOV GJXV OV
LJ\VUTHPOV!Z%OVYNMNVILUGMUV)NV?
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
26
H6DXVGJNXJKD$
POXV GJN'NPOGV FNLQNQNHVD GNVE= FNQtNNJJTYN
J6?
H6DXVGJNXJKD
POXV GJNY31NUNV F0V \NV[NVD XV POGKFNUHNXKJ6
NGHWNVM\NV[NVDXV?
H6DXVGJNFI<GGHWNVMNVDXV$
POXVGJN'NJ\NV[FMJVJ6DN"N9MJVJ6D?
H6DXVGJNFI<GFMJVJ6D$
POXV GJN'NPOGV QKXHVD L]RVtNGMXV GV FNQGNVE=
YNQHK POGV QKX OV XNMNW JNVGM L\9 HTU=Q JNV
WNUNJ6?
H6DXVGJNXJKD$
POXVGJN'NRJRNQNI>N\N4KIRtRNO"NNUGMUN
J6?
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
27
H6D XV GJN XJKD@ IG8UT EO OH JH POGV ON)N G
ODIN GK YRIN HVD J6D YN6M JHVD 0M J6 IG RJ [QQa NMK
GMV[N$
YFZ OT4aNXGJUV J6D IGEOGV IORNH6D GNVE= Y8VOK
FNU"NTOV0XJKDOGNIWOOVYNLGKIXDQNGMOGZYN6M
HT!VPOGVSSN=GN+NXJNV$
POXVGJN'NUTH\NV[NVDXVPOOVNPOXVUTH\NV[NVD
OV\0NE=GKJ6?
H6DXVGJNJN$
POXVGJNUNVPOGKYN6MUT(JNMK\0NE=G6OVMJK?
H6D XV GJNJHNMK\0NE= FMNFMGKMJK@G+NKRJWKUN
G+NKJH$
POXVGJNRJUT(JVD'NYNQVtNQVUNJ6?
H6D XV GJN RJ JHVD J YNQVtN QVUN J6 IG JH GVR\
Y<\NJGKEFNQUPLNOXNGMVD POGV ON)NIGOKGNV
+NKON!KX%JMNVD@YN6MJHNMV FNLQNQNWNV GT1LZWUV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
28
)NV POOV JHVD MNVGUN J6@ YN6M RJ JHVD XHNW@ O3SNE=@
LNG QNHXK@ RNQN IX+NNXV YN6M YHNXU YQN GMXV GN
YNQVtNQVUNJ6$
WFH6DXVPOOVJGJNUNVPOXVYLXVUW=THNXOV
GJNAAEOYNQHKYFZ OT4aNXOVGJNVH6DXVUTHOV
UT(JNMV FKS PO YNQHK L6[(FM GV XOF GV FNMV HVD
LZ1NUNV UTHXV FUNNIGRJSV XOFRN\NJ6$YN6M
QMYO\L6[(FM YLXK GN6HGV SV XOFHVD OV +NVWV
WNUVJ6D$
H6D XV UTHOV LZ1NIG'NJFNUEOOV LJ\V +NK
UTH HVD OV IGOK XV GJK )NK? UNV UTH XV FU\NN IG
XJKD$H6D GJUNJZ IGY[MJFNUEOOV LJ\V UTHHVD
OVIGOKYN6MXVGJKJNVUKUNVH6DONVSUNIGJYNQHK
GVOV FNUGKL6MRKGMMJNJ6 WNV EOOV LJ\V GJK
WNSTGKJ6$
H6D XV UTHOV LZ1NIG'NEOXV WNV FNUGJKJ6 EOV
GJXV OV LJ\V UTHPOV !Z%OV YNMNVILUGMUV )NV?UNV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
29
UTHXVGJNIGXJKD$UNV H6DOH![NIGVONXJKD JNV

OGUNIGRJ\NV[NVDLMUNV!Z%XFNV\VYN6MY<\NJLM
!Z%FNV\V$
YN6MH6D XV UTHOV LZ1NIG'NPOGV FNLQNQN HVD
GNVE= FNQtNNJJTYNJ6?UNV UTHXV WRNFIQNIGXJKD$
H6D GJUNJZ IGY[MPOGV FNLQNQNHVD GNVE= FNQtNNJ
[TWMNJNVUNUNVH6DGJUNIGJYLXVFNLGKFNQtNNJU
SNJUNJ6$
H6D XV UTHOV LZ1NIGF0V \NV[EOGKFNUGKL6MRK
GMMJVJ6DNGHWNVM\NV[?UNVUTHXVGJNIGGHWNVM
\NV[NVDXVPOGKL6MRKGKJ6$RN/URHVDL6[(FMNVDGVHNXXV
RN\VVOVJK\NV[JNVUVJ6D$
H6DXVUTHOVLZ1NIG'NRJ\NV[FMJVJ6DN"N9
MJV J6D? UNV UTH XV GJN IG RJ F MJV J6D$ QMYO\
E=HNXEOKUMJFUNMJUNJ6JNUGIGHTG(H\JNV
WNUNJ6$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
30
H6D XV UTHOV JLZ1NIG'NPOGV QKXHVD L]RVtN

GMXV GV FNQ GNVE= YNQHK PO GV QKX OV XNMNW
YL]O8X JNVGM HTU=Q JNVUN J6? UNV UTH XV GJN IG
XJKD$RN/UIRGUNJJ6 IGWFE=HNXGNYNX8QIQ\NVD
HVD"NT\ IH\WNUNJ6UNVGNVE=POOVYL]O8XXJKDJNVUN$
H6D XV UTHOV JLZ1N IG 'N RJ FVR4NE= L]IU.N
+ND[ GMUNJ6?UNV UTHXV P5UMIQNIGXJKD$YN6M
L6[(FMVOVJKJNVUVJ6D@RJ[QQa NMKYJQI
NGXKXJKD
GMUV$
H6D XV LZ1NIG'NUTH\NV[NVD XV POOV YN6M POXV
UTH\NV[NVD OV WD[GKJ6?UNV UTHXV GJNIGJN@YN6M
UT(JNMKYN6MPOGK\0NE= FMNFMGKMJKJ6@G+NKUTH
JNMV G+NKRJJNMV$L6[(FMVOV JKJNVUJ6D IGPXGK
LMK^NNGKWNUKJ6 YN6MYDIUHLIMNNHP8JKD GNJNVUN
J6$
H6DXVUTHOVJ+NKLZ1NIGRJUT(JVDIGXFNUNVDGN
JT'HQVUNJ6?UNV UTHXV FU\NNIGRJUT(JVD Y<\NJ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
31
GKEFNQUGMXV YN6MPOGV ON)NIGOKSKW GNV ON!K

X%JMNXVGNJT'HQVUNJ6@UT(JNMVFNLQNQNIWXGKLZWN
GMUV )NV PO OV HXN GMUN J6@ YN6M XHNW@ O3SNE=@
LNG QNHXK@L]IU.N LN\XYN6MYHNXU\N69NXV GNJT'H
QVUNJ6$
G6OM XV GJN J OF IXODQVJ PO L6[(FM GK
IRtNVNUND J6D IWOGV FNMV HVD HT!V LUN )NN IG RJ YNXV
RN\NJ6@IG8UTHVMN[THNXJXJKD)NNIGRJUTHHVDOV
JNV[N$ WNV GT1 UTH XV FUNN J6 Y[M RJ OS J6 UNV
FJTUtNK"N]JKRJHVMVEXQNVXNVDL6MNVDGKW[JGNHNI\G
JNV WN[N$ Y[M HT!V YN
NN JNVUK IG H6D POGV LNO
LJTSOGZD[NUNV H6D POOV IH\XV GNG9GMUN@YN6M
Y[MH6DPOGVLNOJNVUNUNVPOGVQNVXNVDLNRNT\UN$
YFZ OT4NXXV GJNI4MG6OMXV Y<\NJGV L6[(FM
GNLU] HD[NNYN6MPOV LN[N@POLU] HVD EOUMJ
I\>NN)NN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
32
Y<\NJGV QNOF8QVYN6ML6[(FMHTJ(HQGKYNVM
OVHGVFNQqNNJIJM'\GVXNH
PO YNQHK LM O\NH JNV WNV IJQNU GK L6MRK
GMV$Y(HNFNQ
H6D UT(JDV E/\NHGNYNHDU]NQVUNJZ${ E/\NH\NYNV@
ONI\H OTMI^NU MJNV[$V E/\NH \NYNV Y<\NJ
UT(JDV UT(JNMN YW] QNV FNM QV[N$ Y[M UTH XV HT{J
4VMN UNV UTH LM YMKIONVD UT(JNMK L]WN GN +NK
[TXNJJNV[N$AAV YJ\V IGUNFGVOKFNUGK
YNVMYNYNVWNVJHNMVYN6MUT(JNMVFKSFMNFMJ6IG
JHY<\NJGV IORNIGOKYN6MGNV XLZWV@D YN6M
POGV ON)NIGOKSKW GNV ON!KX%JMND@YN6M
Y<\NJGNV 1NV0 GM JHHVD OV GQZOMV GNV M&F
LN\XJNM X FXND$ Y[M \NV[ HT{J 4VMVD UNV GJ
QNVIGUTH\NV[[RNJMJNVIGJHHTO\HNXJ6D$
YFZ OT4aNXXVGJNWFRJYLXKFNULZMKGMSTGN
UNVPOGVLNOF6%VJTHGVF0V F0V\NV[NVDGKYNRNWVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
33
SK JTE=D YN6M F0N tNNVM R [T\ HSN@ LM HT!V XJKD
HN\ZHIG P8JNVD XV 'N GJN$IJM'\ XV JHNMV FNMV HVD
YNQVtN IQN YN6M JH FNJM IXGN\ IQV [V$ WF H6D
YLXV ONI)NNVD GV ON)N FNJM YN [N YN6M PXGV ON)N
YGV\VHVDJTYNUNVH6DXVPXOVGJNAAYFT G&tNNGVFV9V
NXKHTJ(HQGNHNH\NFJTUWNVMLG0[N@POOV
UNVFXZ YOa4MIHNVDGNFNQtNNJ0MUNJ6$
YFT OT4a NXGJUV J6DY<\NJGKGOHEOGV FNQHT!V
\[NUNMJIRtRNOMJNIGPOGNQKX[NI\FJNVGM
MJV[N@ JN UG IG Y<\NJ UYN\N XV HVMV IQ\ HVD
E/\NHGNVF6%NIQN@WFIGH6DPOVXNLODQGMUN)NN$
YNLGNW8HYN6MLN\X LNVNN
YNLGNW8HE=HVDGTM6tNIWOGKYMFGV \NV[
UNWKH YN6M YNQM R O(HNX GMUV )NV GV GFK\N HVD
H'GN GV YDQM JTYN@ WNV YMF `KL GN NNIH=G GV8Q]
OH!N WNUN J6@ WJN GNFN HTtNM=4N J6 IWOV
YFT\ YI(FN EF]NJKH YN6M PXGV OTLTU] EOaHNE=\
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
34
Y\6IJH/O\NHXVFXNN)NN@IWOGNYMFGV\NV[J7W
GMUV YN6MPOGNURN4GMUV )NV$Y+NKYNLYLXKHN
GVLV9JKHVD)NVIGYNLGVILUNGNIXNXJNV[N$YN6M
YNL GV W8H GV LtSNU JK YNLGK HN +NK S\ FOKD$
STXNSV YNLGNV UKHK GK IWDQ[K IFUNXK L0K@ YNL GV
QNQN Y&QT\ HT5UI\F XV YNLGK IG4N\U GK$ WF
YNLGV QNQN GK +NK HC5T JNV [E= UNV YNLGV SSN
YFT UNI\FXVYNLGKIG4N\UOD+NN\K$
YNLGNGFK\N YN6M POGV YNO LNO GV Y8 GFNE=\
FTUNVD GKLZWNGMUV )NV IW8JDV P8JNVD XV LV0@YN6MGT1GNV
L5)NMYN6MGT1GNVONVXVOVFXNM>NN)NNYN6MRJGNFN
GV SNMNVD YNVMM>NIQ[)NV$YN6M\NV[PXGV FNMV HVD
\N+NYN6MJNIXGNYN/)NNM>NUV)NV$
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK LZMK IWDQ[K O3SNE=
YN6MYHNXUQNMKGNL6GM)NK@YNLGVFNMVHVDFVR4NE=@
!Z%@I>NNXU@NNV>NNYN6M4MVFGNGNVE=P<\V>NXJKDJ6$
YNLYLXKGN6HGVFKSAYHKX YHNXUQNM@IR
R/U
GV \GF OV L]IO )NV$ \NV[ YNL GV LNO YLXK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
35
YHNXUVD M>NUV )NV YN6M WF O4M GN EMNQN GMUV UNV
YLXKYHNXUVD YNLGV LNOOTMI^NUGMQVUV )NV$YNL
PXGVFKSONIQGO3SNYNQHKGVXNHOVWNXVWNUV
)NV'NVDIGYNLWNV GT1GJUV YN6MFNUSKUGMUV )NV
POHVD O3SNE= OV GNH\VUV )NV$YNLY31V 2RJNMRN\V@
HNT +NNNKYN6MWTFNXGV 4OKJ)NV@\NV[NVD GV I\+N\NE=
YN6M G<NN GNV LODQ GMUV )NV$ YNLGK GN6H YNL OV
HJ&FUGMUK)NK@YLXNYN6MLMNN@XWQKGYN6MQZM
GN JM G YNL OV HJ&FU GMUN )NN$ YNL LRNX
>NTtNH8WM )NV@YN>NYNLGNV QV>NXV OV XJKD )NGUK
)NK@ EO L]GNM YNL >NTtN Y>\NG YN6M >NTtN H8WM )NV
IWUXNIGJtN&QYLXV YDQMY)N= M>NUNJ6$YNLGV
MF/RNHKYN6MLN\XJNMXVYNLGVFNMVHVD4MHNN
P P P
Q Q
[4. ] >
O R P
O P
R J@
AAIXOD
AAIXODQVJ YNL HJNX Y>\NG GV HNI\G J6D$

OZMUT\ G\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
36
)NNHOa GN\=N\ G YD[]VW \V>NG YLXK LT/UG

AAJKMNVW GV YDQM GJUN J6 AAFSLX JK OV HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGNVGIRSNMGTRNGVL
HVD QV>NNWNUN)NN@YNLGV ONI)NNVD XV YNLGNXNHYHKX
IRtR/U O3SNE= YN6M R4NQNMK RN\N YNQHK M>NN@
Y)N=NU YLXV GH=@ YLXV G)NX YN6M YLXV IRSNM HVD
O3SNE= RN\N$ \NV[NVD XV EOFNU GN IXMK^NN IGN IG
YNL GV HTJ OV WNV +NK tN&Q IXG\UN J6 RJ IJGHUNVD
IR.NXYN6MFTI OV +NMNJNVUNJ6$H6D PXGV FNMV HVD
WNXUNJZ IGRJFJTU>NNHNVtNIHWNW)NV@WJN FNV\XV
GNGNVE= GNMNXJKD JNVUN)NNRJN >NNHNVtNMJUV )NV$WF
YNLFNUGMUVUNVIJGaHUGVHNVUK!0UV)NVJHXV
YNLGNVLZMKIWDQ[KQCIO`N8URN\N@%NVOODG<LRN\N@
QZMQtNK=@ QN\T@ OQN5HN@ GCLN\T@ LMJVW[NM ODHK
L]IUI%U YN6M PQNM JCQ RN\N QV>NN J6$ YNL FJTU
ODWKQN[D+NKMYN6MIX/RN)N=)NV@EOGVFNRWZQYNLXH]
YN6MOM\@JDO HT>NYN6ML]4T<\@Y31KYNLOQNMKYN6M
L]VH+NNRXNRN\V )NV$FI<GG+NKG+NKJDOKHWNG GMUV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
37
)NV$ L]N YNLGN SVJMN O3SV IQ\ OV HTOGTMNUN YN6M

SHGUNMJUN)NN$YNLWJKX@FTIHNXYN6MtNVMIQ\
IODJ ONJO )NV /R+NNIRG L OV HJNX )NV$ IGOK
LN%tNN\NXVYNLGNVItNI^NUXJKDIGN)NNYN6MXIGOK
ItN^NGXV YNLGV Y>\NG GNV ODRNMNYN6MYNLGNV O+
FXNN)NN@YNLEOOV FVIXNW )NVYNLXV WKRXHVD
YLXVGN=IHtNXGNVYGV\VMVI[/UNXGVYDQMYDWNH
IQN$
L6[(FMFXNV WNXV OV LJ\V YNLGNV U8JNE= HJFZFJNV
[E= )NK@ STXNDSV A[NMV IJMN IJMN XNHK [T4N HVD \(FK
\(FKMNUNVDUGEFNQUGMUVMJUV)NV$YNLGKGN6HWNV
>NTMN4NUIGNGMUK)NK@YNLPXOVFJTUQZMMJUV)NV$
STXNDSV YNL XV tNMNF GNV G+NK HTJ XJKD \[NN@ IGOK
FTU GV ONHXV IOM XJKD !TGNN YN6M X POGK GOH
>NNE=@ YN6M X PO LM G+NK SNRN SNN W6ON IG
YNLGK GN6H IGN GMUK )NK$ YNL XV YLXK GN6H GK
FGIMN SMNE=D@ YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV
4MHNN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
38
AAY<\NJ UYN\N XV WNV +NK XFK +NVWN OFXV

FGIMNSMNE=D YNLGVONI)NNVDXVLZ1N'NYNL
XV+NK?
QGKMNUGV
+NK?YNLXVWRNFIQNAA
WRNFIQNAAJN
AAJN@H6DSDSDQG
FQ\V H'GNRN\NV
H'GNRN\NVD GKFGIMN SMNNGMUN)NN$
SMNNGMUN)NN$
OJKJFT>NNMK
7NFYNLGKPHMSN\KOON\GKJNVV [E= UNV YNLLM
YNOHNX OV R PUMK@ PO OH YNL H'GN HVD
A[NMV IJMN GV YDQM EFNQU GM MJV )NV$ Y<\NJ GV
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK L5XK
P(HT\ HNVIHXKX YNEtNN MIW<\NJT Y8JN GJUK J6D
Y<\NJGV L6[(FMLMRGKtNTYNUXK8QHVD Y31V
O3SVOLXNVD OV JTE=$YNLWNV +NKOLXNQV>NUV )NV@RJ
OT&JGKO4VQKGKUMJL]G9JNVUN)NN$I4MYNLGNV
U8JNE= HJFZFJNV [E=$STXNSV YNLA[NMV IJMN HVD U8JNE=
YLXN\VUV YN6MGE= GE= MNU"NMYNIFXNEFNQUHVD
2/UMJUV )NV$EOGV I\YNLUNVtNN\V WNUV )NV$I4M
YNL>NQKWNMIW<\NJT Y8JNGV LNOYNUV YN6MPUXV
JKIQXNVD GV I\I4MUNVtNN\V WNUV$JN UGIGYNL
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
39
GV LNO JG YN [N YN6M YNL [NMV IJMN JK HVD )NV$
STXNSV YNL GV LNO 4IMtUN YNN YN6M POXV GJN
LNV$YNLXV 4MHNNH6D LNJTYNXJKD JZ$YNLGJUV
J6DIGEOLMPOXVHT!VLG0GMEUXNWNVMOVQFNN
IGHVMKtNI'UIXSNV0QK$I4MPOXVHT!V1NV0GMGJN
LNV$ H6D XV GJN H6D LN JTYN XJKD JZ$ POXV QTFNMN
LG0 GM QFNVSN JN UG IGH6D )NG [N@ I4M 1NV0
GM GJN LNV@ UN6 H6D XV GJN H6D LN JTYN XJKD JZ$
POXV UKOMKFNMHT!V LG0 GMQFNVSN@I4M1NV0 GM
GJN
P P T TPT
P P T PP P PP P
TB
8R R*.@
.

L.
R HB
R
R
P
T T P P P TPT P P
Q
P
8J*.
O
[~Y.>G .
AA,NNV YLXV MF GV XNH OV IWOXV L6QN IGN@
HXTGNV >NZXGV \NV)N0V OV L6QNIGN$,NNV YN6M
UT(JNMN MF FJTU GMH RN\N QNXtNK\ J6$
OZMUT\Y\G
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
40
EXYNUNVD GV ON)NY<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ

RO<\H L\9V@ YNL GN IQ\ NG NG GM MJN )NN$
>NQKWNLT K>NTR6I\QGV LNOYNYN6M4MHNNAAHT
AAHT!V
SNQM PN QNV@ HT!V SNQM PN QNV$
P8JNDV XV YNLGNV
SNQM PN IQN JN UG IG YNL GN +N O(NN,U JNV
[N$
I4M >NQKWN MIW<\NJT Y8JN GNV LZMK FNU FU\NGM
GJNAAHT!VYLXKWNXGN0M\[UNJ6$
>NQKWNMIW<\NJT Y8JNXV GJNJMI[W XJKD@ Y<\NJ
GKGOH Y<\NJUYN\NYNLGNV MTOaRNXJKD GMV[N$
YNL IO\N MJaHK GMUV J6D@ GHWNVMNVD GN FNV! P%NUV J6D@
QIMQ]NVDGK2R/)NNGMUVJ6D@HVJHNXGKHVWFNXKGMUVJ6D@
JGGKHTOKFUNDVLMOJNUNGMUVJ6D$
EOGV FNQ>NQKWNYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNV
YLXV SSVMV +NNE= RMaGN IFX XN6I4\ IFX YOQ IFX
Y&QT\ P7WNGV LNO\V [E=D$RJWNIJI\UGV GN\HVD
E=ONE=JNV[V)NVYN6MEF]NXKHVDI\>NXNWNXUV)NV$STXNSV
IWUXNY<\NJUYN\NSNJUN)NNEF]NXK+NNNNHVD E8WK\
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
41
I\>NUV )NV$POOHFJTUFZV YN6MYDNV JNV STGV )NV$

PXOV >NQKWNXV GJN+NNE= WNXYNLYLXV +NUKWV GK
FNUOTXVD$
RMaGNXVGJN+NUKWVUTH'NQV>NUVJNV?
Y<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV WNV GT1
QV>NN)NNFNXGMIQN$
EO LM RMaGN XV GJN J UNV RJK XNHZO J6 IWOV
Y<\NJ UYN\N XV HZON Y\6IJ/O\NH LM PUNMN )NN$
GNtNH6D POOHtNI'URNXJNVUNGNtNH6D POOH
IW8QNJNVUNWFYNLGKGN6HYNLGNVIXGN\QV[K$
Y<\NJGVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV4MHNN
AA'NJ\NV[HT!VIXGN\QVD[V?
RMaGN XV GJN JN@ 7NF +NK GNVE= YNQHK EO UMJ GN
L6[NH\NNW6ONUTH\NJNV UNV POOV YRtQTtHXK
GK [E=@ YN6M Y[M H6D XV UT(JNMN OH LN I\N UNV
UT(JNMK+NMLZMOJNUNGD[N$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
42
EOGV FNQRMaGNGKtNK"N] JKHC5T JNV [E= YN6MRGN

IO\IO\NF8QJNV[N$OJKJFT>NNMK@OJKJHTI/\H
J OZMU YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK XTFT2RU
E=tQZU5R GN YNM(+N )NK$ EOGV FNQ YNL O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HLMY<\NJGNJ4HN=XPUMN
P P P P P T PP T Q Q QT P P P
P
T
B
PPR JP B
B
8J8B
.@
R B
T P PT P T PP
Q
]~Y.>T
.J
AAVGL0NYNVXVRN\V>N0NJNVWNYN6M0MNQV$
YN6MYLXV MF
MF LN\XJNM GKHJNXUN
GKHJNXUN F0NE=
FNXGM$YLXVGL0VGNVLNGM>NNGM$XNLNGK
LNGM>NNGM$XNLNGK
OZMUT\ HTQQa I/OM
FTUNVDGKLZWNGNV1NV0QV$
EOOZMUGV `NMNYNLGKL6[(FMKIMON\UYN6M
QNRUGNYNM(+NJTYN$STXNSVYNLXVYLXVMOZ\
L6[(FM JNVXV GN \NX IGN YN6M YLXK GN6H
H'GNRN\NVD GNV E/\NHGKQNRUQVXNtNTGM
IQN$ EO LM YNL GNV PXGK YNVM OV J% GN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
43
ONHXN JTYN YN6M P8JNVDXV YNLGK QNRU GNV XGNM

IQN$'NVDIGYNLP8JVDGVOKSKWGKQNRUQV
MJV )NV WNV PXGV I\YXNV>NK )NK@ YN6M IWO GN
ODFDN PXGV ONMV NNIH=G@ MNWXKIUG@ ONHNIWG
YN6M YNI)N=G HNH\NVD OV )NN$ P8JVD GVR\ G
Y<\NJ GK EFNQU GMXV YN6M POGV IORN GK
EFNQU1NV0XV GKQNRUQVXV@YN6MGN6HGKY'\NV
YN6M PXGV LZ7NVD FTUNVD GNV HZ>N= YN6M FTIJKX
%JMNXV LMFOXJKD IGN[N)NN@FI<GE/\NH
XVPXLMPXGVHXNVMDWX@HN\QNMKYN6MGQZOMV
LM [R= GMXV GV ONNX GNV +NK JMNH GM IQN$
STXNSV OZQ &NW@ IWXN@ WTRN YN6M tNMNF GNV PX
LM JMNH GM IQN$ EOGV ON)N JK P8JVD UHNH
\NV[NVDGVFKSYQa\RE8ON4YN6M8NGMXVGK
QNRUQK@IWXGVFKSGNVE=S XKSYN6M+NVQ +NNR
XJKD@ Y[M J6 UNV GVR\ U'RN LMJVW[NMK GV
YNNNMLMJ6$VOKJN\UHVD GTM6tN@WNV YMFGV
OMQNM )NV@ EO FNU GNV G6OV LODQ GM OGUV )NV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
44
IGPXGVYN6M[T\NHGVFKSFMNFMKL6QNGKWN
YN6MQNVXNVD GNV G/)NNXLM\N>N0NIGNWN
$P8JNVD XV GVR\YNLGKQNRUGNV XGNMXV LM
JKFOXJKD IGN@FI<GP8JNVD XV YNLGNV [N\K
[\ZWGV`NMNQT>NLJTSNN$IRI+N8XUNVJHUNVD !Z%@
LN[\ LX@ WNQZ OV YNMNVILU IGN@ IWX OV RJ
YNLGNV YLXK QNRU GK "NNVNNN GMXV OV LJ\V
YNMNVILU GMXV GK tNI'U XJKD M>NUV )NV$ STXNSV
P8JNVDXV YLXV FVRGZ4NVD GNV YNLGV LK1V \[NIQN
IW8JNVD XV YNLGNV OUNNYN6MYNLGV ONI)NNVD GNV
UG\K4VDLJTDSNE=D$YNLGNVtNNMKIMGUG\K4+NKQK
[E=$
Y&QT<\NJ IFX HOaQ MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D YNL
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNFNGV LNOXHNW ,N MJV
)NV YN6MGTM6tNGKGWHNYUYLXKF6%GHVD )NKIG
EUXV HVD PXGV G GJXV RN\V XV GJN 'N UTH EO
IMNGNMGNV XJKD QV>NUV@GN6XJ6 WNV YN\V 4\N GV 9NVD
GVLNOWNYN6MPOGKYNV!0K\VGMYNYN6MWF
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
45
RJO7QNGMVD UNV PXGV QNVXNVD GDNNVD GV FKSLK% LM

0N\ QV? EO LM GN6H GN OFOV Y+NN[N YNQHK P%N@
YNV!0K\V YNNYN6MWFL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\HO7QVHVD [VUNVPOV YNLGKLK%LMQNVXNVD GDNNVD
GV FKS0N\IQN$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
O7QV JKHVD L0V MJV YN6MRJ\NV[EOUMJOV JOV IG
JOKGV HNMV GQZOMV LMI[MXV \[V$I4MIGOKXV WN
GM4NIUHNMIW<\NJT Y8JNGNV FUNN$RJPOOH
1NV9K F3SK )NKD$ STXNSV RJ QN60 GM YNE=D YN6M XFK
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HO7QV JKHVD )NVV JN UGIG
P8JNVDXV YNLGKLK%OV YNV!0KJ9NGM4VDGKD YN6MPX
\NV[NVDGNVFTMN+N\NGJXV\[KD$OJKJFT>NNMK
HTXKFY\ YWQKGJUVJ6DH6DXVWNIJI\UGVWHNXVHVD
Y<\NJGVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGNVQV>NNJ6
IGYNL4MHNMJV)NV
AAV \NV[NV <NN E\NJN E<\<\NJ GJNV GNHNF JNV
WNYNV[V$ EO LM GT1 \NV[NVD XV YNLGV SVJMV LM )NZG
IQN@GT1XVYNLLMIH9a9K4VDGK@YN6MGT1XV[NI\N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
46
QKD@JNUGIGQNVLJMJNV[N@UNVGF3SKLNXKGN
GF0N,N\N\VGMYNE=YN6MPOOVYNLGNSVJMN
YN6MJN)NNNVN$EOLMYNLXV GJNAAV ,NMKFV9K
YLXV FNL LM [MKFK YN6M MTOaRNE= OV X 0M$
Y\ HNVWHT\GFKMI\U UFMNXK
PMaRN IFX WTF6M GJUV J6D H6D XV Y&QT<\NJ IFX YH]
IFX YNO OV LZ1N IG HTtNaIMGKX XV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGV ON)NWNV OFOV O>UUMKXFTMN
FMaUNRIGN)NNYNLHT!VPOGVFNMVDHVDFUNVD?P8JNVDXV
GJNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNFNGV LNO
XHNW ,N MJV )NV IGP'FNIFXYFKHTY6UYN[N$
POXV YNUV JKYLXNGL0NYNLGK[Q=XHVD 0N\GM
G%NVMUN OV YNL GN [\N "NZ9N$ EUXV HVD YFT F YN
[V YN6M P8JNVD XV POGN GDNN LG0 GM N'GN IQN
YN6MPOV XFKO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV QZMGMUV
JT 4MHNN UTH \NV[ G YNQHK GNV EO I\ HNM
0N\XN SNJUV JNV IG RJ GJUN J6 HVMN MF Y<\NJ J6
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
47
YN6M UT(JNMV LNO UT(JNMV MF GV LNO OV >NT\K JTE=
IXtNNIXN\VGMYNNJ6?OJKJFT>NNMK
JONMK"N9XNVD L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNV
YLXK QNRU GNV WNMK M>NXV OV X MNVG OGKD$ STXNSV
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H J7W GV I\ H'GN
YNXV RN\V GFK\NVD LME/\NHGNV LVtNGMUV )NV$IWOGV
4\/R,NOIMF WNVYNWAHQKXNU6IFN GVXNHOV
OTL]IOJ6 GV GT1\NV[YNLLME=HNX\V YNYN6M
YNLGNV JRSXIQNIGY[MYNLPXGV LNOYNUV
J6D UNV RJ YNLGK HQQ YN6M IJ4NWU GMVD[V$ YNL XV
PXGV ON)N YLXV G ON)NK HTOaYF IFX PH6M
MIW<\NJT Y8JT GNV P8JVD E/\NHGKItN^NNQVXV GV I\
+NVWN$ I4M PO Y5NSNM YN6M UGa\K4 R LMVtNNXK GV
FNQWNV YNLGNV YN6MYNLLME=HNX\NXV RN\V GHWNVM
\NV[NVDGNVYLXKGN6HGKUM4OVLJTSK@YNLGVMFXV
YNL GNV HQKXN GK YNVM IJW]U GM WNXV GK YN.N QV
QK$HQKXNRN\NVDXVYNLGNFVJUMKX/RN[UIGN$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
48
EOL]GNMHQKXNYNLGKQNRUGNGV8Q] YN6ME/\NHK
MN7GKMNWNNXKFX[N$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJR
O<\HXVPOGNVYLXNI%GNXNFXNI\NYN6M\NV[NVDGNV
GTMYNX,NNXNYN6MP8JVD QKXGV YJGNHNH= tNN/
GK ItN^NN QVXN tNT GM IQN$ HQKXN GV \NV[ L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV OQa2RJNM YN6M HJNX
[TNNVDOVFJTUL]+NNIRUJTYN6MYNLOVJMSKWOVF
GM@ JN UG IG YLXK WNXNVD OV +NK YING HJ&FU
GMXV \[V$RJYNLGKOVRNGMXV HVD GQZOMV OV YN[V
FXV GKGNVItNtNGMUV )NV YN6MYNLGV MN/UV HVD GKHUK
OV GKHUKSKW IX1NRMGMQVUV )NV$P8JNVDXV E=HNXYN6M
JNIXUGV OHNWHVD IWDQ[K[TWNMKWNV >NTtNJN\KYN6M
ON6+NN; OV LIMLZN= )NN$ WJN OHNW GV JM 2I'U GV
FKSHJ&FU@P<4UYN6M+NNE=SNM[KGV IMtUV L]GNtNHVD
YN$ STXNSV NXK YN6M IXN=X@ tNMK4 O7WX YN6M
XKS@ [NVMN YN6M GN\N@ YMFK YN6M YWaHK EO HJNX
QKXHVD FMNFMJNV [V$PXGV FKSGVR\U'RNODH
GVYNNNMLMJKGNVE=4G=YN6MYDUMMJ[N$L6[(FM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
49
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGVHQKXNHVDGON\%JMXV
GV FNQ YNL GV YN6M YNLGK PO GN6H GV FKS@ IWOV
YNLGK QNRU GK L][IU UM'GK FTMK \[ MJK )NK@
ONHXNYN6M9GMNRtNTJNV [N$U)NNE/\NHKEIUJNO
GKLJ\K\0NE= Y)N=NUAFQ] GK\0NE= QNV VOV Q\NVD GV
FKS "NI9U JTE=@ WNV QNVXNVD YNLO HVD OD>N YN6M WD[K
JI)NNM HVD G QZOMV OV FJTU HT>UI\4 IRI+N8X )NV
HTO\HNXNVD GK OD>N YN6M HTtNIMGNVD GK OD>N
@)NK$Y<\NJOT&JNXJTRUYN\NXVYLXVL6[(FM
YN6M PXGV ONI)NNVD GK OJNUN GK YN6M PXGK WKU
JTE=$I4MEOGV FNQHTO\HNXNVD YN6MHTtNIMGKXGV FKS
\[NUNMGGV FNQQZOMK \0NE=N JNVUKMJKD$YN%
ON\ GV FNQ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\HvQO
JWNM@NVNYNVDGK4N6WU6NMGMXVHVDO4\
JNV[V$POV\VGMH'GNGKYNVMMRNXNJTYN6MPOHVD
IRWVUNFXGML]RVtNIGNYN6MYLXVGFK\VYN6MYLXK
PO GN6H GNV LMNIWU GM IQN IWOXV YNL GNV JM
L]GNMGKUG\K4VD QK)NKYN6MYNLGV HNXXV RN\NVD GNV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
50
IRI+N8XL]GNMGKNUXNYNVD OV QNVSNMIGN)NNJN UG

IG P8JVD YLXV NX QN6\U@ FN\ F3SV YN6M "NM FNM GNV
5N[XV LM HWaFZM GMIQN )NN$ YNLXV P8JVD LMNIWU
GMIQNYN6MPXLMGMNMKWKUL]N,UGK$STXNSVPO
ON\GNXNHJKAAIRWGNON\ L0[NIWOGVFNMV
HVDY<\NJUFNMGRUYN\NXV4MHNN

~.
AAWF Y<\NJ GK HQQ YN6M 45J IRW YN
WN$YN6MUZ \NV[NVD GNV Y<\NJGV QKXHVD I[MNVJ
JKI[MNVJYNUNQV>N\V@UNV YNLXV MFGKU/FKJ
GMXV\[J(QGVON)NYN6MPOOV^NHNGKL]N)N=XN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
51
GM@ IXODQVJ RJ F0N JK ^NHN GMXV RN\N J6$

OZMUTX XO]
I4MYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV H'GNRN\NVD GNV

WHNGMGVPXOVGJNAAUT(JNMN'N>NN\J6H6D UT(JNMV
ON)N 'N GMXV RN\N JZ? P8JNVDXV GJN Y31N@ YNL
GMKHQN\T+NNE=J6D YN6MGMKHQN\T+NNE=GV FV9V
J6D$ YNL XV 4MHNN AAWNYNV UTH OF YNWNQ JNV$
OTXXF6JGKY\ GTF]N
45JV H'GN GV GNMN FJTU OV \NV[ E/\NH HVD L]RVtN
IG$ I4M L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H HQKXN
RNLO\N69[YN6MGOHGN\GVFNQYLXVHNXXV
RN\V ONI)NNVD HVD OV G \N>N SN6QJ JWNM ONI)NNVD GV
ON)NJ7WGV I\H'GNGKYNVMMRNXNJTYN6MJ
J7WAJ7WUT\ RQNY GV XNHOV L]IOJTYN$EOI\
IG J J7W HTO\HNXNVD GNV IFQN GJXV GV OHNX )NN
'NVDIGYNLGKR4NUGNOHGMKFYN[N)NN$
,N6[(&NMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGNHQKXNHVDONVHRNM
GV IQX MFKP\ Y2R\ OXa IJ GNV /R[=RNO
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
52
JTYNYN6MPOKIQXYNLGNV Q4XIGN[N$YNLGK
R4NULMHTO\HNXNVD GNV FJTU[JMNQT>NJTYNJN UG
IGGT1OJNFNXV EO>NFMGNV O3SNXJKD HNXN$P8JKD
HVD OV PHM IFX >N5UNF MIW<\NJT Y8JT J6D$ P8JNVD XV
GJNIWOGNV H6D XV JGJUV JTOTXI\NIGHTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKHC5TJNV[E=@POGK[Q=X
P0N QZ[N$ EO LM YFZ F MIW<\NJT Y8JT >N0V JT
YN6MY<\NJUYN\NGVEO4H=NXGKIU\NRUGK
PP Q Q
TP
T P P T P N Q P N PQ P P
HR *
. R R R
F
8
,R J@
PP P T P P P P T Q P T P P P T Q T P P P Q T P P

R J R*
R J* 1

.
M T P P Q P PP TP P
Q
T
P R R . .
LR PP JP
.
R R
>
~Y\\H.F)
AAHTJ(HQ
(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
JRO<\H GVR\G
L6[(FM JK
JK J6D@ EX
EX OV LJ\V FJTU OV L6[(FM JNV
STGV J6D@'NY[MPXGKR4NUJNV WNNRJ
tNJKQJNVWN@UNVUTHE/\NHOVYLXKVI0NVDGV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
53
F\I4MWNYNV[V[?V YN6MWNV GNVE= I4MWNYLXK

VI0NVDLMUNVRJJMI[
RJJMI[WY<\NJUYN\NGNGT
Y<\NJUYN\NGNGT1
X IF[N0V[N$
[N$ YN6M YXGMKF Y<\NJ UYN\N
UYN\N
tNT[TWNMNVD GNV Y31N FQ\N QV[N$
N$
OZMU YN\
EH]NX
WFPHMMIW<\NJTY8JTXVJYNUOTXKUNVEOLM
%JM[@YN6MYNLMIW<\NJTY8JTY<\NJGKIGUNF
LM YH\ GMXV RN\V )NV$ R4NU GV OH L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKPH]IU]O%ON\GK
)NKL6[(FMFXNWNXV OV LJ\V YNLH'GNHVD SN\KO
ON\MJVYN6MXFKJNVXVGVFNQUVMJON\UGH'GNHVD
MJVYN6M\NV[NVDGNVUN6JKQGKQNRUQVUVMJV$I4MYNLXV
HQKXN GK YNVM IJW]U GK YN6M RJN QO ON\ UG
IGNH IGN$ YNL LM R GV PUMXV GN IO\IO\N
\[NUNM WNMK MJN JN UG IG YNL LM LZMN GTMaYNX
PUM [N YN6M E/\NH GV YJGNH R GRNXKX LIMLZN=
JNV[V$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
54
0N WK \KFNVX 'U * /HERQ YLXK IGUNF

AYMF GK O+UN HVD GJUV J6D AAIQ \NV[NVD GK GKHU
YN6MHJRGNVPXGVHJNXGNMXNHNVDGV`NMNYNDGNWN
UNV HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HvEIUJNOHVD OFOV
HJNX\NV[NVD HV OV J6D@LI31HKQVtNNVD GV IR`NXNVD XV HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGVON)NE8ON4OVGNH\VXN
tNTGMIQNJ6@WFIGNNIH=GG9a9MLXYN6ML^NLNU
XV FJTU OV EIUJNOGNMNVD GK YN>NNVD GNV YNL O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGKHJNXUNGNV /RKGNMGMXV OV YDNN
GMIQNJ6$
L6[(FM
FM>GNJT\aNLMV>NN
NN
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNYNGNMQMIHNXK
)NN@QNVXNVD GDNNVD GV FKSQZMK)NK@FN\QNVXNVD GNXNVD GK\N6
UGLJTSUV )NV$YNLGNHT>N0NOFOV YINGOTDQM)NN
YN6MYNLGKFXNR9FJTUY31K)NK@YNLX$FV U0D[V
)NV YN6MXJKXN9V >NNV9V$YNLGNMD[XIXH=\O4VQ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
55
)NNXIF<GT\[8QTHK$YNLGV FN\XYING"NTD"NIMN\V
)NV@XIF<GT\ >N0V >N0V$YNLGN SVJMNOFOV YING
OTDQM)NN@YNL[NVMV O\NVXV SVJMV RN\V )NV HNXNV RJSNQK
GN FXN JTYN J6@ YNL GN MD[ SHGQNM )NN@ YNL GN
LOKXN[NVNHNVUKJNVUN)NN$QNKGV FN\FJTUYING
)NV$WNIFMIFXOHTMJOVLZ1N[NIG'NL6[(FMGN
SVJMNU\RNMW6ON)NN?UNV P8JNVD XV GJNAXJKD@FI<G
OZMWYN6MSNQW6ON)NNYN6MRJ[NV$NN $YNLGN
HTJF0N@L\GVD \(FKYN6MVI0N LU\K)NKD$YNL[VNMV
O\NVXV@X+NNMK +NMGHXQTF\V LU\V@X\(FV XXN9V@
FI<GQMIHNXK0K\ 0NV\RN\V )NV$YNLGV QNVXNVD JN)N
YN6M LNR +NNMK +NMGH YN6M QNVXNVD J)NVI\N IRtNN\ )NKD$
YXOGJUV J6DH6D XV GNVE= MVtNHRQKFNGL]GNMGN
MVtNHK GL0N XJKD 1TYN WNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HGKJ)NV\KOVYINGGNVH\XMHJNV$YN6MX
G+NKGNVE= G/UZMK N YDFMOZD"NK WNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ RO<\H GK >NTtFZ OV FVJUM JNV$ QVI>NV OJKJ
FT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
56

L6[(FM>GVGT1OQ2a RJNM@
/R+NNRYN6M[T N IRtNVNN
LIMLZN= FTI L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H

LIMLZN= FTIHNXUNGKPOSMHOKHNLMLJTDSV JT)NV
WJN YNL GV IORN GNVE= HXT XJKD LJDTSN J6$ GNWK
YNW GJUV J6D AALIMLZN= FTI YN6M PO GK IRI+N8X
NN>NNYNVD HVD L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GN

OR=-V% /)NNX PO YNQHK GV IXG9 IXI
SU L OV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
57
IOYN6MONIFUJ6WNVYNLGVJN\NUYN6MOHNSNMGV
NNMV U)NN YNL GV /R+NNR GK IXMDUMUN YN6M 2RJNM
GT
N\UN GNV >NNVWUN YN6M 99NV\UN J6@ YNL GV
WRNIHP\ GI\HODI^N,ULM8UT Y)N=LZN= 2NLGG)NX @
YNL GV I
N9NSNM GK OTDQMUN@ YNLGV YXTLH WKRX
SIM YN6M YNL GK FTIHNN GK FNUNVD GN YX
GMUN J6@ U)NN UN6MNU@ E8WK\ YN6M Y8 PUMK JTE=
YNOHNXK IGUNFNVD HVD HN6WZQ FNUNVD@ FTIHNXNVD GV G)NXNVD@
IL1\KGN6HNVDOHTQNNVDGVJN\NUDROHNSNM@GJNRUNVD
\NVVGNVINVDYN6M\NVGMNWXKIUNVD GV IRNHVD YNLGV
.NX YN6M WNXGNMK OV YR[U JNVUN J6@ U)NN YNL GN
ODIRNNXMSXNDRODSN\X@PNHI
N9NSNMYN6MOMNJXV
NV;/R+NNRDR2RJNMGK/)NNLXNGMXN@U)NNEXGV
YIUIM'UYXVGL]GNMGV
NN/ DRIR.NXOV YR.U
JNVUN J6 IWXGV IRN HVD L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H GV G)NX@ PXGV .NIXNVD XV YLXN YNQ
N= YN6M
YNLGV ODGVUNVD GNV JT7WUUG=FXNNJ6@W6OV >NNF
GK UNFKM /RLX4\@ IUF YNTRV=Q@ IJONF [INU
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
58
NN/ @IRMNOUHTMQV GKWNQNQGNV FND9XV GN

NN/
YN6MXOFRD
NNR\K
NN/ E5NIQEXOH/USKWNVD
GK WNXGNMK YNL GNV IFXN I
N^NN YN6M LNE= GV L]N,U
)NK$EOGV I\YNLXV GJKD I
N^NNL]N,UXJKD GK@YN6M
XYNLXVIL1\V\NV[NVDGKIGUNFNVDGNLN%IGNYN6MX
JKYNLPXGV .NIXNVD YN6MIR`NXNVD GV LNOF6%V@FI<G
YNL G YLX IXM^NM E=
QZU )NV LXN I\>NXN
WNXUV JKX)NV$YNLGNV EXHVD OV IGOK+NKSKW GN
.NX XJKD )NN JN UG IG Y<\NJ UYN\N XV YNL GV
OKXV GNV >NNV\IQN@YNLGV HNH\V GNV /L9GMIQN@
YNL GNV IO>NNN YN6M LNN$ YI
N4N IF UNMKI4
JTGZIG\ HT/54N#
JIUONF
JIUONF Y)NN=U IGOK +NK GNH GN FQ\N
Y<\NJUYN\NOVSNJXNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJ
RO<\H WNV +NK GNH GMUV )NV POGN FQ\N GVR\
Y<\NJUYN\NOVSNJUV)NVYN6MEOH6QNXHVDYNLOF
GVXNG)NV$YNLGNVYLXKQNRUGV46\NXVGVHN[=HVD
FJTUG9YN6MGI%XNE=NVD GNONHXNGMXNL0N@IG8UT
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
59
YNLXV N6= GV ON)NYN6MY<\NJGKYNVMOV YW] R

ORNF YN6M FQ\V GK P(HKQ M>NUV JT OF GT1 OJX
GMI\N$Y&QT<\NJIFXHOaQMIW<\NJTY8JTGJUV
J6D [NVN H6D L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GNV QV>N
MJNJZ IGYNLGE=tQZUGNFNXGMMJV )NV IW8JVD
PXGK GN6H XV HNMN LK9N )NN YN6M RJ YLXV SVJMV OV
>NZXLNVD1UV JTGJMJV )NVAAV Y<\NJHVMKGN6HGNV
^NHN GM QV 'NVDIG RJ XJKD WNXUK $ OJKJ FT>NNMK R
OJKJHTI/\H
WT8QTFIFXOTNXGJUVJ6DG\0NE=GVQN6MNXL6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK YD[T\K "NN\ JNV [E= UNV
YNLXV4MHNN
AAUZGYD[T\KJ6WNV"NN\JNV[E=J6@WNVUG\K4UT!V
LJTDSK J6 RJ Y<\NJ GV MN/UV HVD J6$ OJKJ FT>NNMK R
OJKJHTI/\H
E>Na\NO IX/RN)N=
IX/RN)N=UN
Y)NN=U GNVE= +NK GNH
GVR\ Y<\NJ UYN\N GK L]O8XUN L]N,U GMXV GV I\
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
60
GMXNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV UHNH

GNHNVD YN6M HNH\NVD HVD HTI>\O IX/RN)N= )NV@ W6ONIG
Y<\NJ UYN\N XV YNLGNV EOGN YNQVtN QVUV JTV
4MHNN
P
Q
TP
TQ
/
8P
R R
R P P JP L
P PJP
R Q JP
R P H
,R
@
Q P TPPP Q T Q P P P QP P P P P P PT
F J* *J 1
R *
R RJ

R .
R
T
T
P
Q
Y^[
~ Y^ZG.>
R R .
AAYNL GJ QKIWV IG IXOD
IXODQVJ HVMK XHNW YN6M
YN6MHVMNWKXNYN6M
HVMKOH/UPLNOXN
KOH/UPLNOXNEFNQUYN6
HVMNHMXNVOFGVR\Y<\NJJKGVI\J6WNV
ONMVODONM
NMGNLN\XJNMJ6$POGNGNVE=ON!KXJKD
YN6M HT!V EOK GN YNQV
N JTYN J6 YN6M H6D OF
HNXXV RN\NVD HVD OV LJ\N JZ$
OZMUT\ YXaYNH

OQa2RJNM >NT
N Y>\NGK YN6M
ONHNIWGUNYNLGKL5XKYNEtNNMIW<\NJT Y8JN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
61
OV WFYNLGV YNSNMGV FNMV HVD LZ1N[NUNV P8JNVDXV

GJN AAGTMYNX
aYNX GMKH JK YNL GN YNSNM Y>\NG
YNSNM Y>\NG
)NN$
)NN$ HTOaXQYJHQ
EO GN Y)N= J J6 IG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H GTMaYNX GMKH GV YNQVtNNVD GN LN\X GMXV RN\V
YN6MPOGKHXNGKJTE= IXINISKWNVD OV FSXV RN\V
)NV$POGV YDQM IWX IRtNVNUNYNVD YN6M [TNNVD GN P<\V>N
IGN[N J6 PXGNV YLXNXV RN\V YN6M YLXV YNL GNV
PXGV YXTONM N\XV RN\V )NV$ IWX WNIJMK N FNIUXK
L]5^NNLMNV^NFTMNE=NVD OV GTMYNXXV MNVGNJ6 P8JVD
5N[XVRN\V)NV$
YN6MEOHVDGNVE=YNtS=GKFNUXJKDJ6'NVDIGYNLGN
JKJ4H=NXJ6
AAY<\NJUYN\NXVHT!VPNHY>\NGYN6MY31V
GNHNVD GK UGaHK\ LIMLZN= GMXV GV I\ +NVWN
J6$ YQFT\ HT4MQI\\ FT>NNMK@HTOaXQYJHQ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
62
Y<\NJUYN\NXV GTMYNXHVD YLXV EOG)NXGV `NMN

YNLGKIR
NVNUNGNRN=XIGNJ6
P P P
Q Q
O R P
O P
R J@
\~.>
AAIXOD
AAIXODQVJYNLHJNXY>\NGLMJ6D$ OZMUT\ G\H
YXOIFXHNI\G IW8JNVD XV QOON\UGMNURIQX
YN6M NU]N R IXRNO HVD YNLGK OVRN GK YN6M POGV

QN6MNX YNLGV YJRN\ GN .NX L]N,U IGN GJUV J6D
Y<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVD HVD

OF OV PNH Y>\NG GV HNI\G )NV$ OJKJ FT>NNMK R
OJKJHTI/\H
U)NNRJGJUVJ6DAAL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HX
[N\K FGUV )NV@ X 4'G0 FNWK GMUV )NV YN6M X
NNL
QVUV )NV$Y[MYNLIGOKGNV 0ND949GNMGMUV )NV UNV
GVR\EUXNGJUV)NVPOV'NJNV[NJ6?POGKLVtNNXK
>NNGYN\ZQJNVH9a9KHVDOXV$ OJKJFT>NNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
63
YQFRO\KGNO+UNYN6MImN9UNOJa\
IFX OYQ MIW<\NJT Y8JT FNX GMUV JD6 IG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV LNOLKXV RN\KGNVE= SKW
\NE= [E= IWOHVD OV YNLXV ILN$YNLGV QNIJXV YNVM
GF3SNYN6MYNLGV FNVD YNVMF0V F0V \NV[)NV@YNL
XVF3SVOVGJNAA'NUT
AA'NUTHHT!VJEWNWUQVUVJNVIG
J
XV
J LKXV RN\KSKW EX\NV[NVD GNV QV QZ ?F3SV

GJN Y<\NJ GK GOH H6D YNLOV IH\XV RN\V YLXV
IJ/OV LM IGOK GNV L]N)NIHGUN XJKD QV OGUN$ OJNFK
GJUV J6DSTXNSV YNLXV POSKW GNV POF3SV GV JN)N
HVDM>NIQN$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
OT\J LODQKODINIL]UN YNL OTNNM YN6M
ODINIL])NV@OJa\IFXOYQGJUV J6DGTFNRN\NVD XV
YNLOHVD \0NE= ![0NIGNJN UGIGGQZOMV LM
L5)NMFNWKIGV@WFL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
GNVEOGKOZSXNIH\KUNVYNLXV4MHNN
AAS\NV
AAS\NV S\GM JH PXGV FKS OH!N6UN OT\J
GMNQVD$ OJKJFT>NNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
64
+N\NE= GN YNQVmN QVXN YN6M FTMNE= OV MNVGXN

Y&QT<\NJIFXY&FNOMIW<\NJTY8JTHNFNXGMUVJ6D
IGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV GYNQHKGV
JN)N HVD ONVXV GK G YD[Z%K QV>NK UNV POV IXGN\ GM
4VDGIQNYN6M4MHNNAAUT
AAUTHHVD OV GNVE= 2I'UYN[
GN YD[NMN \V GM YLXV
YLXV JN)N HVD 0N\ \VUN J6
WF
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H S\V [V UNV PO
YNQHKOVGJN[NIGYLXKYD[Z%K\V\NVYN6MPOOV
\N+NP%NYNV$POXV GJNXJKD@Y<\NJGKGOHWF
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV POV 4VDGIQNUNV
H6DPOVG+NK+NKXJKDP%NOGUN$OJKJHTI/\H
LIR UNYN6MO4NE= LODQK YNL FJTU LIR UN
YN6M/R31UNIL])NV@HTJNIWMIFXGTX4TW FNXGMUV
J6D IG RJ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GV LNO
YNV EOJN\HVD IGYNLLVtNNFGMMJV )NV$P8JNVD XV
YNLGNVO\NHIGNUNVYNLXVPOGNWRNFXJKDIQN
JN UGIGYNLXV RTWZ GMI\N@I4MYNLXV PXOV
^NHN NSXN GMUV JT GJN AAH6D XV IFXN LNGK GV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
65
Y<\NJ UYN\N GN IW /HMN GMXN LOD

Q XJKD
LODQ
IGN$
IGN OTXXYFZQNQ
WTFNX GK OTM^NN Y&QT<\NJ IFX YFK YN64N
FNX GMUV J6D IG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H
Y<\NJ GN YING IW GMUV )NV@ IXM)N=G YN6M FVGNM
FNU XJKD GMUV )NV@ XHNW \(FK GMUV )NV YN6M >NT5FN
1NV9N@ YN6M IGOK IRNRN N IH/GKX GV ON)N S\GM
POGKYNRtGUNLZMKGMXVHVDGNVE="NCNNXJKDGMUV)NV$
OTXXXONE=
YINGPLNOXNYNEtNNMIW<\NJT Y8JNGJUK
J6DL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HMNUGNVWN[GM
XHNW ,NUV )NV JN UGIGYNLGV QNVXNVD LNR49WNUV
)NV$GIMRNUGV
N&QJJ6DIGJNUGIGYNL
GV LNR4Z\WNUV )NV$EOLMYNEtNNMIW<\NJT Y8JN
XV YNLOV LZ1NV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMYNLVON'NVD
GMUV J6D?WFIGY<\NJUYN\NXV YNLGV Y[\V YN6M
IL1\V [TXNJHN4GMIQV J6D$YNLXV 4MHNNAA'N
AA'N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
66
H6DY<\NJGNtNT[TWNMF8QNXFXZ? OJKJFT>NNMKR
OJKJHTI/\H
XH]UN YN6M XH= IQ\K YFZ JTM6MJ MIW<\NJT
Y8JT GJUV J6D UT46\ IFX YH] QN6OK YN6M PXGV ON)NK
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GV LNO YN YN6M
P8JNVD XV GJNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMGFK\NQN6ORN\NVD
XVYRJV\XNYN6ME8GNMIGNJ6@YNLPXLMFQa QTYN
tNNL GMQKIW$EOLMGJN[NIGQN6OGFK\N
GN YF OR=XNtN JTYN$ UNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HXVGJNAAV
AAVY<\NJ
Y<\NJ UZQN6ORN\NVDGNV IJQNU
HN[= QtN=X L]QNX GM YN6M P8JVD \VGM YN$ OJKJ
FT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y31K RVmN+NZNN FMN IFX YNIWF MIW<\NJT
Y8JT GJUV J6D L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GN
YNGNMQMIHNXN)NN@QNVXNVD GDNNVD GV FKSQZMK)NK@FN\
QNVXNVDGNXNVDGK\TMGKUGLJTDSUV)NV$H6DXVYNLGNVG
\N\WNV0NLJXV JTQV>NN$H6D XV YNLOV YINGOTDQM
G+NKGNVE=SKWXJKDQV>NK$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
67
QTIXNOVFV M[aFUKYISY&QT<\NJIFX
HOaQ MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H G S9NE= LM ONV )NV@ YNL P%V UNV
YNLGVLJ\ZHVDPOGVIXtNNXNU)NV@EOLMJHXVGJN
V Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H 'N
JH YNL GV I\ G IF/UM GK 2R/)NN X GM QVD?
YNLXV 4MHNNAAHT
AAHT!V QTIXNOV 'N\VXNQVXN@H6D UNV
QTIXNHVDPOORNMGVOHNXJZIWOXVGLV0GVXKSV
IR-NH IGN I4M POV 1NV0 GM S\N [N$
OTXX IUIH=WK
YH] IFX JNIMO MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D L6[(FM

O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV YLXKR4NUGV OHX
GNVE= IQMJH1NV0NXQKXNM@XGNVE= [T\NH1NV0NXGNVE=
\N60K$YNLXVGVR\YLXNO4VQ>N3SM@JI)NNMYN6M
G9TG0NWHKX1NV0NIWOV YNLXV >N6MNUGMIQN$
OJKJFT>NNMK
E=ONM/RN)N= 5N[ Y)NN=U YLXV LM QZOMV
GNVL]N)NIHGUNQVXN$OJ\IFXOYQFNXGMUVJ6DIG
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
68
G HIJ\N G FTQN= SNQM \VGM YNE=$ L6[(FM

'N
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV OJNFNOV GJNAA'N
UTHWNXUV JNV IGFTQN= 'NJ6? YNLOV
GJN[NWK

JN@VRJSNQMJNVUKJ6IWOGVIGXNMVFV\FZ9VFXVJNVUV
J6D$POHIJ\NXVGJNVY<\NJGVL6[(FM(N6DXVEOV
YNLGNV LJXNXV GV I\YLXV JN)NOV FTXNJ6$STXNSV
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXVPOV\VI\N@YNL
GNV EOGKYNRtGUN)NK$GT1QVMFNQYNLPOV LJXV
JTJHNMV LNOYNUNV GN6HGV GYNQHKXV GJNV
Y<\NJGV L6[(FMJHT!V LJXXV GV I\QV QKIWV$
YNLO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV4MHNNAA%KGJ6
AA%KGJ6$
$
$
EOGV FNQ GT1 QVM YNL HI7\O HVD F6%V MJV@ I4M "NM
RNLO[@SNQMGNV\LV9NYN6MPOVPOYNQHKGVLNO
I+NWRNIQN$GN6HGV\NV[NVDXVPOOVGJNUTHXVSNQM
HN[GMY31NXJKDIGN@WFIGUTHY31KUMJWNXUV
JNV IGYNLIGOKONE\HND[XV RN\V GNV >NN\KJN)N
XJKD \N69NUV J6D$POYNQHKXV GJNY<\NJGKGOH
H6DXVEOVGVR\EOI\HN[NJ6UNIGJHVMVHMXVGV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
69
IQX HVMN G4X FX WN$ OJ\ GJUV J6D@ STXNSV RJ
SNQMPXGKG4XFXK)NK$OJKJFT>NNMK
E=HNX GK mNI'U YN6M Y<\NJ LM +NMNVON
YFZ FIOQaQKG MIW<\NJT Y8JT FNXGMUV J6D WF
JH[NMON6MXNHK[T4NHVD 1TLV )NV UNV H6D XV HTtNIMGNVD
GV LNRNVD GNV YLXV IOMGV LNOQV>NNYN6MH6D FNV\L0N
VY<\NJGVL6[(FMY[MPXHVDOVGNVE=YNQHKYLXV
LNRGKUM4IX[NJGMVUNVJHVDYLXVLNRGVXKSVQV>N
\V[N$ EO LM YNL XV 4MHNN AAV YFZ F VOV QNV
YNQIHNVDGVFNMVHVDUT(JNMN'NIRSNMJ6IWXGNUKOMN
Y<\NJJ6$
OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
GCLN YN6M OJNXT+NZIU mN4aGU YN6M MJH
IQ\K YFZ GUNQN MIW<\NJT Y8JT FNX GMUV J6D
Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H
YFT\ YNOGKFV9KPHNHNGNVYLXVGDNVLMP%NJT
JHNMV LNOYNYN6MXHNW ,NNE=@WFYNLMTGZYHVD
WNUVUNVP8JVDXKSVPUNMQVUVYN6MWFMTGZYOVP%UVUNV
P8JVDQNVFNMNP%N\VUV$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
70
OM\UN YN6M YNONXK YXO MIW<\NJT Y8JT

GJUV J6D IG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\HvXV
4MHNN
AAH6D XHNW tNTGMUNJZ YN6MHVMNEMNQNXHNW
GNV\(FKGMXVGNJNVUNJ6@\VIGXH6DF3SVGVMNVXV
GKYNRNW OTXGMYLXKXHNW
GM YLXKXHNW J<GKGMQVUN
JZ'NVDIGH6DWNXUNJZIGPOGVMNVXVOVPOGKHN
GNVIGUXKLMVtNNXKJNV[K$
K$ OJKJFT>NNMKRHTI/\H
Y<\NJGN0MYN6MLMJVW[NMKODHYFZ
JTM6MJ MIW<\NJT Y8JT FNX GMUV J6D IG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV4MHNN
AAG+NK G+NNM H6D YLXV "NM RNLO \N69UN JZ UNV
YLXVIF1N6XVLM>NWZML0NJTYNLNUNJZ@H6DPOV
>NNXV GV I\P%N\VUNJZ@I4MH6D 0MUNJZ IG
GJKDJOQ
JOQaG
a N >N6MNU
NU GNXJNV$ JONVSGM
H6DPOVM>NQVUNJZ$ OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
71
PQNMUNGVON)N>NS=GMXNYXOIFXHNI\G
MIW<\NJT Y8JT FNX GMUV J6D IG E/\NH \NXV LM
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV WNV GT1+NKHND[N
[N@YNLXV POV L]QNXGMIQN$RJGJUV J6DSTXNDSV
G YNQHK YNL GV LNO YNN UNV YNL XV POV QNV
LJN0NVD GV FKSSMXV RN\KFGIMNVD GNMVR0 L]QNXGM
IQN$RJYLXKGN6HGV LNORNLO\N69GM[NUNV
GJNV GN6HGV \NV[NVE/\NH\V YNYNV'NVDIGHTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\HvEUXK FI>tNtN YXTQNX
QVUV J6D IG 4NGN GN GNVE= 0M XJKD JNVUN J6$ OJKJ
HTI/\H
YNLOKOJNV[DROJNUNIL]UNYNEtNN
MIW<\NJT Y8JN OV WF J LZ1N [N IG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV "NMHVD 'NIGNGMUV
)NV?UNV P8JNVD XV GJNYLXV LIMRNMGKOVRN OJNV[HVD
\[V MJUV )NV@ YN6M WF XHNW GN OH JNV WNUN UNV
XHNWGVI\IXG\L0UV)NV$OJKJFT>NNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
72
FMNIFXYNIWFMIW<\NJT Y8JTGJUV J6DH6D XV >N8QG

GV IQXL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNV QV>NNIG
YNLH9a9KNVMJV)NVJNUGIGH9a9KOVYNLGVOKXV
GV FN\ G [V@ YN6M YNL GV FN\ FJTU YING )NV@
EOK JN\U HVD YNL Y&QT<\NJ IFX MRNJN GV J M7W
Y)NN=U\0NE=HVDLKWNXVRN\K1DQ,NMJV)NV
V Y<\NJ Y[M UZ X JNVUN UNV JH IJQNU HN[=

Q
N=XXLNUV$
XOQa
XOQGaGN
>N6MNUGMUV@XXHNW,NUV$
YUJHLMOGKXU
YUJHLMOGKXUtNND
tNNDIU
UXNIW\GM$
GM$
YN6MIQJHNMKHT%+NV0JNVUNVJHNMVLNRWHNQV
WHNQV$
QTtHXNVDXVJHLMY5NSNMIGNJ6$
Y[M
Y[M RJ JHVD I4UXV HVD 0N\XN SNJVD[V[V UNV JH EOGN
IRMNVN
NGMV
GMVD[V[$V
FMNMIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D IGYNLE8JVD WNVM WNVM
OV,NUV)NV$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
73
O3SNE= L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK

L5XKYNEtNNMIW<\NJT Y8JNYNLGV FNMVD HVD GJUKJ6D
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GV XWQKG !Z% OV
ORN=INGXNLODQKQN"NCNN/LQGNVE=YN6MYNQUXJKD)NK$
GYNQHKY<\NJGV L6[(FMGV LNO!Z%FNV\UN)NN
UNVYNLPOGKRJFNUYLXVIQ\HVDI\MJUV)NVJN
UGIGYNLGNV JLUNXS\WNIGPOXVPOOV
UN6FNGM\KJ6$OTXXIUIH=WK
YNLGVQTtHXNVDUGXV+NKYNLGKO3SNE=GK[RNJKQK
J6$ J YFZ WJa\ J6 WNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H GV OF OV GM QTtHXNVD HVD OV )NN@ PO XV G
IQX YNL OV GJN V HTJ(HQ H6D YNL GNV !Z%N XJKD
GJUN@IG8UT YNLWNV GT1\VGMYNJ6D YN6MIWOGK
QNRU QVUV J6D@ H6D PO GN E8GNM GMUN JZ$ EO LM
Y<\NJUYN\NXVJYNUPUNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
74
P Q Q T PP Q Q P T P T P
P P Q QP
T Q R H
L.
,R @
R
PP P P Q P QP
P R R .

R . 1
R PR
R J
P P TP
Q
~[[G.>HJ
AAJHY31KUMJWNXUV J6D IGWNV GT1JGJUV

J6DEOOVYNLQT>NKJNVUJ6D$ONVJ\NV[YNLGNV
XJKD !T%\NUV
\NUV@\VIGXJWNI\H\NV[UNV Y<\NJ
GKYNUNVDGNE8GNMGMUVJ6D$
OZMUT\ YXaYNH

Y<\NJ GK JTH=UNVD NH= IXIN SKWNDV GN
O(HNX YNEtNN MIW<\NJT Y8JN FNX GMUK J6D
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\HvGNV WF +NK QNV
GNHNVDGVFKSSXGMXVGNYROMIQNWNUNUNVYNL
RJKGNHSXGMUV WNV YNONXJNV@WFUGIGRJ
[TXNJGNGNHXJNVUN$Y[MRJ[TXNJGNGNHJNVUN
UNV YNL PO OV YIU YING QZM MJUV$ Y<\NJ GK
GOHYNLXV G+NKYLXV X4aO/RN)N=GV I\FQ\N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
75
XJKD I\N@ IG8UT Y[M Y<\NJ GK JTH=UNVD GNV LNHN\

IGN WNUN )NN UNV YNL Y<\NJ GV I\ YR
FQ\N
\VUV)NV$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
L]4T<\UN JDOHT>N SVJMN Y&QT<\NJ IFX
JNIMOMIW<\NJTY8JTGJUVJ6DH6DXVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ RO<\HvOV YING UF/OTH GMXV HTOGTMNXV
RN\NIGOKGNVXJKDQV>NN$OTXXIUIH=WK
YHNXU QNMK YN6M L]IU.N LN\X L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK YHNXU QNMK YLXK
IHON\YNLYXTLH)NK$V H'GNRN\V IW8JNVD XV PO
OHWFYNLXVYLXKQNRUGN\NXIGN@YNLOV
QTtHXKGNFV0NP%NI\NYN6MYNLLMYN6MYNLGV
HNXXV RN\NVD LM Y5NSNM IGN$ EXGV YN6M L6[([M
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV FKS EUXK QTtHXK GV
FNRWZQ +NK YLXK YHNXUVD YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGVLNOJKM>NUV)NV$JYHNXUQNMKPOOH
YLXKSMHOKHNLMLJTS[E=WFE8JKDH'GNRN\NVDXV
YNL GNV JM L]GNM GN G9 OJXV GV FNQ HQKXN GK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
76
YNVM IJW]U GMXV LM IRRtN HWaFZM GM IQN UNV

YNLXV YLXV SSVMV +NNE= Y\K IFX YFZ UNI\F
MIW<\NJT Y8JT GNV JYNQVtNIQNIGRJUKXIQX
GV I\ YLXK IJW]U /)NI[U GM QVD UNIG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGVLNOH'GNRN\NVDGKWNV
YHNXUVD )NKD@ P8JVD PXGV HNI\GNVD GNV RNLO \N69N QVD$
OKMUE&XV IJtNNH#
EOKL]GNML6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV L]IU.N
LN\X GN G QtN=X L]UKIU J J6 IG WF L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV OTJ6\ IFX YH] OV
JTQ6IFNGVIQXODINGKYRINHTULMOH!N6UNGM
I\NYN6MOTJ6\IFXYH] XV WNV tNUV=D \[NE= )NKD PXHDV
GtNU= J+NK)NKIGPOXV GJNJHHV
JHHVD OV WNV +NK
YNQHK SNJV RJYNLGV QKXJKLM'NVD XJNV
YNLGV LNOWNUNJ6 UNV YNLPOV RNLOGMQVD[V YN6M
POV JHNMV JRN\V GM
GMQVQVD[V$YN6MEOtNU= GV IFXNOTJ6\
XV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV OT\JGMXV OV
E8GNM GM IQN UNV HNVIHXNVD XV EOV XNLODQ IGN YN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
77
NVNL]G9IGN$STXNDSVP8JNVDXVEOGVFNMVHVDFNUSKU
GK$ I4M WF OTJ6\ XV EO tNU= GV IFXN L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HOVOT\JGMXVOVE8GNMGM
IQN UNV YNL XV EO LM OT\J GM \K$ Y+NK OT\J
XNHNI\>NNJKWNMJN)NNIGOTJ6\IFXYH] GV FV9V
YFZ W8Q\FVI0NVD HVD WG0V JTYN[$RJH'GNGV
IXS\VIJ/OVOVIXG\GMYN)NV$P8JNVDXVYLXVYNL
GNV HTO\HNXNVD GV FKS 0N\ IQN$ J QV>N GM
YFZ W8Q\GV FNLOTJ6\XV GJNV HTJ(HQJLJ\N
2I'UJ6IWOGVFNMVHVDH6DYNLOVHNH\NGMUNJZIG
YNL EOV RNLO GM QVD$ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HXVGJNAAEOGNV
EOGNV HVMV I\1NV0QNV$ POXVGJN
H6DEOVYNLGVI\XJKD1NV0OGUN$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HXVGJNAAXJKD
AAXJKD@ EUXNUNV GMJKQNV $
POXV GJN H6D VON XJKD GM OGUN$ YFT W8Q\ GNV
EOGN JONO JNV [N@ UNV P8JNVD XV HTO\HNXNVD GNV
PGONUV WNVtN IQ\NUV JT GJN AAHTO\HNXNV 'N H6D
HTtNIMGNVD GK YNVM RNLO GM IQN WN[N JN\NDIG H6D
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
78
HTO\HNX JNVGM YNN JZ? 'N UTH HVMK LMVtNNXK XJKD

QV>N MJV JNV? P8JVD Y<\NJ GV MN/UV HVD FJTU YING
G9IQN[N)NN$
STXNSV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV L]IU.NGN
LN\XGMUVJTP8JVDOTJ6\IFXYH]GKYNVMRNLOGM
IQN$OJKJFT>NNMK
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV YFZ W8Q\ OV
4MHNNAAYFZ W8Q\NKMWOV GNH\NV YN6MEOLM
Y<\NJ OV LT YW] R ORNF GK YNtNN M>NNV$
Y<\NJUT(JNMV I\YN6MUT(JNMV ON)NWNV Y8GHWNVM
HTO\HNXJ6D PXOFGV I\GTtNNQ[KYNONXK YN6M
GNVE=MN/UNYRtL6QNGMV[N$JHXVEX\NV[NVDOVOT\J
GM \K J6 YN6M JHNMV YN6M EXGV FKS YJaQ R L6HNX
L]IU.N \N[Z JNV STGNJ6 YN6MJHL]IU.N+ND[ YJQ
I
NGXKXJKDGMOGUV$ HTOaXQYJHQ
I4M L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H HQKXN RNLO
UtMK4 \V YN@ UNV GTM6tN GN YFZ FOKM XNHK G
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
79
YNQHK HTO\HNX JNV GM YN [N@ UNV GTM6tN XV POGNV
RNLO\VXV GV I\QNV YNQIHNVD GNV +NVWN@P8JNVD XV GJN
YNLXV JHOV WNV RNQNIGN)NNPOGNV LZMNGKIWV$
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXVYFZ FOKMGNVPX
QNVXNVDYNQIHNVDGVJRN\VGMIQN$
RKMUNYN6MFJNQTMKY\KMIW<\NJTY8JTGJUV
J6DH6D XV FQ] GV IQXQV>NNJ6 IGJHL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGNYN0 \VUV )NV@YN6MJHNMV FKSYNL
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV F GMQTtHXGV GMKF
GNVE=XJKD)NN$POIQXYNLOFOVYINGF\aRNXYN6M
tNI'UtNN\K)NV$HTOaXQYJHQ
\0NE=GVH6QNXOVFNJMYNLGKFJNQTMKYN6MIQ\VMKGV
FNMV HVD YXOIFXHNI\GMIW<\NJT Y8JT FNXGMUV
J6DL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVD HVD OFOV
Y31V YN6MOFOV F0V RKM FJNQTM)NV$GMNUHQKXN
RN\V"NFMNJ9YN6MQJatNUGVItNGNMJNV[YN6MYNRNW
tNNVMGKYNVMIXG\V@UNV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\H P8JDV MN/UV HVD RNLO YNUV JT IH\V$ YNL
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
80
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVDOVLJ\VJKYNRNWGK
YNVMLJTDSGMJIXMK^NNGMSTGV )NV IGGNVE= >NUaMN
XJKD J6$ PO OH YNL YFZ U\aJN GV IFXN WKX GV
"NNV0V LMORNM)NV YN6M[Q=XHVD U\RNM\9GNJT)NV@
YN6MGJMJV)NVAA0MNV
AA0MNVXJKD@0MNVXJKD$

I4MYNLXVGJNAAJHXV
AAJHXVEO
LNN @
EO"NNV0V GNVOHTQ]LNN
N YNL XV J GJN IG AAJ "NNV0N OHTQ] J6$
HQKXNRN\V YNRNW GNtNNVMOTXGM"NFMNJ9GV YN\H
HVD JGKGUGNLUN\[NXV GV I\FNJMIXG\UV J6D@UNV
MN/UV HVD L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H YGV\V
YNRNWGKYNVMOVRNLO\N69UVJTIH\UVJ6D$YNLP8JVD
EUIHXNX IQ\NUV J6D$ YNL G VOV "NNV0V LM ORNM J6D
IWOGKWKXXJKDGOK[E=)NK'NVDIGI/)NIUGNUGNWN
)NNIGW<QKGKWN$YNLYLXKU\RNM\9GNJT
)NV'NVDIGPOGVE/UVHN\GKYNRtGUNL0OGUK)NK$
YN6MYNLXV P8JVD FUNNIGYNLGV LNOWNV "NNV0N)NN
RJOHTQ] Y)N=NUFJTUUVW )NN@EOI\YNLXV HNH\V
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
81
GNLUN\[NXV GV I\YLXV ON)N\NV[NVD GV IXG\XV GK

L]UK^NNXJKDGK$
PJTQGK\0NE=HVDL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV
OJNFNIGMNHOV LMNH
N= O\NJ HtNaRMNIGNUNV P8JNDV
XV \0NE= GMXV GK O\NJ QK@ YN6M /RD L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK MN QZOMK )NK@ IG8UT
YNLXVPXGVHtNaRMNGNV/RKGNMGMI\N$\VIGXFNQ
HVD OJNFN GNV EO LM L1UNRN JTYN 'NVDIG YNL GK
SNJU QZOMK )NK$ Y8ONM XV YNLO HVD GJN JH XV
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK MN GNV %TGMN
IQN$STXNSV RJ\NV[YNLGV LNOYNYN6MGJNV
Y<\NJGV L6[(FMYNLGNV WNV LODQJNV RJKGKIW@
PO OH YNL XV 4MHNN AAGNVE= XFK WF YLXN
JI)NNM LJX \V UNV HTXNIOF XJKD IG POV PUNMV JN
UGIGRJ\0NE=XGM\V$ HTOaXQYJHQ
QNXmNNK\UN YN6M O>NNRU E&XV Y&FNO
MIW<\NJT Y8JTHN GJUV J6D Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H \NV[NVD HVD OF OV F GM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
82
O>NNRUGNQIMN YIUQNXK )NV@YN6MYNLGKO>NNRU

GNQIMNMHWNXHVDPOOHOFOVYINGP4NXLM
JNVUN )NN WF IWF]K\ YNL OV HT\NGNU GMUV )NV@ YN6M
IWF]K\YNLOVMHWNXGKJMMNUHVDHT\NGNUGMUV)NV
YN6M GTMaYNX GN QN6M GMNUV )NV@ PO OH L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H>N6MGKO>NNRUHVDUVWJRN
OV+NKYN[VJNVU)NV$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
YFZ WMMIW<\NJT Y8JT 4MHNUV J6DH6D HQKXNGV JM=N
GN\V MD[GKL)NMV\KWHKX HVD S\MJN)NNIGJH
PJTQLJN0 GV ONHXV YN[@UNV YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HXV GJNAAV
AAV YFZ WM H6
D XV GJNH6D JNIWM
JZ V Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM YNL XV 4MHNN AAHT!V J
LODQ XJKD J6 IG PJTQ LJN0 HVMV I\ ONVXN FX WN
YN6MGNUKXMNUFKUWNYN6MPOHVDOVHVMVLNO
GQKXNM+NKFNGKMJWN@IORNEOGV IGH6D POV
GW=GVI\M>N\Z@IORNEOGVIGH6DPOVYLXVQNVD@
FNVD YN6M LK1V Y<\NJ GV F8QNVD HVD FND9 QZ$ OJKJ
FT>NNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
83
WNIFM IFX Y&QT<\NJ MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D IG

VONG+NKXJTYNIGYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
OV GNVE= SKW HND[K[E= JNV YN6MYNLXV XJKD GJIQN
JNV$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
JN mNH= YFZ OE=Q >NTQMK MIW<\NJT Y8JT
GJUVJ6DL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HLQV=HVDMJXV
RN\K GTDRNMK YN6MU OV +NK YING JNQNM tNHK=\V )NV@
Y[MYNLGNVE= YIL]XNLODQKQNSKW QV>NUV UNV JHVD
YNLGV SVJMV OV POGN LUNS\ WNUN$ OJKJFT>NNMK R
OJKJHTI/\H
YNIWWK R >NNGONMK XH]UN R IRXKIU
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVD HVD OFOV F
GM >NNGONM IRXKU )NV$ YNL GK >NNGONMK YN6M
EXaIGONM GN J JN\ )NN IG HI/WQ HVD QNI>N\ JNVXV
RN\NYNLGNV YNLGV ONI)NNVD GV FKSLJSNXXJKD LNUN
)NN$YXOIFXHNI\GMIW<\NJT Y8JT FNXGMUV J6D
IGGFNMJHL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
84
ON)N HI/WQ HVD F6%V )NV IG G YNQHK YLXV 9 LM
ORNM YDQM L]RVtN IGN YN6M POV HI/WQ HVD F6%N GM
FNN IQN@ I4M PX \NV[NVD OV GJN UTH HVD OV HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGN6XJ6D?POOHL6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H PXGV FKS 9VG \[N JT
F6%V)NV$UNVJHXVGJNJ9VG\[NJT[NVMNYNQHK
$ OJKJFT>NNMK
EOI\ IG YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H YLXV
ONI)NNVD YN6M YLXV LNO F6%XV RN\NVD OV HT(UNW YN6M
Y\[ )N\[JNVGMXJKDF6%UV)NV$
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H IHOaGKX@ GHWNVM
YN6MWMUH8QGV ON)NWNGMPXGKWMUNVD GNV LZMK
GMXV OV PLV^NN"NCNN XJKD GMUV )NV@YXOIFXHNI\G
MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6DHQKXNGKGYN6MUIWOGK
FTI FMNFM XJKD )NK@ POXV GJN V Y<\NJ GV MOZ\
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HYNLOVHVMKGWMUJ6@
YNLXVGJNAAV
AAV4\NGKHNUZIWO[\KHVDSNJVH6D
S\ GM UVMK WMU
MU LZMK GMXV GV I\ U6NM JZ$

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
85
STXNSV YNLPOGV ON)NIGOK[\KMN/UVHVD GNDUHVD

IH\V JN UGIGRJYLXKWMUOV 4NIM[ JNV [E=$
OJKJHTI/\H
GCLNRQNMJHURmN4aGUYFZ HOaQ
Y8ONMK MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D G YNQHK L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV LNOYNNYN6MGJNV
Y<\NJGV L6[(FMY<\NJGKGOHH6D 4\N GV GNMN
4W]GKXHNWOVLK1VMJWNUNJZ'NDVIGRJJHVD\(FK
XHNW ,NNUN J6$ MNRK YFZ HOaQ GJUV J6D IWUXN
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H PO IQX XNMNW JT
POOV F GM H6D XV YNLGNV XOKJUGV YDQM G+NK
XNMNWJNVUVJTXJKDQV>NN@I4MYNLXV4MHNN
AAV\NV[NV5NTHHVDOVGT1\NV[X4aMU "NCNN L6QN
GMXV RN\V J6D@UTHHVD OV WNV +NK\NV[NVD GNV XHNW
,N
,NN RJ J<GK XHNW ,NN@ 'NVDIG
IG PXHVD FZV@
GHWNVMYN6MWMUH8Q
MUH8Q \NV[+NKJNVUV J6D$ OJKJ
FT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
86
PONHNIFXW6QFNXGMUV J6DJHL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGV ON)NF6%V )NV IGYNLGV LNOYNL
GKIGOKFV9KGNGNIOQYNNIGRJYNLGNV YLXV
FV9VGNV QV>NXV GV I\FT\NMJKJ6D WNV WNDGXKGKJN\U
HVDJ6$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXVPOYNQHK
OVGJN
AARNLOWNGMP8JVD FU\NQNV IGWNV GT1Y<\NJXV \V
I\NRJIXODQVJY<\NJJKGNJ6 YN6MWNV GT1POXV
L]QNXIGNJ6 RJ+NKPOKGNJKJ6@YN6MJMSKW GN
POGVLNOGIXItSUOHJ6$EOI\PXOVGJNVIG
RJOF] GMVD YN6M Y<\NJ OV YW] R ORNF GK YNtNN
M>NVD$
YNLGKFV9KXVGNIOQGNVJGJGMQNVFNMN+NVWNIG
P8JNVD XV GOH>NNI\NJ6 IGYNLYRtPXGV LNO
YNVD$ EO LM L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H P%
>N0V JTYN6MOYQIFXPFNQNYN6MHTYNW IFXWF\
+NKYNLGV ON)NJNV I\$F3SV GNV YNLGV ONHXV LVtN
IGN[N@POGKONOWNVM 7NNVMOV S<NMJK)NK[NVN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
87
RJLTMNXV HtNGKWV HVD J6$JQV>NGMYNLO<\<\NJTT

Y\6IJRO<\HGKYN>NNVDOVYNOZWNMKJNV[$OYQ
XV GJN V Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM J 'N J6? YNL XV
4MHNN AAJ RJ QN YN6M MJHU J6 IWOV Y<\NJ
UYN\N XV YLXV F8QNVD GV IQ\NVD HVD 0N\ IQN J6@ YN6M
Y<\NJUYN\NYLXV F8QNVDHVDOV QNRHVJMFNXKGMXV
RN\NVDLMQNGMUNJ6 $OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
FTQ=FNMKOJXmNK\UNYN6M^NHNYXOIFX
HNI\GGJUV J6DH6D L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
GV ON)N S\ MJN )NN YN6M PO OH YNL G HNV9K
IGXNMKRN\KXWMNXKSNQMYNVV JT)NV IGGQKJNUK
YNQHKXV POV LG0 GMFJTUWNVMOV >NKDSNJN UG
IG H6D XV QV>NN IG WNVM OV >NKDSXV GV GNMN YNL GK
[Q=XLMSNQMGV IXtNNXL0 [V$I4MPOXV GJNJV
HTJ(HQ@UT(JNMV LNOY<\NJGNWNV HN\J6 POHVD OV
HT!V+NKGT1QNV$YNLXVPOGKYNVMHT0GMQV>NNYN6M
HTOGTMNIQN$I4MYNLXVPOVGT1HN\QVXVGNYNQVtN
IQN$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
88
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK FTQ=FNMK YN6M

UJ(HT\ GK G YXTLH IHON\ W6Q IFX OYaXN RJ
G JZQK YNI\H )NN GK JQKO J6@ POXV L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GNV GT1 PNNM IQN )NN
IWOGK YNL GNV GT1 HNVY<\4UT\ GT\ZF NXK
XN6 HTI/\HGKWMUNVDGNVIXL9NXVGVI\YNRtGUN
L0[E=)NK$W6QGNGJXNJ6Y+NKGW=GKYQN[KGV
IXU OH HVD QNV N UKX IQX FNGK )NV IG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H G Y8ONMK YNQHK GV
WXNWNHVD IXG\V@YNLGV ON)NYFZ F@PHM@POHNX
YN6MYNLGV GV Y8OJNFNMIW<\NJT Y8JTHGKG
WHNYU)NK$WFYNLWXNWN,NSTGVUNVGQKRNMGV
LNOWNGMF6%[@UNVH6DXVYNLGKGHKOGNQNHX
LG0 I\N YN6M YNL GNV +NNXG SVJMV GV ON)N QV>NN
I4M GJN JV HTJ(HQ 'N UTH HVMN JG GW= XJKD
\N69NYNV [V? Y<\NJ GK GOH H6D FXZ Y&QT\ HT5UI\F
GNV 9N\H9NV\GMXV RN\NXJKD WNXUNYN6MHT!V UT(JNMV
HV\WNV\HNH\VQNMKGNLUNJ6$W6QGNGJXNJ6H6D
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
89
XVPHMIFX>NNNFGNVQV>NNIGPXGKQNVXNVDYN>NVDPXGV
SVJMVHVD [NV\YNOHNXGKUMJ"NZHMJKJ6D@I4MP8JNVDXV
HVMK UM4 IX[NJ GK YN6M GJN V Y<\NJ GV QTtHX
'NUZY<\NJGVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HOV
VOKFNUGMMJNJ6 WNV H6D OTXMJNJZ YN6MYNLGV
ON)NVON2RJNMGMMJNJ6 WNV H6D QV>NMJNJZ?PO
WNU GK GOH IWOXV YNL GNV JG GV ON)N +NVWN J6
Y[MHT!V GSKW GV 1Z9WNXV GN0MXJNVUNUNV H6D
YLXK EO U\RNM OV UVMK [Q=X P0N QVUN$ L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOTGZXREUIHXNXOV PHM
GNVQV>NMJV)NV$I4MYNLXV4MHNN
AAV PHM JH EO OV GJKD YING WMU HDQ QZOMK
SKWGV)NVIGUTHHT!VY31KUMJGW=GKYQN[KGV
I\GJUVYN6MPOVYLXVJGGNVY31KUMJOVHND[XV
GNJT'HQVUV$V PHMEOV \V WNYNV YN6MEOGNGW=
RNLOGMQNVYN6MUTHXVWNVEOV+N+NKUIGNJ6POGV
FQ\VONYaYN6MYINGQVQNV$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
90
W6QXVFNXIGNSTXNDSVPHMHT!V\VGM[YN6MHVMN
GW=YQNIGNYN6MFKOONY>NWZMYN6MYINGIQN$
H6D XV GJN J YING 'NVD QV MJV J6D? P8JNVD XV GJN
Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV HT!V
YNQVtNIQNJ6 IGH6D XV WNV YNLGNV 0MNN NHGNNJ6
POGV FQ\V GT1YINGQV QZ$H6D XV GJNV PHM'N
UTHHT!VLJSNXUVJNV?P8JNVDXVGJNXJKD@Y31NFUNYNV
UTHGN6XJNV?H6DXVGJNH6DW6QIFXOYaXNJZ$P8JNVDXV
GJN RJK JZIQNVD GN YNI\H? H6D XV GJN JN@ RJK
IR`NX$P8JNVD XV GJNUZ XV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\H GNV WNV GT1 GJN YN6M YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HGVON)NWNVGT1UTHXVIGNUT!VEOLMIGO
SKW XV P+NNMN? H6D XV GJN V PHM@ H6D XV L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNV QV>NUV JKYNLGV SVJMV
HVD XTFT2RU E=tQZU5R L6[(FMK GK ONMK IXtNNIXN
LJSNX\KD@GVR\QNVIXtNNIXNYNLGVYDQMWNDSXKMJ
[E= )NKD PXGN UJ(HT\ YN6M FTQ=FNMK PXGK WJN\U OV
FGMJNV[KYN6MPXGVON)NIWUXNYINGWJN\UOV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
91
LVtN YNN WN[N RJ PUXN JK YING FTQ=FNMK YN6M

UJ(HT\OVLVtNYNVD[V$YFH6DXVEXQNVXNVDIXtNNIXNVDGNV
+NKWNSI\N$V PHM@H6D UT(JVD [RNJFXNUNJZ IGH6D
Y<\NJGNV YLXNMFLN\XJNMHNXGM@E/\NHGNV
YLXN NH= HNX GM YN6M HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H GNV YLXN E=tQZU L6[(FM HNX GM L]O8X JNV
[N$YN6MH6DUT(JVD[RNJFXNUNJZIGHVMNYNNNNX
YN6M H6D HQKXN HVD OFOV YING NXK JZ HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK P(HU OHTQN LM
>N6MNUJ6$PHMXV GJNFI<GPXHVD OV GT1\NV[NVD LM@
'NVDIGUT(JNMNNXPXOFGV I\GN4K,NN=,UXJKD
JNV[N$H6D XV GJNFI<GPXHVD OV GT1\NV[NVD LM$I4M
PHM YN6M W6Q L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV
LNO \N69 GM YN UNV W6Q XV GJN H6D EO FNU GK
[RNJKQVUNJZ IGY<\NJGV YIUIM'UGNVE= EFNQUGN
NV; XJKD YN6M HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H
POGVF8QNQNOYN6ML6[(FMJ6D$EOL]GNMRJE=HNX
\V YNN@ YNL GNV O3SN HNX I\N YN6M L6[(FM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
92
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV ON)N FJTU OK WD[NVD HVD

PLI/)NUMJN@I4MUFZGGVWD[HVDYN[VFUVJTtNJKQ
JNV [@ Y<\NJ UYN\N W6Q LM MJHUNVD GK RNN= GMV$
OJKJE&XVIJ&FNX
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK ^NHN YN6M HN4K
GNOFOV F0NPQNJMNJJ6 IGWFYNLH'GNHVD
IRWVUNFXGMQNI>N\JTYN6MYNLGV ONHXV H'GN
GV RJ \NV[ LVtN JT IW8JNVD XV YNLGNV XNXN L]GNM GK
UGa\K4VDNUXNDLJTSNE=)NKDYN6MIWXGVGNMNYNLGNV
YLXV tNJMOV IXG\XNL0N)NN@UNV YNLXV POOH
WFRJHI/WQHVD G JTPXOV GJNAAUT(JNMN'N
>N\J6H6DUT(JNMVON)N'NGMXVRN\NJZ?P8JNVDXVGJN
Y31NJK@YNLGMHGMXVRN\V+NNE=J6DYN6MGMHGMXV
RN\V +NNE= GV FV9V J6D$YNLXV 4MHNNAAWNYNV UTHOF
YNWNQJNV OTXXF6JGKY\ GTF]N
OF] N6= L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H
OF] YN6MUJ(HT\GV L6GM)NV$STXNDSV YLXKQNRUtNT
GMXV OV LJ\V YNL GK GN6H WNV GNH GMUK )NK YN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
93
FTUNVD GK LZWN GMUK )NK PO LM OF] GMUV )NV@ YN6M
YLXK QNRU GN YNMD+N GMX GV FNQ YLXK GN6H GK
YNVM OV H'GN HVD WNV XNXN L]GNM GK GI%XNE=N YN6M
LMVtNNIXN !V\XKL0KD PXLMOF] IGNYN6MPOLM
Y<\NJGV LNOY31V FQ\V GKYN
NNM>NK$POGV FNQ
HQKXN HVD HTXNI4GNVD `RNIQNVD GV ON)N OF] OV GNH
I\N$
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV IMtUVQNMNVD YN6M
IL]\NV[NVDGKR4NULMOF]GNYNQtN=)NVYNLGKFKRK
>NQKWNGKHC5T JNV [E=@4NIUHNGV IORNYNLGV ONMV
FN\ F3SV YNL GV WKRX JK HVD HM [@ YNLGV SSN
YFZ UNI\F YN6M JHaWN GN IXNX JNV [N EX UHNU
JN\UNVD HVD YNL XV OF] OV GNH I\N YN6M Y<\NJ
UYN\NOVLTGKYNtNNM>NK$
YXO IFX HNI\G GJUV J6D JH L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ RO<\H GV ON)N YFZ O64 \NVJNM GV LNO [$
POGK FKRK YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GV FV9V
EF]NJKHGNV QZNIL\NUK)NK$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
94
O<\H XV EF]NJKH GNV I\N@ PXGNV STDFX IGN YN6M

OZ"NN$ EOGV FNQ I4M JH YFZ O64 GV LNO [@ PO
OHEF]NJKHGKWNXIXG\MJK)NK$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGKYN>NNVD OV YNOZ FJXV \[V$EOLM
Y&QTM=JHNX IFX YN64 XV GJN V Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM@
YNL+NKMNVMJVJ6D YNLO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV
4MHNN AAV E&XV YN64@ J MJHU YN6M
N4GU GV
YNOZ JD6 $ EOGV FNQ I4M P8JNVDXV GJN UNV YNL
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H XV 4MHNN AAYN>N YNOZ
FJNUKJ6@IQ\QT>NKJ6 YN6MJHGVR\RJKGJUV J6D WNV
Y<\NJGNVLODQJ6$VEF]NJKH@JHUVMKWTQNE=LMQT>NK
JD6 $OJKJFT>NNMK
YQa\YN6MEXaON48NL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV WKRXGV UHNHHNH\NVD HVD 8N
GMXV RN\V )NV@ Y<\NJ GK tNMKYU GNXZX GNV \N[Z
YN6MXNI4W GMXV HVD EXaON4OV GNH\VUV )NV$YNEtNN
MIW<\NJT Y8JN GJUK J6D H>NWZHK YN6MU GN HNH\N
IWOXV SNVMKGK)NKGTM6tNGV I\HJ5RLZN= FX[NUNV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
95
P8JNVDXVYNLOHVDGJNEOGVFNMVHVDL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H OV GN6X FNU GMV[N? P8JNVDXV GJN
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGVSJKUVPONHNIFX
W6QGV IORNEOGKIJ(HUGN6XGMOGUNJ6?PONHN
XV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H OV EO FNMV HVD
FNUGKUNV YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV 4MHNN
AA'NUTHY<\NJGVGJQNNIH=GQ0GVFNMV HVD
IO4NIMtNGMUV JNV I4MYNL>N0V JTYN6M>NTUaFN
+NNNN QVUV JT4MHNNAAUTHOV LJ\V GV \NV[EO
GNMN UFNJ GM IQ [ IG WF PXGV YDQM GNVE=
tNMK4>NNXQNXRN\NSNVMKGMUN)NNUNVPOV1NV0 QVUV
)NV YN6MY[MPXGV YDQMGNVE= XKSYNQHKSNVMKGMUN
)NNUNVPOLMJQQ0\[NUV)NV$Y<\NJGKGOH
Y[MHTJ(HQGKFV9K4NIUHN+NKSNVMKGMVUNVH6DPOGN
JN)NGN9QZ[N $OJKJFT>NNMKYN6MOJKJHTI/\H
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HYLXVX4aOOVFQ\N
\VXVHVD+NK8NGMXVRN\V)NV@PO6QIFXJTW6MGJUVJ6D
GY8ONMKYNQHK\NV[NVD OV FNUGMMJN)NNYN6MRJ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
96
GT1 HXNVMDWG YNQHK )NN@ EO FKS IG RJ \VN[NVD GNV
YLXKFNUNVD OVJDONMJN)NNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\HXV POGKGHMLMG\G0KOV HNMIQN@UNV
POXV GJNHT!V FQ\NQKIW@YNLXV GJNAAFQ\N\V
\NV POXV GJNYNLGHKOLJXV JTJ6D YN6MH6D IFXN
GHKOGV JZD@EOLMYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
XV YLXK GHKO P%N QK@ UNV RJ YNL OV ISH9 [N
YN6MYNLGV LJ\Z GNV SZHXV \[N@YN6MGJNV Y<\NJ
GVL6[(FMH6DJKSNJUN)NN$OTXXYFZQNQ
Y<\NJ GN 0M YN6M >NN64 L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVD HVD OFOV YINGY<\NJOV 0MXV
RN\V YN6M POGN >NN64 M>NXV RN\V )NV$ Y&QT<\NJ IFX
HOaQMIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6DXFKO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
R O<\H XV HT! OV 4MHNN AAHT!V GTMYNX L GM
OTXNYNV $H6D XV GJNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FM@H6D YNLGNV
GTMYNX L GM OTXN WFIG RJ YNL JK LM PUMN
J6?YNLXVGJNAAJN@ UNVH6DXVYNLGNVOZMUTX IXON
,NGMOTXNE=JNUGIGH6DEOYNULMLJTSN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
97
PP P PT P
P Q
PT P PT P P

R R J
O R R O *
R R .7,R
@
M
P
Q P
R (B
\Y
~ (.>.
AALO'NJN\JNV[NIWOOHIGJHJMP(HU
NIWOOHIGJHJMP(HU
HVDOVG[RNJ\NVD[V[VYN6MYNLGNVEX\NV[NVDLM
[RNJFXNGM\NVD[V[$V OZMUTX IXON
YNLXV 4MHNNAAFOYFGN4KJ6 $H6D XV YNLGK
YNVMQV>NNUNV YNLGKQNVXNVD YN>NNVD OV YNOZ FJMJV )NV$
OJKJFT>NNMKYN6MOJKJHTI/\H
YNEtNN MIW<\NJT Y8JN FNX GMUK J6D L6[(FM

O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HWFYNOHNXLM[JMVFNQ\
QV>NUV UNV G+NK YN[V JNVUV G+NK LK1V JNVUV@ G+NK YDQM
QNI>N\ JNVUV YN6M G+NK FNJM IXG\UV YN6M YNL GN
SVJMNFQ\WNUN$WFFNIMtNJNVWNUKUNVYNLEI5HXNX
GKONO\VUV$YNEtNNMIW<\NJTY8JNXVYNLOVEOGN
GNMN LZ1N UNV YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV
4MHNNAAHT!V'NHN\ZHIGtNNQRJVOVJKJNVW6OV
IGGGN6HXVGJN)NN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
98
PP P P
N P P P Q P T P TP P TP T M
P
T
Q
=
8R . . R R 6R J*
R
8R IJ*8 @
P
T T T P PQ TP PQ T
P P N
N R */.
N P
R
8R R RQP P.

R
Z\
~ C.>
AAI4M WF P8JNVD XV FNQ\ GV ,N HVD YWNF GNV
QV>NN YLXK "NNI9NVD GK YNVM YNUV JT UNV GJXV
\[V@ J FNQ\ JH LM FMOXV RN\N J6@ XJKD
FI<GQMYO\JFNQ\RJ
FI<GQMYO\JFNQ\RJYWNF
FJ6IWOGK
UTH W<QK HSN MJV )NV@ JRN J6 IWO HVD QQ=XNG
G9QNG YWNFJ6$ OZMUT\ YJGN4
GXNYU ODUNVN YN6M IQ\ GK FVIXNWK
PHMIFX>N5UNFMIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6DH6D L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV LNOYNNUNV H6D XV YNL
GNV G S9NE= LM LNN IWOGV YN6M YNLGV FKS GNVE=
SKW XJKD )NKS9NE= LMGNVE= SKW XJKD IF1K)NKYN6M
YNLGV IOMGV XKSV SH0V GNGUIGN)NNWNV >NWZM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
99
GV LV0 GK1N\OV +NMNJTYN)NNYN6MYNLGV L6MGV

LNOSH0V GNGLNXKGNFU=X)NNYN6MYNLGV IOM
GV LNOGT1GL0V 9D[V JT)NV$H6D XV S9NE= GNIXtNNX
YNL GV LJ\Z HVD QV>NN UNV MNV L0N$ YNL XV GJN UTH
'NVDMNVMJVJNV?H6DXVGJNVY<\NJGVL6[(FM@G6OM
YN6M IGO]N EO QTIXN GN YNXDQ \V MJV J6D YN6M YNL
Y<\NJGVL6[(FMJ6DYN6MYNLGKJJN\UJ6YNL
XV GJN AA'N UT(JVD J LODQ XJKD IG PXGV I\
QTIXN JNV YN6M JHNMV I\ YNI>NMU GK XVHUVD JNVD$
UHNH\NV[NVD JNv UGIGYLXV QTmHXNVD GN
+NK+N\NSNJUV)NVL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H
GKFKRKYNEtNNMIW<\NJTY8JNGJUKJ6DH6DXVL6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H OV LZ1N IG 'N YNL LM
GNVE= VON IQX +NK YNN J6 WNV PJTQ GV IQX OV +NK
YINGGI%XMJNJNV?YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
XV 4MHNN AAHT!V UT(JNMK GN6H GK YNVM OV IWX IWX
HTOKFUNVD GNONHXNJTYNRJJTYNJK@YN6MPXHVD OV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
100
OFOV GI%XHTOKFURJ)NKIWOOV H6D "NN9KGV IQX

QNVSNMJTYN@WFH6DXVYLXVYNLGNVY&Q N\K\LT
Y&Q GT\N\GV FV9V LMLVtNIGN@IG8UT POXV HVMKFNU
XHNXKUNVH6DQT>NOVSZM@[HOVIXN\YLXKIQtNNHVD
S\ L0N YN6M HT!V GMaXTO OYNI\F XNHK /)NNX LM
LJTSGMJKE4NGNJTYN$H6D XV YLXNIOMP%NNUNV
'N QV>NUN JZ IG FNQ\ GN G 9TG0N HT! LM 1NN
IGJTJ6$H6D XV NXOV QV>NNUNV POHVD IWF]K\)NV$
P8JNVD XV HT!V LTGNMGMGJNYNLGKGN6HXV YNLOV
WNV FNUGJKYN6MYNLGNV WNV WRNFIQNY<\NJXV
POV OTXI\NJ6$POXV YNLGV LNOLJN0 GN4IMtUN
+NVWNJ6 UNIGYNLPXGV FNMV HVD POV WNV YNQVtN SNJVD@
QVD$POGV FNQLJN0 GV 4IMtUV XV HT!V YNRNW QKYN6M
HT!V O\NH GMXV GV FNQ GJN V HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HFNUJKJ6@YFYNLWNVSNJVD@Y[M
YNLSNJVDIGH6DEXGNVQNVLJN0NVDGVFKSGTS\QZUNV
VONJKJNV[N $L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV
4MHNNAAXJKD@FI<GHT!V YNtNNJ6 IGY<\NJUYN\N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
101
EXGK LK% OV VOK X/\ L6QN GMV[N WNV GVR\ G
Y<\NJ GK EFNQU PLNOXN GMV[K YN6M POGV ON)N
IGOK SKW GNV ON!K XJKD %JMN[K$ OJKJ FT>NNMK YN6M
OJKJHTI/\H
E&XV PHM MIW<\NJT Y8JTHN GJUV J6D WF Y&QT<\NJ

IFX PF IFX O\Z\ GK HC5T JNV [E= UNV POGN FV9N
Y&QT<\NJ@ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV LNO
YNN YN6M YNL OV YNL GK GHKO HND[K UNIG POHVD
YLXVFNLGNVG4XN@UNVYNLXVPOVYLXKGHKOQV
QK$I4MPOXV YNLOV IXRVQXIGNIGPOGNWXNWN
,NN QVD UNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H POGN
WXNWN ,NNXV GV I\ U6NM JNV [V$ EO LM PHM
MIW<\NJT Y8JT >N0V JTYN6MYNLGV GL0V GNV LG0
GM GJN V Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H YNL POGN WXNWN ,NNVD[V WFIG Y<\NJ
UYN\NXV YNLGNV POLMWXNWN,NXV OV MNVGIQN
J6? L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV 4MHNN
AAY<\NJUYN\NXVHT!V1Z9IQNJ6@4MHNN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
102
P T P T QP T T P T
T Q P T T PT P H, T Q P T T PT P
J* R .@
R
R
R
M P P TP
`X
~ .>0
R
AAYNLPXGVI\^NHNNSXNGMV
I\^NHNNSXNGMVDN^NHNNSXN
XGMVD@Y[MYNLPXGVI\O5UMFNM+NK^NHN
NSXNGMVD
OZMUTU UN6FN

YN6MH6D O5UMOV +NKYINGFNM^NHNNSXNG[N$
P8JNVD XV GJN J HTXNI4G J6$ STXNDSV YNL O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H XV POGN WXNWN ,NN YN6M EO LM
Y<\NJUYN\NXVJYNUPUNMK
PP T Q P P P M PP P QT P P PP P Q P P
P
B

J.
*1
O *

J@
T P
`\
~ .>IR
R
AAPXHVD OV WNV HM WNYNLPO LMG+NK +NK
WXNWN X ,NVD YN6M X JK POGK GF] LM >N0V
JNVD$ OZMUTU UN6FN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
103

L6[(FMO<\<\NJTY\6IJRO<\H
GVGT1ItN9NSNMYNQNFVIWDQ[K

L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H YLXV
ONI)NNVD OV IXG9 YN6M IH\ WT\ GM MJUV )NV$
EOGKLTI9YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV WKRX
GV UHNHIR+NN[NVD YN6MYNLGV ONMV IXWKYN6MONHN8
HNH\NVD GK LZMK WNXGNMK L]N,U GMXV OV JNVUK J6$ EO
I\ IG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H JK RJ
YNQtN=YN6MXHZXNJ6DIWXGKUHNHHNH\NVDHVDL6MRKYN6M
YXTOMNGMXNSNIJ$WMKMIFXY&QT<\NJMIW<\NJT
Y8JT GJUV J6D WF OV H6D E/\NH \NN JZ L6[(FM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
104
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV HT!V YLXV LNOYNXV OV

XJKD MNVGN@YN6MWF+NKHT!V QV>NNUNV HTOGTMNIQN@H6D
XV YNLOV ItNGNUGKIGH6D "NNV0V LMI/)NMXJKD MJ
LNUN JZ UNV YNL XV YLXV JN)N OV HVMV OKXV LM HNMN
YN6MJQTYNGK
AAV Y<\NJ UZ EOV I/)NM GM QV YN6M EOV HN[=
QtNN=
QtNN=XV RN\NYN6MHN[= QtN=NNJTYNFXN$
NFXN$
OJKJ
FT>NNMKYN6MOJKJHTI/\H
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H YLXV ONI)NNVD GV
ON)NJDOK HWNG YN6MSTJ\IGNGMUV )NV@YXOIFX
HNI\GMIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D IGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVDHVDOFOVY31VY>\NGRN\V)NV@
HVMNG+NNE= )NNIWOV YFZ PH6MGJNWNUN)NN@JQKO
GV FNXGMXV RN\VGJUV J6DHVMN>N\J6 IGYXO
XV GJN IG RJ 1NV9V )NV@ YXO GJUV J6D WF L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYNUV YN6MPXGNV QV>NUV UNV
GJUV AAV YFZ PH6M@ UT(JNMK ISI0N 'N JTE=$ RJ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
105
GJUV JD6 EO UMJ YNL PXGV ON)N >NV\UV )NV$ OJKJ
YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GKJOK HWNG GVR\
FNUSKULMFOXJKD )NKFI<GYNLYLXV ONI)NNVD GV
ON)N YH\K UN6M LM IN5HG ,N OV JOK HWNG
YN6MSTJ\IGNGMUV)NV$YXOIFXHNI\GMIW<\NJT
Y8JT GJUV J6D IG G QVJNUK YNQHK IWO GN XNH
WNIJMIFXJMNH)NNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H
GNV PLJNM UNVJ4N IQN GMUN )NN@ WF RJ RNLO
WNXN SNJUN UNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H
POGV I\GNVE= SKW U6NMGMUV )NV$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H XV PXGV FNMV HVD GJN AAWNIJM JHNMV
QVJNUKYN6MJHPXGV tNJMKON)NK J6D$ YXOGJUV
J6D@G IQX RJ YLXN ONHNX FVS MJV )NV IG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HYNVYN6MPXGVLK1VOVP8JVD
LG0 I\N YN6M RJ YNL GNV QV>N XJKD LN MJV )NV$
STXNSV P8JNVD XV GJNJGN6XJ6?HT!V 1NV0 QV$YNLXV
YLXNSVJMNPXGKYNVMIGN@WFRJLJSNX[IG
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
106
JL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HJ6DUNVYLXKLK%
GNV YNLGV OKXV OV ISLGNXV \[V$ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HXV4MHNNAAJ[T\NHGN6X>NMKQV[N?
WNIJM XV GJN V Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM YNL HT!V O/UN
LND[V$YNLXV 4MHNNAAAAIG8UT
AAIG8UT UTHY<\NJGV IXG9
O/UV XJKD JNV NL6
[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV

J 4MHNN IG AAUT
AAUTH Y<\NJ GV LNO FJTHZ< JNV$

OJKJE&XVIJ&FNX
YLXVONI)NNVDOV LMNH
N=GMXNIWXSKWNVD GV
IRNHVD GNVE= XONXKY<\NJGKYNVMOV GNVE= /L9
L]HNN XJKD JNVUN )NN@ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H PX UHNH HNH\NVD HVD YLXV ONI)NNVD OV
O\NJ HtNaRMN LMNH
N= IGN GMUV )NV YN6M PXGV
IRSNMGNV /RKGNMGMUV )NV$YFZ JTM6MNMIW<\NJT Y8JT
GJUV J6DH6D XV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\H OV F GM IGOK GNV +NK YLXV ONI)NNVD OV
O\NJ HtNaRMNGMUVJTXJKDQV>NN$OTXXIUMIHWK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
107
FKHNM GK UKHNM QNMK GMXN SNJV RJ

HTO\HNX JNV N GNI4M L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
R O<\H YLXV ONI)NNVD GV FNMV HVD LZ1UV YN6M PXGK
>NFM[KMKIGNGMUV)NV$Y[MYNLGNVFUNNWNUNIG
GNVE=FKHNMJ6 UNVYNLYN6MYNLGV LNOPLI/)NUOJNFN
POGK UKHNM QNMK GV I\ QN60 L0UV )NV$ YNL GVR\
HTO\HNXFKHNMNVD GKJKUKHNMQNMKXJKD GMUV )NV FI<G
PXGV YIUIM'U QZOMV \NV[NVD GK +NK UKHNM QNMK IGN
GMUV )NV$YXOMIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D GJZQK
F3SNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGKOVRNIGN
GMUN )NN@ RJ FKHNM L0 [N UNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ RO<\H POGK UKHNM QNMK GMXV GV I\ [V@
POGV IOMGV LNOYNLF6%[V YN6MPOOV GJNAAUZ
E/\NH\V YN POXV YLXV LNOF6%JTYLXV FNLGK
YNVM QV>NN@ UNV POGV FNL XV GJN YFT\ GNIOH
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGKFNUHNX\V@STXNDSV RJ
HTO\HNX JNV [N@ I4M YNL RJN OV J GJUV JT
IXG\V AAO+NK UNMK4 Y<\NJ GV I\ J6 IWO XV POV
YN[OVFSNI\N$
FSNI\N$
OJKJFT>NNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
108
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H+N\NE= GN

mNTINYQNGMUV)NVYN6MPOGNY31NFQ\NQVUV
)NVYNLO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGN4HN=XJ6
AAY[MGNVE=UTHOVY<\NJGVRN/UVLXNJHND[VUNVPOV
LXNJQVIQ
IQNGMNV
NGMNV@YN6MWNVUTHOVY<\NJGVXNHOV
GNVE= SKW HND[V UNV POV L]QNXGMIQNGMNV@YN6MWNV
UT(JVD YNHD
YNHD NQV POGV YNHD
YNHD NGNV /RKGNMGMNV@YN6M
WNV UT(JNMV ON)N GNVE= +N\NE= GMV UNV POGN FQ\N QNV@
Y[MUT(JNMV LNOPOGNV FQ\NQVXV GV I\GNVE= SKW
XJNV UNV POGV I\QTYNGMNV JN UGIGUTHWNX
\NV IGUTHXV POGNFQ\NLZMNGMIQN$
NGMIQN$
$ OTXXYFZ
QNQ
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK FKRK YNEtNN
MIW<\NJTY8JNYNLGV FNMVHVD 4MHNUKJ6DY<\NJGV
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HUNVJ4N/RKGNMGMUV
)NVYN6MPOGNFQ\N+NKQVUV)NV$OJKJFT>NNMK
NXKFQ\VHVDYNL+NKUNVJ4NQVUV)NV$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
109
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H JM OTDQM

YN6M FIN SKW GNV LODQ GMUV )NV YXO
MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D H6D XV GNVE= JMKM YN6M QKFN
XJKD 1TYN WNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK
J)NV\K OV YING GNVH\ JNV$ YN6M X G+NK GNVE= VOK
>NTtNFZ OZD"NK WNV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK
>NTtNFZOVYINGFINJNV$OJKJFT>NNMKYN6MOJKJHTI/\H
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H +N\NE=
YN6MXVGGNHGV JMH6QNXHVD IO4NIMmN GMXN
LODQGMUV )NV E&XV Y&FNOMIW<\NJT Y8JTHNFNX
GMUV J6D IG FMKMN GV LIU G [T\NH )NV IWXGN XNH
HT[KO )NN@ [NVN H6D P8JVD QV>N MJN JZ IG RJ POGV
LK1V LK1V MNVUV JT S\ MJV J6D YN6M PXGV YNOZ PXGK
QNK LM FJ MJV J6D$ J QV>N GM L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H XV Y&FNO OV GJN V Y&&NNO 'N
YNLGNV EOFNUOV YNtS= XJKD JNVUNIGHT[KOIGO
UMJFMKMNOV 9Z9GM,NMGMUV J6D YN6MFMKMNIGO
UMJHT[KOOV X4aMUGMUKJ6?I4ML6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
110
Y\6IJRO<\HXV FMKMNOV GJNAAY[MUZ POGV

LNO\N69WNUK POXV GJNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FM'N
YNL HT!V JT'H QV MJV J6D? YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H XV 4MHNN AAH6D IO4NIMtN GM MJN JZ$ POXV
GJNHT!VPXGKGNVE=WMUXJKD$OJKJFT>NNMK
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H YLXK
OVRN/RD GMUV )NVYNEtNNMIW<\NJT Y8JNOV WF
LZ1N[NIGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV
"NMHVD'NGMUV)NV?UNVP8JNVDXVFUNNYNLHXTNVDHVD
OV GHXT)NV@YLXV GL0V NNVUV@YLXKFGMKQZJUV
YN6MYLXKOVRNGMUV)NV$OJKJE&XVIJ&FNX
FI<GYNLGV Y>\NG GKtNMN4UYN6MF0,LXGVR\
YLXK OVRN YNL UG JK OKIHU XJKD )NN FI<G YNL
QZOMNVD GK+NKOVRNIGNGMUV )NV$YNLGKL5XKYNEtNN
MIW<\NJTY8JNOVWFLZ1N[NIGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV "NMHVD 'NIGNGMUV )NV?UNV
P8JNVDXVGJNYNLYLXV"NMRN\NVDGKOVRNHVD\[VMJUV
)NV@WFYWNXOTXUVUNVIXG\WNUV$OJKJFT>NNMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>

111
8NLZN=[RNIJN
7NH=XKGNGIRA[NV9V GJUNJ6H6D XV EIUJNOHVD

EO HNXRUN GV I\ OR=-V% YNQtN= ZN UNV POV
YMFKL6[(FMHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HHVD
LNN$
L]NV4VOM AGK)N HNVMV YLXK IGUNF The
developing human HVD GJUV J6D HT!V J FNU
/RKGNMXV HVD GNVE= GI%XNE= XJKD JNVUK IG GTMY
a NX
Y<\NJ GN G\NH G)NX J6@ 'NVDIG GTMY
a NX HVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
112
WXKX [+N=/)N GV WNV IRRMN IQV [ J6D PXGN

ONURKD tNUN&QK GK R6.NIXG WNXGNMK LM YNNNIMU
JNVXNYO(+NRJ6$GHN PISULIMNNHIXGN=
J J6 IG J IRRMN HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HGNV Y<\NJGKYNVMOV RE=
RNNK IGV
[V)NV$
A2NNV\ QVRMN8U YLXK IGUNF O+UN GK GJNXK
GJNXK
+NN[ HVDGJUNJ6Y[MJHIGOKGKHJNXUNGK
GON69KEOFNUGNV FXND IGPOHJNXLTNGN
\NV[NVD GV FKSIGUXNL]+NNRJ6@UNV JHVD GJXNL0V[N
IGHTO\HNXNVD GV L6[(FMEIUJNOGV HJNXLTNNVD HVD
OF OV HJNX J6D$ YNL XV UY/OTF ,N^NLNU YN6M
>NTMN4NU IH)NRNQ GNV \[NH \[N IQN YN6M
JZIQU@E=ONEUYN6MYLXV X[MGV LTMNXV NH= GV
LMGOM\@/L9YN6MVOV tNI'UtNN\KNH= GK
/)NNLXN GK WNV YNW UG G FJTU F0K >NUMXNG
tNI'UGV,NHVDFNGKJ66$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
113
AWNW= 0K UNV<W YLXK LT/UG AWKRX

WKRX
WKRX HVD GJUN
J6 HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV E=tQZU
L6[(FM JNVXV HVD ODQVJ GMXN QMYO\ E=tRMK
tNI'UHVD ODQVJGMXNJ6 WNV OR= ODONMHVD 46\KJTE=
J6$
R6.NIXG ARK<W YLXK IGUNF AO5 L6[(FM
FM HVD
GJUNJ6L6[(FMGKO3SNE= GNOFOV /L9L]HNN
J J6 IG PXGV "NM RN\V YN6M PXGV OFOV GMKFK
\NV[ PX LM OF OV LJ\V E=HNX \NV$ RJ \NV[
PXGV ONMV +NVQNVD GNV WNXUV )NV@ Y[M P8JVD YNL GK
O3SNE= GV FNMV HVD GT1 ODQVJ JNVUN UNV RV YNL LM
E=HNXX\NUV$
HTOUa ItMG AJK\ YLXK IGUNF AYMF GK O+UN
O+UN
HVD GJUN J6 HNXR EIUJNO HVD JH GNVE= NH= XJKD
WNXUV WNV EUXKUVWKOV 46\NYN6MQTIXNGNV FQ\
0N\N JNV IWO L]GNM E/\NH XV IGN J6$ HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV GP(HUOHTQN
GNV W8HNN@NUK= LMY<\NJGKPLNOXNGNIO'GN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
114
WHNIQN@8NYN6MOHNWKFMNFMKGKXKRM>NK
YN6M VOV \NV[NVD HVD 2R/)NN@ L]F8N@ YN.NLN\X YN6M
L]IU%NRDO(HNX/)NNILUGMIQNWNVGTL]FDNYN6M
QT2=R/)NNGVIORNGT1XJKDWNXUV)NV$
J/LNXRK HTOaUtNaIMG AWNX \KG YLXK IGUNF
AYMF
AYMF HVD GJUN J6 HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGVWKRXGKIRtNVNUNGNRN=XEOOVFVJUM
GNVE= XJKD GM OGUN WNV IRtNVNUN RN=X Y<\NJ XV
YLXVEO4HN=XGV`NMNIGNJ6
AAJH XV YNL GNV OR= ODONM RN\NVD GV I\ MJHU
GCLNYN6MQN FXNGM+NVWNJ6$
OZMUT\YI(FN

HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HOS HTSMJHU)NV@
H6DPXLMtNN6GYN6MP5OTGUNOVQQ+NVWUNJZ$
AFXN=0=mNN YLXKIGUNFAE/\NHO
AE/\NHON6
AE/\NHON6ON\GVFNQ
FNQ
HVD GJUNJ6LZMKQTIXNtNK"N] JKE/\NHGNV /RKGNM
GM\V[K$Y[MRJPOV POGV /L9XNHGV ON)N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
115
/RKGNMXGMV UNV POV HT/UYNMIGOKQZOMV XNH

OV YRt/RKGNMGMV[K$GIQXVONYN[NIG
LItSH GV \NV[ E/\NH NH= GNV [\V OV \[ND[V$
LItSHLMGE=OIQN[TWMSTGKJ6DYN6MRJE/\NH
GV ODFDNHVD !Z%OV +NMKJTE= IGUNFVD ,NUNS\NYN
MJNJ6$H6D XV HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV
FNMVHVD GIGUNFI\>NK)NKIG8UT YD[]VWGKMKIUNVD
YN6MLM(LMNYNVD OV J9GMJNVXV GV GNMNRJW&U
GM\K[E=$

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
116
L6[(FM>GKFKIRN

HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV YLXK L5XK
>NQKWNMIW<\NJT Y8JNGV /R[=RNOGV FNQQOYN6MUNVD
OV tNNQK GK WNV OF GK OF YNEtNN MIW<\NJT Y8JN
WNVIGGTDYNMK)NKD GNV1NV0GMO6IFNNXKLJ\VOV
IWXGKtNNQKJTE= )NKYN6MF0KPHMRN\K)NKD$PXHVD
OV 1 GTM6tN >NNXQNX OV YN6M G JZQX )NKD YN6M
YRtNVNYN6MUVDY8YMFGFK\NVDOV)NKD$
U)NN YNL XV G \N6D0K M>NK )NK IWX GN XNH HNIMN
IGI&UN MIW<\NJT Y8JN J6@ YN6M JK YNL GV FV9V
EF]NJKH GK HN J6D@ IW8JDV EOG8QIMN GV FNQtNNJ
HTGN6IGO XV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GNV
UNVJ4NHVD IQN)NN @L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
XV4MHNN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
117
AAUTHIHO] LMIRWL]
N,U GMNV[V@PONMUKLM
LMIRWL]N,U
N,U
GKMNUS\UNJ6
MNUS\UN J6@WFUTHPOV 45JGMNV UNV RJN
GV RNIONVD GV ON)N Y31N 2RJNM GMXN 'NV
IG
'NVDIG
PXGNYJaQRL6HNXYN6MIMtUVQNMKJ6
QNMKJ6@NYNLXV
GJN YJaQ R L6HNX YN6M OTOMN\K J6$
OJKJ
HTI/\H
GQZOMKJQKOHVD L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
XV4MHNN
AAWFUTHIG&UGVHNI\GJNVWNYNVUNVPXGVON)N
Y31NFMaUNRGMXN'NVDIGPXGNYJa
IGPXGNYJaQRL6HNX
HNX
YN6MIMtUVQNMKJ6
QNMKJ6$
HTO8X4Y&QTM=7WNG
EHNHWNVJMKGJUVJ6DIMtUVQNMKE/HNE=\GKHNJNWMGV
GNMNJ6 YN6MYJaQRL6HNXL6[(FMGV FV9V EF]NJKHGV
GNMNJ6$
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV EUXKYN6MUNVD OV
tNNQKGMXVGVGT1GNMNJ6D
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
118
NNIH=GYN6MGNXZXKPV
W6OV IGAW6XF
LT KAWJtN OV YNLXV EOKGNMNtNNQKGK$WNIJ\U
GV OHGN\ HVD YMF GV \NV[ HTJFNV\V \V LN\G
FV9V GKFKRKOV tNNQKGMXV GNV JMNHIXINOH!UV
)NV@EOI\IGRJ\NV[\V LN\GGKFKRKGNV O[V FV9V
GK FKRK GV OHNX HNXUV)NV$ STXNSV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HXV EOIRSNM+N]HGN>N0XGMXV
GVI\W6XFOVtNNQKGK@Y<\NJUYN\NXV4MHNN
P P P P PT P M PP PT NTP P P PP

T R J9 .
J 9
@
P
T QT PP P Q P
N
P
T
P
T P6T P* 3.
P
P
R 3

R R .
H

R R R R J 9*
P
M T
T P PP M PP QT T P P P
>
Q P
R . Q * H
J .
J
R . .7,R
~[_/..
AAWFW6QXVPOHIJ\NOVYLXKWMULZMK
KGM
\K@
\K@ JH XV POV UVMV IXGNJ HVD QV IQN UNIG
HTO\HNXNVDLMYLXV\VLN\GNVDGKFKIRNV
GKFKIRNVDGVFNMV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
119
HVD IGOK UMJ GK UD[K

[K X MJV WFIG RJ YLXK
WMUPXOVLZMKGM\VD@Y<\NJGNJJT'HUNV
JNVGMJKMJXVRN\N)NN$
RN\N)NN$
OZMUT\ YJWNF
MNWXKIUGGNMN Y<\NJ GV QKX GKQNRU GV
PVt YN6M\NV[NVD GV IQ\NVD GNV E/\NHGKYNVM\T+NNXV
YN6MGFK\NVD GKJHQMa
aQK OJNXT+NZIU WT9NXV GV I\@
GKJHQMQK
I\@
STXNDSV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H XV GTM6tN GV
OFOV F0V GFK\V YN6MYMFGV OFOV tNI'UtNN\KGFK\V
HVDtNNQKGK$YN6MYLXVONI)NNVDGNV+NKJKD[YLXNXV
GNYNQVtNIQN@L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV
Y&QTM=JHNXIFXYN64GNV QN6HUT\W8Q\GKYNVM+NVWUV
JT4MHNN
AAY[MRJUVMKFNUHNX\VD@UNVPXGVFNQtNNJGK
FV9KOVtNNQKGM\VXN$
N$
UNMK>NUFMK#
0N GNJNX
GNJNX CAHAN GJUV J6D L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGV WKRXGV GT1LJ\Z JHNMKRU=HNX
WJNX HNXIOG YR/)NN GV GNMN JHVD P<!X DR
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
120
LMVtNNXK HVD 0N\ OGUV J6D@ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R

O<\H GK ONDONIMG E31NYNVD GK YN\NVSXN GK [E= J6
YN6MYNLGKXN6FKIRNVDGVHNH\VGNVL]GNItNUIGN[N
J6 IWXOV YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV >NQKWN
MIW<\NJTY8JNGKHC5TGVFNQtNNIQNGKD$IG8UTJ
FNUL]HNINUJ6 IGEXR6RNIJGODFDNNVD HVD OV YINGNDtN
LM MNWXKIUG 1NL J6 YN6M PXGN PVt GT1 GT\KX
\NV[NVD YN6M GT1 GFK\NVD GK QNV/UK YN6M R4NQNMK L]N,U
GMXN)NN$
ONHNIWG GNMN W6OV IG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HXVYLXVGT1PXONI)NNVDGKFKIRNVDOV
tNNQKGKWNVY<\NJGV QKXGNV46\NXVGVMN/UV IWJNQ
HVD HM[)NV$.NUMJV IGJYN6MUVD PH] HVD FJTU
F0K)NKD@\VIGXYNLXV PXLMHVJMFNXKYN6MJHQMaQK
GMUVJTYN6MPXGNYN6MPXGVtNN6JMNVDGNO(HNXGMUV
JTPXOVtNNQKGM\K$
E9\KQV
NGK\VI>NGNAA\NVMNRVI/ONRN[I\VMK K L.
Veccia Vaglieri YLXK LT/UG E/\NH GN IQ4N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
121
L]IUM^NN HVD I\>NUKJ6AAHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR

O<\H XV YLXK LZMK WRNXK GV IQXNVD HVD WFIG \6DI[G
E31N YLXK SMH OKHN LM JNVUK J6 YN6M WFIG YNL
VOV OHNW YMFOHNW HVD MJMJV )NV WJN tNNQKG
OHNWKOD/)NNGV ,NHVD YXTLI/)NU)NKYN6MWJN YXVG
FKIRNVD OV tNNQK GMXN JK IXH )NN YN6M U<NNG QVXN
Y5DUOM\)NN@EOGVFNRWZQYNLXVGVR\GYN6MU
OV tNNQK GK$ RJ >NQKWN MIW<\NJT Y8JN J6D IWXGK
YNT L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK YNT OV
FJTUF0K)NK@YN6MYNLLSKOON\UGPXGV HTI>\O
YN6MIL]LUKMJV@YN6MQZOMKtNNQKPOOHUGXJKD
GKWFUG>NQKWNMIW<\NJTY8JNGKHC5TXJNV[E=
YN6MYNL GK YNT LSNO ON\ GNV LJTDS [E=$ L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKEXtNNIQNVDHVDOVJMG
tNNQK GN GNVE= X GNVE= MNWXKIUG N OHNWK GNMN
YRt )NN@ IWX YN6MUNVD OV YNL XV tNNIQN GKD POGN
PVt LMJVW[NM YN6M OQNSNMK YN6MUNVD GNV O(HNX QVXN
YN6MGT1GFK\NVD YN6M>NNXQNXNVD GV ON)NR6RNIJGODFDN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
122
/)NNILUGMXN)NNUNIGE/\NHGNV 46\NXV GV I\G

XNMN/UNIXGN\OGVD$GVR\YNEtNNMIW<\NJT Y8JN
GNV1NV0GMHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXVVOK
HIJ\NYNVD OV tNNIQND GKD WNV GTDYNMK@ WRNX YN6M OTDQM
XJKD )NKD@UNV 'NYNLGtNJaRNXKGNHTGYN6MtNJaRU
LM/U 2I'U)NV?YNLGHXT)NVLZ7XJKD)NV$XE=
tNNQKGMXV GNGNMNJ+NKJNV OGUNJ6 IGYNLGNV
YN6\NQ GK E31N MJK JNVYNL GV LNO YN GV GNVE=
YING ONNX XJKD )NV EOGV FNRWZQ YNL XV G +NNMK
LIMRNMGNYNI)N=GFNV!YLXV G8NV LMP%NI\NYN6M
JHVtNNPXOFGVON)NLZMKFMNFMKGVON)NIXFNJIGN
YN6MG+NK+NKPXHVD OV IGOKGV ON)NYDUMYN6M+NVQ
+NNR GN MN/UN XJKD YLXNN$ YNL XV IL1\V L6[(FMNVD
W6OV HZON Y\6IJ/O\NH YNIQ GV YNQtN= LM S\UV JT
GNHIGNIWXGV YXVGtNNIQNVD LMYNLINIUMNW
GMXV RN\NGNVE= XJKD$UNV 'NHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
R O<\H GV FJTIRRNJ GK YN\NVSXN GMXV GN JK
GNMNMJWNUNJ6IGJHQZOMVL6[(FMNVDGVQ6IXGWKRX
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
123
GVIRRMNXJKDWNXUVJ6DWFIGHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJ
RO<\HGV LIMRNIMGWKRXGKGGSKW WNXUV
J6D?
L]IO YD[]VW \V>NG A)NNHO GN\
GN\NN=\
\
\ Thomas
Carlyle YLXK IGUNF AJKMNVW HVD YNL O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGV FNMV HVD GJUNJ6HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H tNJaRU GV LTWNMK XJKD )NV@ WFIG
Y5NSNM@Y8NYN6MIWNQUKGMUV JTYNLLMJ
YNMNVL \[NN [N J6$ PO OH JH F0N Y5NSNM
YN6M+NNXG [\UK GMUV J6D WF YNL GNV G tNJaRU
LM/UGNHTG YNQHKOH!UV J6D@IWOGNYLXKE31N
YN6M\N\ONLZMKGMXVGVIORNGT1GNHX)NN$GQNIL
XJKDPOGV YN6M\N\ONYNVD GV FKSWHKXYNOHNXGN
YDUM)NN$

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
124

HTJ(HQ>GKIMON\URXTFT2RU
L6[(FMK E=
QZU5RGKLTI9GMXVRN\V
HZ\[]D)NNVDOVGT1L]HNN
GTMY
a NXGMKHOV]HNN
NN
Y<\NJUFNMGRUYN\N4MHNUNJ6
P PP N PQ P P P
PP T Q
P
P
B
`
R J R B8BO ** H
P
P P P
P
P R .
J
R .F
Q 8
\X
~ /..^
<NNV[NVHTJ(HQ>UT(JNMV YNQIHNVD HVD OV IGOK
GV FNLXJKD@\VIGXYNLY<\NJGV L6[(FMYN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
125
ONMV XIFNVD E=
QZUNVD GV OHN,U GUN= J6D$
OZMUT\ YJWNF
E=ONY\6IJ/O\NHXVEXaWK\HVDHTJ(HQ>GVXFK
E=
QZUJNVXV GKtNT+NOZSXNQKJ6@Y<\NJUYN\NGN
4HN=XJ6
P P T
P P T
P

,R B
R .,R B
R PBPP P T P
Q .T
R F
7 R JP `
Q
T P P M P Q TP
P
P
P
PB
R L
BB
B
B,R
R .F
Q 8P
T P Q M PQ PT
T LBT P B
Q B
Q .
O P R.JP 0R .8.

R R BF
R
T P
Q
P
^~.^ *
YN6MWFH
HGV FV9V E=ON
WFH=HGV
N Y\6IJ/O\NH
J/O\NH XV
GJN@VHVMKGN6HFXKEO]NE=\H6DUTHOFGK
YNVM Y<\NJ GN L6[(FM E=
QZU JZ@ YLXV OV
LJ\V GK []D)N
)N UN6MNU GK H6D LTI9 GMXV RN\N JZ
YN6MYLXV
MYLXVL
SNUYNXVRN\VGMOZ\
L6[(FM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
126
GKH6D UT(JVD tNT+NOZSXNQVXV RN\NJZ IWOGNXNH

YJHQJ6$
OZMUTO O4
U)NNY<\NJUYN\NXV4MHNN
Q
P Q P Q P P
Q PJQ P L.
.

R .F
.H
R
.
R `
R R
T
T P PT
T P
Q
P BM B
Q
T Q B
R B

0
.
8
B
.

B
Q Q BBPB
.
J
R
R
R R R
P Q P P QT
Q PTPP
P T B
Q T P T BB
B
Q BQ B
B
B
.

B
B
J

CJ
R JB
R
R
R
R
T
P
T P Q P P P P PP Q T P Q P Q P P
R .
T Q BB
JB
R. R G J1
T QP P P T TP P T P P PP T P P T Q P T
.
)

R .F .J ,R
R R
P T QP P Q Q P PP Q Q P P
Q P P F P Q*L
P .
JIJ
8JR R
.JIJ
R 8..
R
P Q T QT Q Q P PTQ
Y]_
~ C..^H
R .
R BJ*
WNV\NV[VOVP(HK
N I\>NXNXJKD
JKDWNXUV
P(HKWNVLXN I\>NXNX
)NVXFK
XFKL6[(FMGKL6MRK
RKYXTOMNGMUVJ6D
IWXGNV RJ\NV[YLXV LNOUN6MNUREXaWK\HVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
127
I\>NNJT
I\>NNJTYNLNUVJ6D$RJPXGNVY31K
Y31KXVGFNUNVD
GNYNQV
NQVUVJ6DYN6MFTMKFNUNVDOVHXNJKGMUVJ6D
YN6MLIR SKWNVD GNV J\N\
J\N\ R6NN FUNUV J6D YN6M
YLIR SKWNVD GNV PXLMJMNH YR6N@RIW=
NN@RIW=U
FUNUVJ6D@YN6MPX\NV[NVDLMWNVFNV!YN6MUN6G)NV
PXGNV QZMGMUV
MGMUV J6D$ONV WNV \NV[POL6[(FMLM
E=HNX \NUV J6D YN6M PXGN OJNV[ GMUV J6D YN6M
PXGK OJNUN GMUV J6D YN6M PO XZM GN
N
Y)NN=U GTMYNX GMKH GK L6MRK GMUV J6D WNV
PXGV ON)N +NVWN [N J6@ VOV \NV[ O4\UN LNXV
RN\VJ6D$ OZMUT\ YNMN4
OT8XUVXFRKOV
XFRKOV]HNN
NN
L6[(FM>XV4MHNN
HVMNYN6M HT!OV LJ\V GV L6[(FMNVD GN PQNJMN PO
2I'UGV OHNXJ6 IWOXV G"NMFXNN@POV ODRNMN
YN6MOWNNIG8UTPOGVGGNVXVHVDGVR\GE=D9GK
W[JVOVJK1NV0IQN$\NV[POGKLIM
POGKLIMHNGMXV\[V
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
128
YN6MPOLMYN
S= L]G9
9 GMXV \[V YN6MGJXV \[V
JGE=D9'NVDXJKDM>NK[E=?L6[(FM>
FM>XV4MHNN
UNV H6D JKRJE=D9JZ YN6MH6D ONMV XIFNVD GNOHN,U
GNOHN,U
GUN=JZ$OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
IL1\KYNOHNXK[])NNV
D)NNVD OV]HNN
NN
LN%GGNVEOFNUOVYR[UJNVXNSNIJIG
UN6MNU YN6M E8WK\ GV EX G)NXNVD HVD RIN=U
GT1FNUNVDGNVJH/RKGNMXJKDGMUVJ6D@IG8UT
JHXV JN PXGN P<\V>N EOI\ IGN J6
UNIG JZIQNVD YN6M E=ONENVD LM PXGK PX
IGUNFNVD OV UG= /)NNILU IGN WN IWX LM
RJIR
RNOM>NUVJ6$D
YUNIFXONMGJUV J6DHVMKHT\NGNUY&QT<\NJIFX
YH]IFXYNOMIW<\NJTY8JTHNOVJTE=UNVH6DXVPXOV
GJNHT!V UN6MNUHVD Y<\NJGV L6[(FM>O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\H GV [TNIR
NVNUNIR\^NN GV ODFDN
HVDFU\NE=V?P8JNVDXVGJNJN@YR
Y<\NJGKON6[DN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
129
UN6MNU HVD YNLGK P8JKD GT1 IR

NVNUNYNVD DR [TNNVD GN
RN=XJTYNJ6 WNV GTMaYNXHVD RIN=UJ6$V XFKJHXV
YNLGNV[RNJKQVXVRN\NON^NK @tNT+NOZSXNQVXVRN\N@
0MNXVRN\NYN6MPI(HNVDYXLNVD GVI\OTM^NGYN6M
OJNGFXNGM+NVWNJ6$YNLHVMNF8QNYN6MODQV
RNJG
L6[(FM J6D@ H6D XV YNL GN XNH HTURI'G\ M>NN J6@
YNLPW0YN6MQT
SIM XJKD J6D YN6MXJKFNWNMNVD HVD
J<\N [TJNM HSNXV RN\V J6D@ YN6M YNL FTMNE= GN FQ\N
FTMNE= OV XJKD QVUV J6D@FI<GHN4GMQVUV YN6M^NHNOV
GNH\VUV J6D$H6D YNLGNV POOHUGHC5T XJKD QZD[N
WFUGIGYNLGV `NMN9VKIH<\UL)N +N]9MN9
GNV OKNNXGMQZ YN6MRJ\NV[JXGJXV \[VD IG
Y<\NJGVYIUIM'UGNVE=O5LZ7XJKD@YN6MWFUG
IG H6D YNLGV `NMN YDNK YN>NNVD@ FJMV GNXNVD YN6M F8Q
IQ\NVDGNV>NNV\XQZ$ OJKJFT>NNMK
NV4VOMY&QT\YJQQNQGJUV J6DIG8UT H6D XV
YLXV UG= IRUG= HVD FNE=F\ GV GT1 YD
NNVD GNV YNNNM
FXNXV GK GNVI
N
N GK J6 WNV FJTU GH JK IGOK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
130
+NNNN ODF8NK IRRNQ GK YN.N QVUN J6@ YN6M H6D \NUKXK
NSKXMNVHX NZXNXKNYNMNHK+NNNNGKYNVMXJKD
WN[N 'NVDIG EOGN GNVE= \N+N XJKD J6$ H6D IX(X HVD
GVR\ %KG P8JKD tN&QNVD GNV FNE=F\ GV PO OD
NNVINU
OD/GMNOV L]/UTUGMMJNJZ IWOV IF]I9
NYN6MIRQV
NK
FNE=F\OZON9KXV L]GNI
NUIGNJ6$UN6MNUGV LT/UG
0aZ9MNVXNHK YN@ RN' HVD JH J tN&Q
LUVJ6DH6
H6DPXGVI\PXGV+NNE=NVDJKHVDOVUVMVOHNX
GXFKFXN[NYN6MYLXV RSX
RSX YNQV
N
N GNV POGV
HTJHVDM>NQZ[N$
N$
IQ V tN&Q HTJ(HQ U LM LZMV XJKD PUMUV J6D UNV
Y+NK UG EXGN LZMN JNVXN FNGK J6$ 'NVDIG /RD E=ON
HOKJXV G+NKJQNRNXJKD IGNJ6 IGIWOXFKGK
YNVMJNDODGVUIGN[NJ6@RJXFKRJKJ6D$JNUG
IGPXGV I
NNVD GN+NKJKIRSNM)NNYN6MRJHOKJ
GV LTX \N69 GM YNXV GK YN
NN GM MJV )NV UNIG
PLMNV'U LV
NKX[NVE= +NIRRNNK LIMLZN= JNV$ J FNU
YNWUGL]HNINUYN6MIXIR=MNVNJ6 IGE=ONHOKJGN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
131
)NHYN[HXEOFNULMUG=XJKDJ6WNVUN6MNUGVEO
RN'HVDYNNJ6IGH6DPXGVI\UVMVOHNXGXFK
>N0N G[N$ EOK GNM E=ON HOKJ GN QZOMK FNM
YN[HX+NKEXtN&QNVDGNY)N=XJKDM>NUNJ6$E=ONHOKJ
GNLTXYN[HXW6ONIGPXGVSS=GNHNXXNJ6G
8NNK
N GV ,N HVD JNV[N@ G NH= tNN/ L]/UTU GMXV
RN\VGV,NHVDXJKDJNV[N$WFIGIUI.U2I'URJJ6@
WNVAYLXV QNIJXV JN)NHVD 7RI\UYI;XH
NN/ \VGM
YN[N$
IUI.UXFKGK2I'U5RGN%KG%KGLUN\[NXV GV
I\IGOKGNMOV HZONY\6IJ/O\NHGKYNVMH8OZF
G+NIRRNNKFJTUOJNGJ6@WNV A4NMNXOV Y<\NJ
GVSHGXVRN\VGN
N GVIRNLMFNUSKUGMUKJ6@
YN6MRJ4NMNX H'GNGKGLJN0KJ6$U)NNUN6MNU
2R/)NNIRRMN YNRN'HV PI<\I>NU
tN&QEOGNMJ6D
AAMF LMHV
RM
RM OKXN OV YNN YN6M OVE=M OV PXGV
I\L]
I\ L]G9JTYN
N YN6M4NMNXGKLJN0KOV SHGN@YN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
132
POGV ON)N QO JWNM LIR \NV[ YN@ YN6M POGV

QNIJXV JN)N OV PXGV I\ tNMKYU NH=
NN/ GK
YI;XL]G9JT
G9JTE=$

EX
N&QNVDV HVD MFGV GN
NGNV OZ= GV GNtNGV OHNX
FUNN[NJ6@WNV
WNV OKXNOV YNUNJ6 YN6MPXGV I\
OVE=M OV PQ JNVUN J6 @
IG8UT RJ [R= YN6M
NNV+NN GV
ON)NA4NMNX
4NMNX OV
4NMNX SHGUNJ6 WJN POGV ON)NQOJWNM
O8UG9JNVXV )NV@YN6MRJYLXV QNIJXV JN)NHVD PXGV
I\NH=
NN/ P%NJTJNVUNJ6$IGOK+NKEO]NE=\KGN
IWOHVDE=ONHOKJ+NKOI(HI\UJ6DA4NMNX OV
A4NMNX GNVE=ODFDN
XJKDJ6$AJNWM
AJNWM YLXV
FV9VAE/HNE=\ GV
AFKM OFN
AJNWM
ON)NAFKM OFN
AFKM OFN
GV H/)N\HVD "NZHUKMJKD YN6MP8JKD \NV[NVD XV EOGV FNQ
A4NMNX
A4NMNX GV MVI[/UNX HVD IXRNO []JN IGN$ IWXVIOO
P5LIN YNRN'
EOHNE=\ Y\6IJ/O\NH GK HN XV G IHO]K YN6MU OV
PXGKtNNQK GM QK@ YN6MPXGV LJ\V FV9V AGKQNM GK
X/\OVAYQXNX L6QNJTIWXGVRD
NOVRJYMF\NV[
J6DIW8JNVDXVPOKOHOVA4NMNX GV
A4NMNX H+NZIHHVDIXRNO
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
133
[]JNIGNYN6MPOVYLXNIXRNO/)NNXFXNI\N$UNV
WF HTJ(HQ U W6ONIG OF WNXUV J6D AE/HNE=
E/HNE=\
Y\6IJ/O\NHYN6MPXGV FV9V GKQNMYQXNXGKX/\
OVJ6D@I4MEOGVFNQYNL4NMNXH+NZIHHVDG9JT@
I4MQOJWNMLIR \NV[NVD HTO\HNXNVD GV ON)NH'GN
HVD L]RV
N IG YN6M YLXK WXUN GV LNO 7RI\U
NH=
NN/
NMKYU \VGM YN$ 'N J RJK LK1V
P<\V>NGK[E=+NIRRNNKLV
NKX[NVE=XJKDJ6 WNV JM4
FJM4)NN
N&QLZMKJTE=J6??
U)NNRJ+NIRRNNKWNV JFGZG XFK \VGMYNRJ
IR
NVNLOV IRSNMGMXV YN6MNXQVXV GV NV;J6@
YN6MRJJJ6GTZO4NMNXLJN0 OV$POGV W\N\
XV YNOHNXNVD GNV NL I\N YN6M NMUK POGK L]
NDON@
OMNJXNYN6MLNGKOV+NM[E=$
JN LM OMNJXN
OMNJXN GN
N&Q FJTU HJ5RLZN= J6@ 'NVDIG
HTJ(HQ
(HQ XNH GN
NNI&QG Y)N= JNVUN J6 IWOGK
OMNJXN IG [E= JNV$EOOV F GMFNUJJ6 IG
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
134
YMF GV \NV[ WNV IG A4NMNX

A4NMNX H/)N\ GV RNOK J6D@
PXOV +NK RJa GV PUMXV GN RNQN IGN [N )NN
H+NZIHYN6MPXGV X[MNVD PXW[JNVD LMYLXKYNRNW
FT\DQ GMNV WJN GKQNM YQXNX XV IXRNO IGN@
AAON\V GV IXRNIONV LJN0NVD GK SNVI9NVD GV LM OV
[NYNV YN6M SK YNRNW HVD IS<\NYNV@ MF LN\XJNM
GKL]IU%NGNRN=XGMNV YN6MPOGKLNGKYN6ML]tNDON
GNV `KLNVD HVD 46\NYNV@MFGtNI'UHNX2I'UGV OHNX
FNJMIXG\V[NYN6MGWD[WZ NVNGV OHNXYLXK
[6MUGNV P+NNMV[N@RJ LTGNMV[N YN6MWNVM OV \\GNMV[N
YN6M YLXV QTtHXNVD GNV LMNIWU GMV[N$
NNNJ

EOIRNOV ODFDINUQNV Y8+NIRRNINN +NKJ6D
WNV NXQVXV GV NV;J6D IWXHVD GKQNMYQaXNX GV
SSN= GNODGVUYNNJ6@LJ\K+NIRRNNK
NNNJGV
YNHVD J6 WNV EOL]GNMJ6AAUZ P%WN[YN6M
W[H[N 'NVDIG UVMN L]GNtN YN MJN J6@ YN6M MF GK
HIJHNUVMV LMSHGV[KIH_NXYN6MLNQV
NNVD GV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
135
9NVD GV !T0UVMKNMUKGNV G\VD[V$ItNFNGV QV

NOV
9NVD GK\(FKLDI'UN UVMV JN YNVD[K$GVQNMGK
ONMK+NV0VD UVMV LNOEG9a%KJNV WNVD[K@XFNNVUGV HVV
UVMKOVRNHVD \NWNVD[V[V YN6MHVMKRVQK GTFN=X[NJ
LM/RKGNMGMXV GV \NG FI\N FXVD[V YN6MH6D YLXV
YQa+NTUHI8QMYN6MYINGOTDQMFXN[N
EOKL]GNMQZOMK+NIRRNNK+NKtNNNJ
HVD YNE= J6@RJEOL]GNMJ6AAYMFGV
YMFGV I\LMHV
RM
GNOD
GNODQVQtV N$N$JVQQNXKGVGNI4\V@UZMNUYMFGVH+NZIH
HVD GT1 RC^NNVD GV LNO [TWNM \V$ GT1 ,NOV NI NVD GNV
LKXVGNVLNXKQNV$UVHNGV\NV[NV@PX\NV[NVDGNV+NNVWXQNV
WNVN NGMMJVJ6D$RV\NV[VOKU\RNMNVDOV+NN[MJV)NV
WNV PXGNV HNMXV GNV U5LM)NV$ RV \NV[ PXNXTNNVD OV
FSGM+NN[MJV )NV WNV PXLM1Z9XV GV I\UXV JT
)NV$RV +NKNN\0NE= OV +NN[MJV )NV$HVMV /RNHKXV HT!V
FUNN)NNGKVOKFNUVD "N9VD[K$AAGRN= HVD GVON
[IWOOV HWQZMIGMNV GNOH I[XUNJ6D$ GVQNM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
136
GNR6+NRX9JNV WNV[N$POOHGVQNMGV )NNV0V OV

NXTNNNMK@L]UNLKO6IXGJKWKIRUFSLNVD[V$
mNNNJGKEX+NIRRNINNVD GNV UN6MNUGKG
LT/UG AA2R/)NN
2R/)NN IRRMN
IRRMN GNV ONHXV M>N GM
LIWNV AALNMNXOV
AALNMNXOV Y<\NJ LMHVtRM GV L]GNtNGV
SHGXV GV
ODFDNHVDRNUN=\NLGMUNJ6$
WF E/HNE=\ Y\6IJ/O\NH XV ALNMNX GV H/)N\ HVD
IXRNO IGN@ WJN PXGV "NM GVQNM YQXNX XV W8H
I\NWNVIGYMFGVORNV=3SLZR=WJ6D$YN6MY[MGVQNM
GV ODUNX LM J I\>N IQN [N )NN IG PXGV LNO
Y<\NJGKYNVMOV RJKE=
RNNK YN[K$YN6MGVQNM
GV MVR0 GNV LIR RVQKLMFI\IQV WNXV GNV /RKGNM
GMXN )NN@ LMHVtRM GV L]IU%N GV "NM GNV R6+NR L]QNX
GMXV GV I\$ WJN GE= tNUNI&QNVD UG YNGNM 1NN
MJN)NNYN6MI4MPOKNMUKGNV Y<\NJGV L]GNtNGNV
/RKGNMGMXN)NN$YN6MY[MGVQNMGNV L]N,UJNVXV RN\N
JONMNR6+NRYN6MNXTNNNIMNVDGKJOD>NYN6MEOK
L]GNMGVQNMGKODUNXGV FJNQTMNVD GV ONMV R6+NR EX
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
137
ONMKSKWNVD GNV \9GUKJTE= U\RNMYN6MUXKJTE= GHNX

GVONHXVOV+NN[XVGVGRN=GVFKSJKX9JNVWNXN
)NNUNV L]tXJJ6 IG'NEOFNUOV ALNMNX
LNMNX GV G
2I'UAAHTJ(HQ
(HQ GV YIUIM'UGNVE= YN6MHTMNQJNV OGUN
J6?JFGZG
HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H E/HNE=\
Y\6IJ/O\NH GV RDtNOV J6D YN6MGVQNMYQXNXGK
ODUNXOV YNLPXGV FV9V J6D IWOXV ALNMNX
LNMNX GV H/)N\
HVD /)NNE= IXRNO []JN IGN$ YN6M HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HJKRJGHN L6[(FMJ6DIWXGV`NMN
YMFXV Y<\NJGNODQVtNL]N,UIGN@IWOOHNMUK
LM Y8NGNM 1NN JTYN )NN$ YN6M YNLGV GV `NMN JK
ALNMNX
LNMNX HVD Y<\NJ GV L]GNtN GK IGMNVD SHGKD$ YN6M
H'GNJKRJGHN X[MJ6 WJN LMHV
RMGV "NMHVD
POGVVXNHGNYNQMYN6MR6+NRJTYN$AAAAYN6
AAYN6MEOKL]GNM
GVQNM GV MVR0 Y<\NJ GV "NM GK RVQK LM YNGM
/RKGNMIGWNXV\[V$

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
138
HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGNVYNLGKGN6HXV
OUNNYN6MYNLLMY5NSNMIGN$STXNDSVYNLH'GN
1NV0XV LM IRRtN JNV [@ YN6M YNL GNV \9GUK JTE=
U\RNMNVD YN6MUXKJTE= GHNXNVD OV +NN[XV GV QN6MNX,NO
\[K$ YN6M YNLGV +NN[XV GV G ON\ FNQ JK FQ] GV
THVDGVQNMGVLNVUNVDODUNXOVYNLGKHT%+NV0JTE=$
JK RJ /)NNX J6 WJN H'GN RN\NVD YN6M L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV FKS LJ\K \0NE= JTE=$
YN6MEOGV FNQJKGVQNMGV LNVUV WNV IGNXTNNNMK)NV
LMNIWUJNV [V$I4MGVQNMGNONMNR6+NRX9JNV
[N$EOI\Y[MLIR E=tQZUHTJ(HQ > GNV R
LMHVtRM GN ODQVtN /RKGNMXV RN\N YN6M EX ONMK
LVtNKX[NVE=NVD +NIRtRNINNVDGNV O3SNGMIQ>NNXV RN\N
XJKD OH!NWNUNJ6 UNV EOGNY)N= JJNVUNJ6 IGJ
+NIRRNINN Y+NK UG O3SK "NI9U XJKD JTE= J6D?
EOKL]GNMMFLMHVtRMGN"NMIWOHVD POGKL]IU%N
YN6M HIJHN GN SSN= IGN WNV[N@ YN6M IWOGK YNVM
tNNNJHVD ODGVUIGN[NJ6@RJH'GNHVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
139
Y<\NJ GN LIR "NM J6@ PO OV UN5L= HOKJ GN
I[MWN"NMXJKDJ6W6ONIGE=ONE=+NNGNMNVDGNHNXXNJ6$
YN6MGVQNMGK+NV0VD W6ON IGYNU HVD PI<\I>NU
J@6 G+NK +NK HOKJ GV I[MWN"NM HVD XJKD YNE=D$ YN6M
RN/UIRGUNJJ6IGGVQNMGV[NRNVDYN6MPXGVRNOKJK
EO ODONM HVD G HN \NV[ J6D WNV G+NK +NK HOKJK
I[MWN"NMGKIGOKItN^NNOVL]+NNIRUXJKDJTJ6D$
EOKL]GNMUN6MNUGV 2R/)NNIRRMNYNHVD
QO JWNM @ O8UNVD GN P<\V>N HJ5RLZN= Y)N=
M>NUNJ6$AAY<\NJGK7NVIULNMNXLR=UOV L]GNItNU
JTE=YN6MPOGVON)NQOJWNMLIR \NV[YN$ Y[M
YNL LNMNX GK H+NZIH OV ODFDINU ONMN EIUJNO ,N
WNVD UNV YNLGNV EOGV YIUIM'UGNVE= YN6M"N9XNXJKD
IH\V[K IG WF L6[(FM HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\H XV H'GN GNV LMNIWU IGN UNV HQKXN X[M GV
YLXV QO JWNM YXTNINVD GV ON)N L]RVtN JT YN6M
QNVFNMNY<\NJGV "NMHVD \N69GMYN$YNLGV QNIJXV
JN)N HVD RJ tNMKYU NH= tNN/ )NK IWOXV ONMK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
140
tNMKYUNVD NH= tNN/ NVD GNV MN>NGNVMFXNIQN$U)NN

AHN[=
HN[=QtN=G YN6M AO5 YN5HN
O5 YN5HN
O5 YN5HN IWOGK HOKJ XV tNT+N
OZSXN QK )NK RJ /RD HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGV YIUIM'UGNVE= YN6MXJKD J6$JO(+NRXJKD
J6IGJHPOVAJT
JT\ G
\ GTQOa LIR YN5HNOH!VDW6ON
IG G\KONE= NNIHG= ION8UNVD SS= GN HNXXN J6$
'NVDIGHOKJGNGJXNJ6
AAUT(JNMVI\JPISU
I\JPISUJ6IGH6DQZMS\NWN@EOI\
IG Y[M H6D QZM XJKD WNUN JZ UNV AAHN[=QtN=G UT(JNMV
LNO XJKD YNV[N@ IG8UT Y[M H6D JN OV L]/)NNX GM
WNUNJZUNVPOVH6DUT(JNMVLNO+NVWQZ[N$
N$

EXtN&QNVDGN/L9Y)N=JKJ6IGAHN[=
HN[=QtN=G GNHOKJ
GV ,NtSNUYNXNYIXRN= )NNYN6MJIGWFHOKJXV
J FNU GJK UNV RJ PO OH PXGV ON)N XJKD )NN$
'NEOOVJHVD JOH!XNSNIJVIGHOKJIFXNLIR
YN5HN JT\ GTQaO GV )NV IQ LIR YN5HN JT\
GTQaOGNYN[HXHOKJGVL]/)NNXLMIX+N=M)NN?EOGV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
141
YIUIM'U IWO L]GNM HOKJ XV POGN P<\V>N IGN J6

RJ POV G HXT FXNGM LVtN GMUN J6 YN5HN XJK
AARJ YLXK YNVM OV XJKD FNV\V[N@ FI<G WNV GT1 RJ
OTXV[NRJK\V[NVDLMQNVJMNQV[N$ UNV'NJHNMVI\J
OH!XN YNRtG J6 IG Y<\NJ YN6M LIR YN5HN
JT\ GTQOa QNV Y\[ YI/U5R J6D YN6M LIR YN5HN
JT\ GTQOa YLXKYNVMOV +NKFNV\UNJ6 YN6MWNV GT1
Y<\NJOVOTXUNJ6V?
HOKJ GV tN&Q /L9 ,N OV Y<\NJ GV +NVWV JT GT1
ODQVtNRNJGNVDGKYNVMODGVUGMUVJ6D$RJPOVO5YN5HN
GV XNH OV LTGNMUV J6D YN6M GTMYNX +NK HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GV FNMV HVD %KG EOK L]GNM
FNUGJUNJ6
T P P P PT
T
P
P
Q
T
>
R . D
J
R (P
P@
[_
~ 1.
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
142
AAFI<GRJ
AAFI<GRJL6[(FMHTJ((Q
((QUNVO5
O5O3SNNH=
\NV J6D YN6MOFL6[(FMNVD GNV O3SNWNXUV J6D$

OZMUTO ON4NU

E8WK\OVL]HNN
NN
E8WK\ FXN=FN HVD P<\V>N IGN [N J6
IGE=ONY\6IJ/O\NHXVGJNAAEOI\IGY<\NJHT!V
NMUKOV LMSN\V[NYN6MIRtRNO"NNUKGV ,NGNV
FQ\ QV[N JN UG IG JM GPOV HT!V JK [THNX
GMV[N$ EOGV FNRWZQ IWO OH RJ FTMK HN6U HM
WNV[NH6D ODONMHVD G\(FV OHUGPO\7WNHVD
FNGKMJZ[N$IG8UT WFY<\NJGV LIR L6[(FMHTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYNVD[V UNV HT!OV JG\DG
IH9WNV[N$

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
143

L6[(FM>GVE=tNQZUYN6MODQVtNRNJG
JNVXVGKO5UNLMGT1YGa\KUG=

L6[(FM HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H YXL
)NV@I\>NXNYN6M,NXNXJKDWNXUV )NVYN6MVOKGN6H
HVVD )NV WNV YX,N )NK@ POHVD I\>NXN ,NXN FJTU JK
GH\NV[ WNXUV )NV$ YN6MJ GVR\ EO GNMN )NN
UNIGGNVE=ODQVJGMXVRN\NPORJaHVDODQVJXGM
OGV WNV YNL LM Y<\NJ GK YNVM OV PUMUK )NK@
YN6M !Z% HZ9 J X [THNX GM F6%V IG POV YNL
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
144
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXVYLXKYNVMOVODLNQX
GM[ GV LVtNGMIQNJ6$Y<\NJUYN\NXV
4MHNN
QTP P Q PP
P
QP PP
Q
J /
O PR R R R T R
J@
P Q T P PT M P P
\`
~ 1.>H
R TQ ./
8.7
,R
R R R
AAEO OV LJ\V UNV YNL GNVE= IGUNF ,NUV X )NV
YN6MXIGOKIGUNFGNV YLXV JN)NOV I\>NUV )NV
IG J IH)NRNQK \NV[ ODQVJ HVD L0UV$

OZMUT\ YXaGFZU
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV VOK SKW LVtN
GK IWOXV YMF GNV POGV OHNX GNVE= SKW LVtN
GMXV OV IRRtN YN6M FVFO GM IQN YN6M YLXK
4ONJU R F\N[U \NI9GN OV P8JVD SIGU GM
IQN$ EO L]GNM YNLGN YXtRM SH5GNM RJ
GTMaYNX J6 WNV YNL LM YRUIMU JTYN J6$ L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H4MHNUVJ6D
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
145
AAL6[(FMNVD HVD OV L]5VG L6[(FM GNV GT1 X GT1

IXtNNXK
IXtNNXKSH5GNM QK[E=)NKIWOLM\NV[E=HNX
\NV@YN6MHTHT!VWNVSH5GNM
SH5GNMIXtNNXKIQN[NJ6
RNV RJa J6 IWOV Y<\NJ UYN\N XV HVMV LM
PUNMKJ6@YN6MHT!V YNtNNJ6 IGIGNHUGV IQX
HVMV HNXXV RN\V OFOV YINGJNVD[V$
$ OJKJFT>NNMK
$
RDOJKJHTI/\H
YNLGK GN6H GV \NV[ YMFK +NNNN GV HNIJM YN6M
IXLTNYN6M4ONJUOVLZN=)NVIG8UTI4M+NKY<\NJ
UYN\NXV P8JVD GTMaYNXGV OHNXGNVE= SKW L]/UTU
GMXVGVI\S6\VDWIGNUNVRJFVFOJNV[V@I4M
P8JVD GTMYNXGV OHNXG OZMU YN L]/UTU
GMXV GV I\S6\VDWIGNI4M+NKRJYOH)N= MJV$
Y<\NJUYN\NXV4MHNN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
146
T QT P P T P PP PT P T P T Q Q P
.
BB
B
O 8
R HR J@
R
Q
Q P P P Q T Q T P T P Q
6.JR R 0O 8R

R .HJ
R 6 (.
.
T
P T QTQ H
Z[
~ 0.>R 6R
,R
AAJHXV WNV GT1YLXV F8QV LMPUNMNJ6 POHVD

Y[M UT(JVD ODQVJ JNV YN6M UTH O3SV JNV
JNV UNV PO
W6OKGOZMUUNVFXN\NYNV@UT(JVDYINGNMJ6IG
Y<\NJGVYIUIM'UYLXVOJNVI[NVDGNV+NKFT\N
\NV$
$ OZMUT\ FGMN
$
FI<G OR= ODONM GV \NV[NVD GNV S6\VDW IGN@
Y<\NJUYN\NXV4MHNN
T QT P P PP T P Q
Q
T
P P P.
.
BH*
B
.
J

.

R
R R @
R R
T
QT P P T
T P Q P P
P P T PP
T
B
H)
R B..BB
R R R
H
BJR BR R RH
M P
T
T
R
O P R T Q Q P
``
~ (..>.
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
147
AAGJ QKIWV IG Y[M UHNH E8ONX YN6M ONMV

IW8XNU IH\ GM EO GTMYNX
aYNX GV OHNX \NXN
SNJVD UNV PX OF GV I\ EOGV OHNX \NXN
YOD
+NRJ6 SNJV RJYNLOHVD GQZOMV GV I\
YOD+NRJ6
OJNV[K+NKFXWNVD$
OZMUT\EO]N
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HIXMDUM\NV[NVD GNV
Y<\NJGKYNVMFT\NUV YN6MYNHD NQVUV MJV WFIG
YNL GNV YLXK GN6H GK YNVM OV FJTU YING
GI%XNE=NVD YN6M 9GMNRNVD GN ONHXN JTYN@ JN UG
IGRNV\NV[YNLGNVWNXOVHNM0N\XVYN6MYNLGK
QNRU GN YDU GM QVXV GV I\ YNL GV IR
N08 N GMXV GK JQ UG LJTS [V$ EX ONMK
SKWNVDGVJNVUVJT+NKYNLIXMDUMPOQKXGVL]SNM
HVD WT9V MJV IWOGV ON)NYNLGNV +NVWN[N)NNYN6M
Y<\NJ GV QKX GNV 46\NXV GV MN/UV HVD YNL GNV
YLXKGN6HGKYNVMOVIWOG9@LMV
NNXK@GI%XNE=
YN6MY5NSNMGN+NKONHXNJTYNPOLMN6=GMUV
MJV$ Y[M YNL IH)NRNQK JNVUV YN6M YNL
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
148
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGQNILVONXJKD )NV UNV

YNLNH=L]SNMGNV5N[QVUVYN6MYLXKWNXWNV>NNVD
HVD X0N\UVEOI\IGYNLQV>NMJV )NV IGYNL
GKLZMKGN6HYNLGV IRGWT9JNV [E= J6 YN6M
YNLGNYN6MYNLGKQNRUGNYDUGMXV GV I\
[D+NKMUNGNL]QtN=XGMMJKJ6$
0NHSQTMN=XK(M. H. Durrani)GJUVJ6D
AAJIRtRNO@JUKR] L]NOYN6MJQCUNYN6
NYN6M
L'GNODG<LIWOGV `NMNHTJ(HQ
(HQO<\<\NJT
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HXVYLXVYN8QNV\XGNYD
XGNYDIUH
UHO4\UNUG
XVUC5RIGN@
RIGN@ EOFNUGNL]F\L]HNNJ6 IGYNL
YLXKQNRUHVDGUE=O3SV)NV@'NVDIGY[MYNLGV
HXHVD UIXG+NKOD
UIXG+NK ODQVJ N2NGT\UNJNVUKUNV YNL
POYNNK UZ4NX GV ONHXV G+NKI9GXJKD LNUV
IWOGV tNNV\V LZMV FKO ON\ UG +N0GUV MJV$ 'N
EOGV FNQP
FNQPVtHVD LZN= O3SNE=@2RJNMHVD QCUN
OQ2RJNM YN6MHXGKORNV=3SUNGNGNVE= YN6M
L]HNN JNV OGUN J6? J ONMV Y/FNF R YRNIH\
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
149
GNMN YIXRN=,NOVEOLIMNNH
EOLIMNNH IXGN= UG
LJTSNUVJ6DIWOV/RKGNMXVIFXNGNVE=1T9GNMNXJKD
GNMNXJKDIG
J2I'UY<\NJGNO3SNOD
J2I'UY<\NJGNO3SNODQVQVtRNJG
RNJG L6[(FM
FM
J6@ J JHNMV L6[(FM HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HJ6D$YNLYLXV YXTLH[TNNVD HVD GIS8J@
L]IU%N YN6M Y31NE= R +N\NE= GV LZN= YNQtN= YN6M
O3SNE= RD IX/RN)N=
IX/RN)N=UN GK Y\NHU LJSNX
LJSNX )NV$
YNL GN WKRX@ YNLGV IRSNM@ YNL GK O3SNE=@
YNLGKNH= IX%UN@YNLGNODH@YNLGKO>NNRU
RQNXtNK\UN@YNLGNIRtRNORD-
-NYN6MYNLGV
GNMXNHVJOFGVOFYNLGKXTFT2RU
RUE=tQZU5R
GV YIÙ
YIÙK L]HNN J6D$ WNV 2I'U +NK IX,N^NUN
IX,N^NUN GV
ON)NYNLGV WKRXYN6MOD
ODQVQtV NGNV ,NV[N@N@ RJEO
FNUGK[RNJKQV[N
NIGRNG
IGRNGE= YNLY<\NJGV +NVWV
JTL6[(FMJ6D@YN6MGTMY
a XNIWOVYNL\NV[NVDGVI\
\VGM YNV J6D@ RJ Y<\NJ GK O3SK IGUNF J6$
L]5VG[D+NKM@8NIL]IRSNMGWNVO5GNE31TG
J6RJYRt
RJYRtEOIXN=UGLJTSV[N$
N$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
150
JFNU/L9J6 IGL]5VGHXT/R+NNIRG,NOV
EO ONDONIMG WKRX GV PLGMNNVD W6OV HN\ NX@
>NNXV LKXV GKSKWVD YN6MtNNQK IRRNJGNV LODQGMUN
J6$Y<\NJUYN\NXV4MHNN
T P P P
P Q
P
P
R.J (.
R 1.
R P P .
Q :
R R
9@
TT P P T P
P P
P P Q T . PP T.JP
R .
R 0R P

R .J R R .J
R R
P
T P PT Q P P P P T PT P P T P P P Q T
P.
0R . @

R 7 2
R .J RG.J R .
T Q T Q QP Q P
~Y\H.F)>/
R P .
I R .
J
AAEI31USKWNVD GKIS\NV[NVD GV I\OT

I\ OTDQM
M FXN
QK [E= J6@ W6OV I/ N YN6M FV9V YN6M ONVXV YN6M
SNQKGV EG9a
a%NIGV JT>NWNXV YN6MIS8JRN\V
EG9%NIGV
"NNV0V YN6MSN6LNV YN6M>NVUK@JONDONIMGWKRX
GN ONHNX J6 YN6M \N69XV GN Y31N I%GNXN UNV
Y<\NJUYN\NJKGV
Y<\NJUYN\NJKGVLNOJ6$
OZMNYN\ EH]NX
HXT EX PLGMNNVD GNV IRI+N8X ONNXNVD YN6M
UMKGNVD OV L]N,UGMXV GV I\+NMLZML]NOGMUN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
151
J6$IG8UZ P8JVDV L]N,UGMXV GV D[YN6MUMKGV HVD

\NV[IRI+N8XJ6D@GT1\NV[P8JVDVPISUNH=O(HU
ONNXOV GHNUV J6D YN6MGT1\NV[YXTISUYN6M
YR6ND[OVGHNUVJ6D$
WFJHXV JWNXI\N@UNV JHGJUV J6D IG
WFL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV YLXK
QNRUGNYNMD+NIGNUNV YNLGKGN6HXV YNL
OV HNV\ +NNRIGNYN6MONMK\T+NNXV RN\KSKWNVD
YN6M ONDONIMG PLGMNNVD GV `NMN YNL GNV
PGONNYN6MYNLGKOH/UE31NYNVDYN6MHND[NVD
GNV LZMNGMXV GNRNQNIGNY[MYNLOMQNMK
SNJUV J6D UNV RJYNLGNV OMQNMFXN\VD[V@YN6M
Y[MIRRNJGMXNSNJUVJ6DUNV OFOVOTDQM/ K
OV YNL GN IRRNJ GM QVD[V YN6M Y[M YNL
NX QN6\USNJUVJ6DUNVRJ+NKQVXVGVI\U6NM
J6D@GVR\GtNU= HNX\VD IGEOXV NH= GNV
YN6M POGK YNVM \NV[NVD GNV FT\NXN 1NV0 QVD$ EO
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
152
LMYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV E=tRMK

IXQ=VtNOVVL]N,UIRtRNOGVON)NP8JVDPNMIQN
AAY<<NNJGKGOH
H Y[MV
Y[MV \NV[OZ= GNV HVMV
QNIJXVJN
JN)NHV
)NHVDYN6MSNQGNVFNVDJN)NHVDM>NQVD
YN6MJSNJVDIGH6DEOHNH\VGNV1NV0QZUNVH6D
EOVXJKD
XJKD1NV0OGUNJNUGIGY<\NJUYN\N
EOGNVL]+NT5R
5RL]QNXGMQV@NEOGVI\HVMK
5R
WNXS\KWNV$
OKMUE&XVIJtNNH#
IQ YNL IH)NRNQK JNVUV YN6M YNL O<\<\NJTT

Y\6IJ R O<\H GQNIL VON XJKD )NV UNV EO
ON6QNHNV\ +NNRGNV /RKGNMGM\VUV YN6MEO
YROM GN +NMLZM \N+N P%NUV 'NVDIG YNL GV
ONHXV WNV GT1 LVtN IGN [N )NN@ RJ JM PO
2I'UGKOFOV-V%E31NJNVUKJ6IWOGN\^
QTIXNJNVUNJ6$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
153
0NHSQTM=NXK'U
'U0
0+
+'XUUDQL
'XUUDQL
GJUVJ6D
AAL6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV IXMDUM
UVMNON\H'GNHVDYN6MIXMDUMYN%ON\ HQKXN
HVD GI%XNE=N YN6M LMVtNNIXN !V\KD@ LM YNL
YLXV QCI9 GNVNOV GFN\+NKXJKD J9V@YNL
L'GV EMNQV RN\V@ IX0M RD FJNQTM YN6M YLXV
\^NVDYN6MQCI9 GNVNHVDQCYN6ML'GV)NV$YNL
GVOHTQNXVYNLGVONHXV JL]/UNRM>NNIG
IQYNLYLXV NH= GKYNVMFT\NXV YN6MYLXV
ODQVtN GNV 46\NXV OV G WNVD UNV RJ YNL GNV
YLXN MNWN FXN \VD[V YN6M QVtN GN ONMN
NX QN6\UYNLGVL6MNVDHVD0N\QVD[V$LM8UTYNLXV
EX ONMV FJa\NRNVD YN6M 4TOa\NRNVD GNV XGNM IQN
YN6MPXGV /)NNXLMYLXKQNRUIXHD N GV
I\GI%XNE=NVD GNV !V\XNLODQGMI\N$YNL
XVVON'NVDIGN?YNLXVG+NKNX QN6\U@LQ@
MN7@ R6+NR@ IR-NH@ YNMNH@ OT>N S6X YN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
154

ODL8XUNYN6M>NTtNJN\KGKLMRNJ'NVD XJKD GK?

IQGNVE=YNQHKEOGNPNMWNXXNSNJUNJ6UNV
POGV I\YNRtGJ6 IGRJEOFNMV HVD F0K
[JMNE=OVONVSIRSNMGMV$
JFNUOTL]IOYN6MHTtNNIJQV HVD J6 IGWNV 2I'U
+NKIGOKMN7GNtNNOXNXVUC5ROD+NN\UNJ6 UNV
POGV tNNOX GV YNKX ONMN NX QN6\U YN6M L]WN
POGV YINGNMHVD JNVUKJ6 YN6MPOGKOVRNGV I\
IXT'U JNVUK J6$ IG8UT WJN UG HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGNODFDNJ6 UNV YNLWNXUV )NV IG
JQTIXN/)NNKYN6MOQNMJXV RN\NYNRNOXJKD
J6$EF]NJKHIFXY\aGHNOVIMRNUJ6IGY&QT<\NJ
XV GJNIGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HG
XD[K S9NE= LM\V9V JTV )NV IWOOV YNLGV tNMKM
SH0K LMIXtNNXL0 [V )NV$JQV>NGMH6D XV
GJNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMHVMV HNUNILUNYNLLM
GTFN=X Y[M YNL JHVD YN.N QVUV UNV JH EO LM
YNLGVI\GNVE=IF1N6XNIF1NQVUVIWOOVYNLGV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
155
tNMKM GK OTM^NN JNVUK$ EO LM Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM

AAHT!V QTIXNOV 'N\VXNQVXN@HVMNYN6MQTIXN
GNPQNJMNGORNMGKUMJ
GNPQNJMNGORNMGKUMJ
GKUMJJ6IWOXVGLV0
GV XKSV YNMNHIGN I4MPOV 1NV0 GML]/)NNX
GM[N$
GM[N$
OTXXIUIH=WK
YN6M YNL GV FNMV HVD XNVHNX IFX FtNKM MIW<\NJT
Y8JT GJUV J6DH6D XV UT(JNMV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HGNVQV>NNJ6IGGOHYNLYLXNLV9
+NMXVGVI\MQaQK>NWZM+NKXJKDLNUV)NV$HTI/\H
YFZ JTM6MN MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGV"NMNXVRN\NVDXV\[NUNM
UKXIQXUGLV9+NMGM>NNXNXJKD>NNNJNUG
IGYNLGN/R[=RNOJNV [N$ OJKJ FT>NNMKR OJKJ
HTI/\H
WF IG YMF `KL YNLGV tNNOX YNKX )NN YN6M

HTO\HNXNVD GNV L]N,U JNVVXV RN\K L]5VG +N\NE= YN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
156
G<NN GV GNMN YNL JK )NV$ I4M +NK GT1 OH
YNL GV LNO LN=,U >NNXN XJKD MJUN )NN$ YNLGK
L5XK YNEtNN MIW<\NJT Y8JN GJUK J6D L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV GT1 OH GV I\
PNNM LM G JZQK OV >NN_N8X >NMKQN YN6M
YLXKGRSIWMJ GNV POGV LNOI[MRKM>NQK$
OJKJFT>NNMK
EOGNJY)N=XJKDJ6IGYNLWNVSKWSNJUV)NV@
POV L]N,UGMXNYNLGV FOGKFNUXJKD )NK$'NVD
IGHI/WQV XFRKHVD NX QN6\UGV VMGV VMYNL
GV ONHXV M>NV WNUV )NV YN6M PO OH UG YNL
YLXV /)NNXOV XJKD P%UV )NV YN6MXYNLGNV S6X
YNUN)NNWFUGIGYNLPOV [MKFNVD YN6MNXJKX
\NV[NVD GNV FND9XJKD QVUV )NV$JKXJKD FI<GYNLGV
ONI)NNVDHVDF0V F0VNX QN6\UYN6MLZDWKRN\V\NV[)NV
YN6MYNLGKOVRNGV I\GQZOMV OV YN[V FXV
GN L]NO GMUV )NV@ YN6M YNL GV I\ OF GT1
FJTHZ< OV FJTHZ< SKWNVD GNV IX1NRM GM QVUV )NV$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
157
IG8UT L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HQTIXNGK

RN/UIRGUNGNVWNXUV)NV$YNLGN4MHNXJ6
AAY<\NJGKGOHYNI>NMUGV ONHXV QTIXNGK
RN/UIRGUN VOV JK J6 W6OV IG UTH HVD OV GNVE=
YNQHK YLXK EO YD[T\K YNL XV tNJNQU GK
YD[T\K GK YNVM ODGVU IGN GNV OHTQ] HVD 0N\
GMQV>NVIGPOHVDIGUXNLNXKYNUNJ6$ OJKJ
HTI/\H
\V0K E GNVFNV<0 /DG\ ( &REROGYLXK

LT/UGAAH'GNGNJ7W \8QX
HVDGJUK
H'GNGNJ7W
J6
WFIG HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H YMF
`KLGV XNG)NVLMP8JNVDXV PLNINNVD GV FNMV
HVD XJKD ONVSN@YN6MXJKPOOV \N+NP%NXV GN
L]NOIGN@FI<GEOFNULMIX+N=MGMUV JT
YLXK JN\U LM FNGK MJV IG RJ Y<\NJ GV
L6[(FMJ6D YN6MHTO\HNXNVD GV OVRGJ6D$RJ/RD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
158
JKYLXV "NMGKO4NE= GMUV )NV YN6MYLXV JN)N

OV YLXV WZUV GK HM(HU GMUV )NV$ QN\T@
QNXtNK\YN6MOQNSNMK)NV W6OV IGRJFJXV RN\K
JRN JNVVD$ GNVE= 4GKM N I+N>NNMK YNL GV LNO
YNUN UNV WNV GT1 YNL GV LNO JNVUN POV L]QNX
GM QVUV )NV@ YN6M YINGNDtN OH YNL GV LNO
)NNV0NJKJNVUN)NNWNV POGV I\LN=,UXJKD JNVUN
)NN$
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GNV GT1 VOV
QT\=+N "N9XNYNVD GN ONHXN JNVUN )NN IWX GV
/L9KGMN GK YNRtGUN JNVUK )NK@ IG8UZ POGV
IRN HVD YNL LM RJa E=tRNNK X PUMXV GV
GNMN YNL POGV ODFDN HVD GT1 XJKD GM LNUV )NV$
EOI\ RJa PUMXV OV LJ\V GK YRIN GNV YNL
QT>N@IS8UNYN6MtNNVGGKYR/)NNHVDIFUNUV)NV$EOK
HVD OV G E4aG GK "N9XN J6 IWO HVD L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV OUK5R LM YNMNVL
\[NN[N$STXNDSV YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
159
GHJKXNUGEOI/)NIUHVD %JMV MJV IGYNLGV

QTtHX YNL GV FNMV HVD YXTISU FNUVD GMUV MJV@
YNLGV OUK5R GNV IXtNNXN FXNUV MJV@ JN UG IG
RJaPUMKIWOXV YNLGKL5XKYNEtNNMIW<\NJT
Y8JN GNV PO YNMNVL OV HT'U YN6M LIR "NNVINU
GMIQNIWOOV PXGNV YNMNVILUIGN[N)NN$
IQ YNL IH)NRNQK JNVUV YN6M YNL O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGQNILVONXJKD)NV UNVEOOH/N
GN POK OH OHNNNX GM QVUV@ IG8UT RN/UIRGUN
J)NKIGYNLYLXKE31NOVGNVE=FNUXJKDGJUV
)NV$
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV YLXV I\
HNXR WNIU OV F GM IGOK LQ GN QNRN XJKD
IGN$ YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H J FNU
LODQ XJKD GMUV )NV IG YNL GV ON)N GNVE= VON
2RJNM IGN WN WNVV L]IU%N YN6M HJNXUN GN
L]UKGJNV$YXOMIW<\NJTY8JTGJUVJ6DOJNFNGV
IXG9L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV YING
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
160
IL]GNVE= YN6MXJKD )NN$U)NNP8JNVDXV GJNYN6MWF

RJ\NV[YNLGNV QV>NUV UNV YNLGV I\>N0V XJKD
JNVUV )NV EOI\ GK RJ WNXUV )NV IG YNL EO OV
"NCNNGMUVJ6D$OTXXIUIH=WK
RNItND[9XEMIRD[:,UYLQJGJUNJ6
AAL6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK 4N6WK
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"NH0XJKD L6QNIGN$RJGVR\E/\NHGV I\
T GMUV )NV@ IGOK 2I'U[U IXWK \N+N
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L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV YLXK
ONHN8 OM\UN@ OJWUN YN6M XH]UN GNV OD+NN\
GMM>NN$IQYNLIGOKGHMVHVD\NV[NVDGVOHZJ
LML]RVtNGMUV UNV EOFNUGNV XNLODQGMUV )NV
IG RJ \NV[ YNL GV /RN[U GV I\ >N0V JNV
WNVD@ N YONNNMN ,N OV YNL GN YI+NX8QX
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161
/)NNILU GMXN )NN UNV RJ E/\NIHG MN7 J6@

IWOHVD YNLXV 8NGV ON)NtNNOXIGN@YN6M
YNLXV J XJKD ONVSNIG POMN7GV tNNOX
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GTMYNXHVD GT1YNUVD VOKPUMKJ6D IWXHVD L6[(FM
HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGKPXGV IGOK
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SNJUV J6D?YN6MY<\NJUYN\N^NHNGMXV RN\N

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163
EO YNU HVD Y<\NJ UYN\N XV YNL O<\<\NJTT

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164
AAXFKGV JN)NHVD F8QKXJKD

F8QKXJKD SNIJVD WFUGIG
NMUKHVDY31KM'ULNUGKTXJNVWNV$UTH
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XNGNNX QN6\USNJUV JNV YN6MY<\NJ
GK E31N YNI>N
MU GK J6@ YN6M Y<\NJ OR=
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165
OV0MUN)NN@JN\NIGY<\NJUYN\NEOFNUGN
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GVR\ EO I\ IG PO GV LNO G YD
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166
YNN$ UT!V 'N LUN tNNQ RJ ODRM WNUN N

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L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK 0N9 0L9 YN6M
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167
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV O3SV XFKYN6M

L6[(FMJNVXV U)NNYNLWNV GT1\VGMYNV J6D POGK
O3SNE=GNIXItSUL]HNNOZMUT\ HOQaJ6IWOHVDEO
FNU GN IXItSU 46O\N J6 IG YNL GN SNSN
YFZ \JF WJ8XH HVD L]RVtN GMV[N@ YN6M J OZMU
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tNT HVD PUMK J6@ YU IQ YNL IH)NRNQK JNVUV
YN6MYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGQNILVON
XJKD )NV UNV EO L]GNM IXItSU 46IO\N X "NNVINU
GMUV EOI\ IG JNV OGUN J6 IG YNL GN SNSN
HTO\HNXJNVWNV???
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L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GJUV POGV
HJR GNV GH GM OGV$ IQ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJRO<\HGNVYLIMISUYN6MYXWNXV\NV[NVDOV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
168
FNUGMUVJTQV>NUNUNVL]UK^NNGMUNMJUNJNUG
IGYNLYLXKFNU>N5HGMVD UNIGRJPXGV LNO
WN@I4MPXOV LZ1UNIGHTJ(HQXV UTHOV 'N
GJN J6? Y[M RJ UT(JVD GNVE= SKW O4VQ FUN UNV
OH!NV IGRJGN\KJ6 YN6MRJUTHOV MNUGJV UNV
RN/URHVD RJIQXJ6$GJXV GNHGaOQJJ6 IG
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HWNVSKW+NKGJUV
RJPOGNIRMNVNGMUN)NNYN6M\NV[NVDGNVPOGVFNMV
HVD
NG HVD 0N\UN )NN$ YFZ \JF GK HC5T OV QO
ON\LJ\V GTMaYNXGKGOZMUPUMKIWOGNXNH
AOZMUT\HOQ J6@JOZMUFU\NUKJ6IGYFZ\JF
YN[XMGHVD WN[N@NXKQZOMV
N&QNVD HVD POGN
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N
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Y<\NJ
(HQ>
169
J6 IGH6D
NK"N] JKYN[XMGHVD WN[N@IG8UT H6D
YFJ"NNVNNNGMUNJZIGH6DE/\NH/RKGNMGMXN
SNJUNJZYN6MHTO\HNXFXXNSNJUNJZ
YFUT(JNMN'NIRSNMJ6'NHTJ(HQYLXKFNUHVD
O3SNJ6 NXJKD?'NPOGV LNOWNV RJaYNUKJ6
RJE=
RMKRJaJ6?
IG8UT YFZ \JF XV VON IF<GT\ XJKD IGN WFIG
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GNIRMNVNXJKD IGN$JGJNXK[NVNJGJMJK
J6 IGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYFZ \JF
OV GJUV J6D IG UZ HT! OV "NCNN GMUN J6 YN6M HT!V
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GMXV GNUVMV LNOY31N YROMJ6 IG8UT LZMV QO
ON\ GV FKS POXV GT1 XJKD IGN X UNV RJ
E/\NH\NNYN6MXJKGHOV GHIQ>NNXV GV I\
E/\NHGFZ\IGN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
170
QO ON\ UG POGV I\ J YROM )NN IG G
IHX9HVD E/\NHGNV R/UGMQV IG8UT JFNU
HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGKFNUXJKD )NK
FI<GPOJ/UKGKYNVMOV RJa)NKWNV [6FLMNV^N
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YFZ\JFPOGNVONIFUGMIQ>NNV[N??Y[MP8JVD
JLUNXJKD JNVUNIGJY<\NJGKYNVMOV RJa
J6UNV RJLZMV QOON\UGEOFNULMQCUNYN6M
IR
RNO GV ON)N GNEH X MJUV IG PXGV LNO WNV
SKW J6 RJ O5 J6$ WNV YNQHK EO UMJ GN
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Y)N=JNVUNJ6IGJY<\NJGKYNVMOVRJaJ6$
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171

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AAYFZ \JFGV QNVXNVD JN)N9Z9[V YN6MRJ
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172
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Y<\NJ
(HQ>
173

YNL > GN QKX YNW UG GNEH J6@ YN6M
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RJFXNV[NRJ"NMXJKD J6 FI<GRJH<FV GNVM
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175
JK FXN ORNM GM LV

N GMVD JN UG IG POV RJ
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STXNvSV Y<\NJ UYN\N GK YNVM OV GTMaYNX GK
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OTMI^NUGMIQN[N$'NVDIGPOGNVNQGMXN@POGK
IU\NRU LN% GMXN@POGNV OK>NXNYN6MIO>NNXNPX
GNHNVD HVD OV J6 IW8JVD GMXV GV HTO\HNXF0V E31TGJNVUV
J6D YN6MPOGV I\QN60 L0UV J6D UNIGRJ+N\NE= YN6M
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176
GTMYNXGMKHHVD GT1FNXV N"N9NXV NPOGV GT1

Y^NMNVD GNV FQ\XV GV GE= L]NOIG[IG8UT RJONMV
L]NO YO4\ JNV [@ EOI\ IG P8JVD
NK"N] JK +NN,N
I\N[NYN6MPXGV YN6MGTMaYNXGKYNUNVD GV FKS
Y8UMGNVWNXXNOM\J6$
WJNv UG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK
LIR OT8XUNVD YJNQKOVLNG GKFNUJ6WNVE/\NHNH=
E/\NHKNH=
NN/ GNQZOMNONNXJ6@PXGKIJ4NWU
IR
ROXKYN6M+NMNVOV H8Q\NV[NVD GV `NMNJTE= J6 IW8JNVD
XV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK JQKONVD GNV
ZXV YN6MZ ZGMWHNGMXV GV I\YLXV YNL
GNV OHIL=UGMIQN$STXNSV OJKJIR
NT JQKONVD GNV
FNGKM>NNYN6MWE=4 GHWNVM JQKONVD GNV /L9IGN
YN6M"NKJTE= JQKONVD LMI9,LNKGK$WNV YNQHKJQKO
GKPXIGUNFNVD GNV QV>NV WNV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\HGKJQKONVD OV ODFDINUJ6D UNV POV XFKO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H OV ONIQM JNVXV RN\K UHNH SKWNVD GK
IJ4NWUGV I\GKWNXV RN\KGNVI
N
NNVD YN6ML]NONVD GK
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
177
JGKGU GN LUN S\ WNV[N YN6M L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT

Y\6IJRO<\HOV WNV JQKOVD OJKJL]HNINUJ6D PXGK
NTUNGVFNMVHVDPOGVODQVJNVDGNIXRNMNJNVWNV[N$
HNE=G\JN9= 0LFKDHO
0LFKDHO +DUW YLXKAAON6
AAON6 L])NH\NV[NVD
+DUW
GNYX XNHGIGUNFHV
DGJUNJ6
GNYX
AAHTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV ODONM GV
GHJNXNH= GK/)NNLXNYN6ML]ONMGKYN6MG
HJNXJHJGJUVJ6DIGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJ
RO<\HGV LQGNGNVE= YN6MYNQHKXJKD J6 FI<G
RJOFOVHJNXJ6DMNWXKIUGIR
R2NLK\K0MJNV
[V@STXNSV YNWPXGKHC5T LM\[+N[UVMJOQK
FKUWNXVGVFNQ+NKPXGNL]+NNRIXMDUM
NI'U
NN\K
YN6M[JMNJ6$

L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV `NMN \NV
JT IONDUNVD POZ\NVD GK )NN)N=UN YN6M PXGN JM
OHJM/)NNXGV I\PISUYN6MNV;JNVXN@U)NN
P8JVD \N[Z GMXV GV WNV Y31V YN6M
NT+N LIMNNH
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
178
XUKWV ONHXV YNMJV J6D JOFEOFNUGK

[RNJK QVUV J6D IG WNV GT1 YNL \VGM YN J6D@ RJ
Y<\NJGKYNVMOV RJ6$U)NNJN LMJL]
X
J6 IG 'N L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV
Y<\NJGKYNVMOV+NVWVJTODQV
NRNJGJNVXVHVD GNVE=
FNNNYN6MMTGNR9J6 WFIGYNLOV LJ\V FJTUOV
XFKYN6MMOZ\+NVWV WNSTGV J6D?Y[MEOGNPNM
JJ6IGEOHVDGNVE=YG\KYN6M
NME=MTGNR9XJKD
J6 UNV I4ML]
XJJ6 IGYNLL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H GK ONMV \NV[NVD GV I\ L6[(FMK
E=
QZU5R GNV 'NVD XGNMUV J6D WFIGYNLOV LJ\V
L6[(FMNVDGKL6[(FMKGNVHNXUVJ6D?

GNMNVFNM@ WD[@
NNQK IRRNJ@ YNI)N=G HNH\NVD@
MNWXKIU YN6M EFNQUNVDYNIQ GV H6QNX HVD HTJH(Q
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK WTFNXK `NMN
E/\NHXV WNV ODIRNNXYN6MGRNXKXL]/UTUIGV J6D@
LZMKQTIXNGV \NV[GON)NIH\GM+NKPOUMJ
GV ODIRNNXYN6MGRNXKXLV
NXJKD GMOGUV$I4M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
179
'NJFNUOH!HVD YNXV RN\KJ6 IGGYXL

YNQHK WNV I\>NXN LXN UG XJKD WNXUN )NN EO
UMJ GN LIMLZN= ODIRNNX LV
N GM OGUN J6 IWOXV
LZMKQTIXNGV HNH\V GNV OD[I%UGMIQN?'NJ
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK L6[(FMK YN6M
E=
QZU5RGKO3SNE=GNV L]HNINUXJKD GMUKYN6MJ
IG YNL YLXK >NNIJ
N E31N OV GNVE= FNU XJKD
GJUV)NV?

L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV YLXK
QNRU GN YNMD+N YN6M POGN >NT<\H >NT<\N L]ONM
POOHIGNWFYNLSN\KOON\GKPHMGNV
LJTS [V YN6M WRNXK YN6M
NI'U GK YR/)NN GNV
LNMGM[VYN6MFTNLNYN6MYNMNHLODQKGKPHM
YN[E=$
)NNHOGN\N=\YLXKIGUNFAJKMNVW HVDGJUNJ6
AAWNV \NV[ J GJUV J6D IG HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT
Y\6IJ R O<\H YLXK L6[(FMK HVD O3SV XJKD )NV@
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
180
PXGVQNRVGN>N0XGMXVRN\KSKWNVDHVDOVGJ
+NK J6 IG P8JNVD XV YLXK WRNXK YN6M POGV >NZF
OZMU IQXNVD GNV >NQKWN MIW<\NJT Y8JN GV ON)N
S6XYN6MYNMNHHVDIFUNNYN6MPOQN6MNXGNVE=VOK
YNRNW XJKD P%NE= IWOGV LK1V PXGNV GNVE=
NNVJMU@
SSN=@XNHRMK@LQYN6M
NNOXL]N,UJNVYN6MWF
WRNXK S\K [E= YN6M FTNLN YN "NVMN UNV YNL GV
OKXV HVD RJ 7RN\NHT>NK 4Z9 L0N WNV HNDQ L0N )NN
YN6MYNLGHJNXYN6M+N2SKW GKE31NGMXV
\[V$
YNM\NX0N5/DQGDX
5/DQGDXYLXKIGUNFAE/\NH
5/DQGDX
YN6MYMF HVDGJUNJ6
AAHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGNIH
NXFJTU
F0N)NN@RJVONIH
NX)NNWNVIGOKQ7WN\GVFO
HVD XJKD IWOV /RNI)N=G L]\NV+NX GT1 XRKX NVMLK
\V>NGNVD XV L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GNV
EOKSKW OV YNMNVILUIGNJ6 EOFNUGKL]VMNN
QV MJV JNVD IGRJYLXKWNUKGNVI
N
NYN6MLIM-H
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
181
OV PO \^ GNV L]N,U GMXV HVD O4\UN GK YN

NN
M>NUN JNV$ HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GN
YLXV L6[NH YN6M ODQV
N GNV LJTSNXV HVD >NT\ GM
ONHXV YNXV RN\NE>\NOYN6MYNLGV HNXXV RN\NVD
GN YNL LM PUMK JTE= R LM HTG(H\ E=HNX
IR
RNOYN6MLKINVD YN6MOIQNVD GNY"XYN6M
UWFN JONMKSKWVD HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HGNVIGOKL]GNMGV.NXLZR=GNNV>NNFNWKOV
YNMNVILU IGV WNXV GNV [6M HNGZ\ UG=JKX@
FTIJKXYN6MYXNNNM%JMNUKJ6D@YN6MEIUJNOHVD
IGOK QNIX/UN .NX LZR=G NNIH=G WN\ONWK GN
LUNXJKDS\UNJ6WNVG\(FVOHUGFNGKMJK
JNV@ YN6M E/\NH Y+NK UVMJ ON6 ON\ OV +NK YING
OHOVFNGKJKXJKDJ6FI<GJMON\POGVXV
XVHNXXVRN\V\NV[L6QNJNVMJV J6D$EIUJNOGV L8XV
IGOK!Z%V 4MVFKGNGPQNJMN+NKXJKD LV
NGM
OGUV IWOGV ODQV
N GNV QTIXN GV MN7NVD HVD OV G
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
182
MN7YN6MGOFOV YINGGT\KXO+UNGNV W8H

QVXVGNYN-L]N,UJNV$
HTJ(HQ>GVY<\NJGVL6[(FM
JNVXVGK[RNJKQVXVGVUGNWV

HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR O<\HGK L6[(FMK GNV
O3SN HNXXN YN6M J IRtRNO M>NXN IG RJ OR=
HNXR WNIU GV I\ YNH OR= 2NLK J6$ STXNSV
YNLGKL6[(FMKGVR\YNLGKGN6HNGVR\YNL
GVOHGN\UGGVI\OKIHUXJKDJ6@FI<GJ
GNHU GNEH JNVXV UG G ONHN8 OR= 2NLK
L6[(FMK J6@ IGOK /)NNX N IGOK OH GV ON)N
IRItN9XJKDJ6@Y<\NJUYN\N4MHNUNJ6
P T P Q P T P PP P P T QT PP P P PP

P R P R H
R IR R
H
. F L.
8@
R E
M R P
Y~H.>.
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
183
AAFJTUFMGURN\NJ6 RJY<\NJUYN\NIWOXV
YLXV F8QV LM4TMG
a NX
a NXWNV JG YN6M
X NXKGTMY
FNIU\@UN6JKQYN6MItNG= YN6M8NYN6MY8NGV
FKS4G=GMXVRN\NJ6 PUNMNUNIGRJONMV\NV[NVD
GVI\YN[NJGMXVRN\N 0MNXV
RN\N 0MNXVRN\N FXWN$
RN\N FXWN$

OZMUT\4TMaGNX
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H Y<\NJ UYN\N
GK YNVM OV WNV FNUVD LJTSNUV J6D PXHVD YNL GV
[\IUNVD OV HNOZH LNG JNVXV GN YGKQN M>NXN$
'NVDIGY<\NJUYN\N4MHNUNJ6
T P Q P PP
T P Q T
P
N JP
,R BH
,R UKP P .
R

>B
Q
R J@
\~[.
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
184
AAYN6MRJYLXKE31NOV GNVE= FNUXJKD GJUV J6D$

RJUNVGVR\R
\RE=tRNN
RNNK JNVUKJ6WNVPUNMKWNUK
J6$
OZMUTX XWaH
IG8UT EOGV YIUIM'U WNV Y8 FNGK HNH\V J6D UNV
YNLGHXTJ6D@STXNDSV YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\HYLXV 46O\V HVD EIWaUJNQGMUV )NV@W6ONIG
YNLO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGN4MHNXJ6
AAUTH\NV[HVVMV LNOYLXV ![0V \V GMYNUV JNV@JNV
OGUNJ6 UTHHVD OV GNVE= YLXKJT7WUGNV LVtNGMXV
HVD QZOMV OV 4OKJYN6MF\K[ SF= WTFNX JNV@ONV
H6DWNVGT1POOVOT8NUNJZPOGVYXTONMPOGVJG
HVD 46O\NQV QVUNJZ$Y[MH6D IGOKGNV POGV +NNE=
GV JG OV GT1QV QZ UNV RJPOGNV X\V@'NVDIGH6D
POV YN[ GN G 9TG0N QV MJN JZ$ OJKJ FT>NNMK
YN6MOJKJHTI/\H
J YGKQN M>NXN IG YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R

O<\HOR=ODONMGVI\MJHUFXNGM+NVWV[J6D@
Y<\NJUYN\XV4MHNN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
185
P PT MPT P P PT P T P P P
P
>
R 8
,R E
8*J@
~ (.
YX_
AAYN6M JH XV YNL GNV UHNH WJNX RN\NVD GV I\
MJHUFXNGM+NVWNJ6$
$ OZMUT\YI(FN
$
Y<\NJGN4HN=XO3SNJ6@YNLOSHTSMJHUGV
L6GM J6D@ YNL F8QNVD GNV F8QNVD GK F8Q[K OV IXGN\
GMF8QNVD GV LN\XJNM GKF8Q[K GKYNVM \V YN
YN6M NHN=VD GV Y5NSNM OV IXGN\ GM E/\NH GV
8NYN6MQTIXNGKUD[KOVIXGN\GMYNI>NMUGV
IR/UNMGTtNNQ[KGKYNVM\N>N0NIGN$
EO FNU GN QC IRtRNO M>NXN IG HTJ(HQ
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HONMV L6[(FMNVD HVD OR=-V%@
PXGV OHN,UGUN= HTIQ]GNYN6MYDIUHL6[(FMJ6D@
YNLGVFNQGNVE=E=tQZUYN6ML6[(FMXJKDJ6@EOI\
IGY<\NJUYN\NGN4MHNXJ6
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
186
P P T Q P P P PP N PQ P P
P Q
F
8
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R J R 8O ** H
P P P
P
P R .
J
R .
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~ /..>
AA
AA \NV[NV HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
R O<\H
UT(JNMV HQNV=D HVD OV IGOK GV FNL XJKD@ IG8UT YNL
Y<\NJGVL6L6[(FMYN6MUHNHXIFNV
UHNHXIFNVDGVOHN,UGUN=
OHN,UGUN=
HTIQ]GNJ6D$
OZMUT\YJWNF
U)NNYNLO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV4MHNN
AAHT!V1SKWNV GV `NMNY8L6[(FMNVD LM-V%UNQK
[E= J6 HT!V AWRNIHP\ GI\H NXK GH tN&QNVD HVD
FJTU YING Y)N= RN\K FNU GJXV GK NV;UN QK
[E=J6@MNVF QNFNNGGV`NMNHVMKOJNUNGK[E=
J6@ HVMV I\ [XKHU GN HN\ \0NE= HVD QTtHXNVD OV
L]N,U JNVXV RN\N NX J\N\ GM IQN [N J6@ LZMK
NMUK GNV HVMV I\ OWaQN GMXV XHNW LXV GN
/)NNXYN6MLIR FXNIQN[NJ6@HT!V OR= ODONM
GV \NV[NVD GV I\L6[(FMFXNGM +NVWN[NJ6 YN6M
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
187
HT! LM E=tQZUNVD GK G0K GNV OHN,U GM IQN [N
J6$ OJKJHTI/\H
EO FNU LM L'GN IRtRNO M>NXN IG E/\NH NH=
HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV `NMN O(LZN=
YN6MO(L8XJNVSTGNJ6@EOI\POHVDGT1FNXVN
"N9NXV GK GNVE= ONDO [TDWNE
N XJKD J6@ Y<\NJ
UYN\NGN4MHNXJ6
Q T P P Q T P TPP T Q P T Q P Q T P T P P TPT
T
BB
*J 6R
*G .@
Q P Q P P PT
M P P T Q

[
~ 0.>6R G .
R 8J
R R
R
AAYNW H6D XV UT(JNMV I\ UT(JNMV QKX
QKX GNV HTG(H\
(H\
GMIQNYN6MUTUTHLMYLXKXVHU YXTG(LN +NM
LZMGM QK YN6MUT(JNMV I\ E/\NHNH= GNV LODQ
GMI\N$
GMI\N$ OZMUT\ HNEQN
E/\NHGV O(LZN= NH= JNVXV GNHTtNNJQNYR\NVGX
EO FNU OV JNVUN J6 IG E/\NH WKRX GV O+NK
MNWXKIUG@ YNI)N=G@ ONHNIWG YN6M Y>N\NGK [NVtNNVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
188
GNV OI(HI\UJ6@RJNH= YN6MMN7QNVXNVD GNOD[H

J6 IWUXN IG J tN&Q YLXVV YDQM Y)N= M>NUN J6$
YD[]VW IRSNMG 'RVI\H .ZHOHP YLXK IGUNF
AE/\NHK YGKQN LC HVD EO ODFDN HVD
GJUNJ6
AAGTMaYNX GV YNQVtN NNIH=G YN6M 2RJNIMG GU=2NVD
UGJKOKIHUXJKD J6DFI<GRJE/\NHKW[UGV
I\GONHN8YN6MOR= 2NLKGNXZXJ6@YN6MRJ
VON GNXZX J6 WNV tNJMK@ 2NLNIMG@ WD[K@ 8NIG@
4N6WQNMKYN6MQ0OV ODFDINUGNXZXNVD GNV OI(HI\U
J6@ I4M RJ G NNIH=G GNXZX J6 IWOGK NTMK LM
NNIH=GHNH\NVDOV\VGMQTIXNRKHNH\VUG@WNXGK
OTM^NNOV\VGMtNMKMGKOTM^NNUG@L]WNGVJTGZG
OV \VGM JM 2I'U GV JTGZG UG@ HXT GV IXWK
\N+NOV \VGMONHNIWGOD/)NNGV \N+NUG@L]IU%N
OV \VGMLNLUGYN6MEOQTIXNHVD IGONO>NZX
GNFQ\NOV\VGMYNI>NMUHVDIGONOUGGVONMV
HNH\V POKNNIH=GGNXZXGKNTMKLM"NZHUV J6D
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
189
EO L]GNM GTMaYNX +NN6IUG ,N OV E=ONENVD GK PX

LIR IGUNFNVD OV IRI+N8XJ6 IWXHVD NH= GV IONDU
YN6M IXH XNH GK GNVE= SKW XJKD J6@ FI<G RJ
L]NGJNIXNVD@>NTMN4NUIH)NRNQYN6MPLNOXNOV
ODFDINUHNH\NVD HVD YIUP8HNQGNODIH-NJ6RJ
YXTISUUG=JKXYN6ML]+NNRJKXJ6$
JQC IRtRNOM>NXNIGL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR
O<\HGNVY<\NJUYN\NGKYNVMOVWNVYHNXUON6DLK
[E= )NKYNLXV POGNV YQNGMIQN@POGV ODQVtNGNV
LJTSNIQNYN6MYLXKP(HUGK+N\NE=YN6MG<NNGV
E31TGMJV$STXNDSV WNV +NK+N\NE= YN6MG<NNGKSKW
)NKPOVFU\NIQNYN6MPOGNVYLXNXVGNYNQVtNIQN@
YN6MWNV+NKFTMNE=)NKPOOV0MNNYN6MHXNIGN@W6ON
IG YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H XV YLXV YDIUH
J7WGV YROMLMJWNMNVD \NV[NVD GV OHZJGNV O(FNVINU
GMUV JT4MHNNAA'NH6
AA'NH6D XV QKX
SNIQN?
QKX GNV LJTSNIQN?
SNIQN

OF XV GJN JN@ YNL XV QKX GK UFa\K[ GM QK$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
190
EOLMYNLXVGJNAAV
AAV Y<\NJUZ [RNJMJ$
[RNJMJ$ OJKJ
J IRtRNO M>NXN IG YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGVL6[(FMFXNWNXVGVFNQY<\NJGVLNO
GVR\ RJK tNMKYU NH= tNN/ /RKGNM GK WN[K
WNV tNMKYU YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H LM
PUNMK[E= J6@EOI\YNLGKtNMKYUGNV 1NV0 GM
IGOK QZOMK tNMKYU GV `NMN Y<\NJ GK PLNOXN
XJKD GKWNV[K@YN6MEOGV IORNGNVE= Y8tNMKYU
Y<\NJ UYN\N JMI[W GFZ\ XJKD GMV[N@ YN6M
EXaONX GN IJONF YN6M IGUNF EOK tNMKYU GV
YNNNMLMJNV[N$Y<\NJUYN\NGN4MHNXJ6
P
T PPTQ PP M
P Q JP B
P T P PTPP JP @
B
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6R RGT .

R
R
T P P
P .
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P
R 0R .
R
R
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AAYN6M WNV 2I'U E/\NH GV IORN GNVE= Y8 NH=
ZV[N@
[N@ UNV RJ NH= PO OV /RKGNM XJKD IGN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
191
WNV[N@YN6MYNI>NMUHVDRJ"NN9NP%NXVRN\
RN\NVNVDHVDOV
JNV[N$ OZMUYN\ EH]NX
YN6ML6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HXV4MHNN
AAPOWNUGKGOHIWOGVJN)NHVDHTJ(HQGKWNX
J6@ EOP(HUGNWNV +NKYNQHKSNJV JZQKJNV N
E=ONE= HVMV FNMV HVD OTXV@ I4M +NK PO tNMKYU LM
E=HNX X \N WNV H6D QVGM
M +NVWN [N JZ UNV RJ
YRtWJ8XIHNVDHVDOVJ6$
OJKJHTI/\H
YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK EUNYU YN6M
4MHNDFMQNMK GMXN@ EOI\ IG Y<\NJ UYN\N XV
4MHNNJ6
P P P PTQP P Q P P
P P T P*
P .
RBJ F
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(.P P .JP
P R .
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M P P P P Q P P P
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R 8
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Y<\NJ
(HQ>
192
AAWNV YNQHK Y<\NJ YN6M POGV MOZ\ GK

4MHNDFMQNMKGMUNJ6@RJ
RJ PX\NV[NVD GV ON)NJNV[N
IWXLMY<\NJUYN\NXVEXaYNHIGNJ6W6OVIG
L6[(FMNVD@IOQaQKGNVD@tNJKQNVD YN6MOQNSNIMNVD GV ON)N@
YN6MPXGKOD[UFJTUY31KJ6$
OZMUTX IXON
YNLGKEUNYUYN6M4MHNDFMQNMKJJ6 IGYNLGV
YNQVtNGNLN\XIGNWNYN6MIWXSKWNVD OV YNL
XV HXNJK GK J6 PX OV FSN WN@ W6ONIG Y<\NJ
UYN\NGN4MHNXJ6
Q Q P Q Q Q Q P PP
P
TP Q
B
Q T BP BP JP IJ
Q BF
. )J@
P
_~.>.Q P
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
193
AAYN6ML6[(FMWNVGT1UT(JVDQVD@POV\V\NVYN6MIWX
SKWNVDOVUT(JVDMNVGQVD@PXOVGWNYNV$
OZMUT\ J-

YN6MY<\NJUYN\NXVJ+NK/L9GMIQNJ6IG
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKFNUXHNXXV
LM'NLIMNNHONHXVYNUNJ6@STXNDSV4MHNN
M P QT T Q QP Q Q P PP P QP Q P P P
TP
.8
R I 6J J
8J.

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P QP P P M P
N P
JR .R
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N R /.
AAWNV YNQHK Y<\NJ YN6M POGV L6[(FM GK
XN4MHNXKGMV
XN4MHNXKGMV[NYN6MPOGKOKHNYNVDOVYN[VFV[N
UNV Y<\NJ UYN\N POV WJ8XH GK
GK YN[ HVD
QNI>N\GMQV[NIWOHVDRJJHVtNNMJV[NYN6MPOGV
I\YLHNXWXGYWNFJNV[N$
N$ OZMUTX IXON
YNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV 46O\V OV L]O8X
JNVXNYN6MWNVGT1YNLXVNNIH=GIXHYN6MOT8XU
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
194
"NNVINUIGNJ6 POLMGNVE= YNLIN2'UXGMXN@

W6ONIGY<\NJUYN\NGN4HN=XJ6
PQ P P P Q TQ P P P P P P
P Q
P P B
P E
P B

H
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T Q P P Q T QPTP
T P P M P P T Q P
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BBB
R R * R .J
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Y<\NJ
(HQ>
195
AAUVMV MF
MF LN\XJNM
LN\XJNM GKGOH
H J\NV[POOH
UGL'GVHNVIHXXJKDJNVOGUVWFU
WFUGIGYNLGNV
GIGYNLGNV
YLXVYNLOKIRRNQNVDHVDJGHa46O\NGMXVRN\N
RN\NX
HNX \VD@ I4M YNL PXGV FKS WNV 46O\N
O\N GM QVD
POGVFNMVHVDYLXVIQ\NVDHVDGNVE=UD[KXHJOZOGMVD
YN6MPOVLZMKUMJ/RKGNMGM\VD$
OZMUTX IXON
EOKL]GNMYNLGKtNMKYUYN6MYNLGV 46O\V GNV
EOGV IORN QZOMK tNMKYUNVD@ 46O\NVD@ IXHNVD YN6M
IONDUNVD LM L]NNXUN QK WN@ EO I\ IG Y<\NJ
UYN\NGN4MHNXJ6
T P T P P P Q T P PT P T Q P P
P
P
Q

R .B
R B
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JHB
R BR R . *@
P M T Q
P
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QRQOGT

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
196
AA'NJ\NV[I4MOV WNIJI\UGN46O\NSNJUV
J6D@IRtRNOM>NXVRN\V\NV[NVDGVI\Y<\NJUYN\N
OV FVJUM 46O\V GMXV RN\N GN6X JNV OGUN J6?
OZMUT\HNE=QN
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK OT8XU

,NIU@ UMKGN GK L6MRK GMXN@ EOGN L]HNN
Y<\NJUYN\NGNJ4MHNXJ6
T Q
P P P Q TQ Q
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Q
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R Q R BB.
HB
B
B@
R BBH,R B
Q P QQ T Q P T TPP
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AAGJQKIWY[MUTHY<\NJUYN\NOV HJ&FU
M>NUV JNV UNV HVMK L6MRK YXTOMN GMNV@ /RD
Y<\NJ UYN\N UTH OV HJ&FU GMV[N YN6M UT(JNMV
[TXNJHN4GMQV[NYN6MY<\NJUYN\NF0NHN4
GMXVRN\NYN6MFJTUHVJMFNXQN\TJ6$
OZMUYN\EH]NX
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
197
U)NNYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV X'tNV GQH

GK L6MRK GMXN@ YNLGV UMKGV LM S\XN YN6M
YNLGNV GNIF\V U'\KQ YXTOMN NV; XHZXN
YNQtN= FXNXN@EOFNMVHVDY<\NJUYN\N4MHNUN
J6
NP P P NP TQ
Q P P P T PP
P
B B0 B*
R .F
R Q 8P
R T H
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M P P P P P P P T P T PT P P
P P
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B7JBR .G B.J.
Q T PH

ZY~/..
AAIXOD
AAIXODQVJ UT(JNMV I\ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
R
O<\HHVDFVJUMKXXHZXN
NPNHYNQtN=J6@JMPO
YNQHKGV I\WNV Y<\NJUYN\NYN6MI
IGNHUGV
IQX GK YNtNN M>NUN J6 YN6M YINGNING Y<\NJ
Y<\NJ
UYN\NGNVNQ
NQIWGMUNJ6$
OZMUT\ YJaWNF
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK L6MRK YN6M
YXTOMN GN \NWHK YIXRN= UGNWN J J6 IG
YNLGKOKMUV LNGNXKWKRXKGKWNXGNMKL]N,U
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
198
GKWNYN6MPOGNYXIGNWN@UNIGPOGV
YNNNMLMYNLGNYXTOMNYN6MUNFVQNMKJNVOGV$
W6XT\ YNFQKXNXKY\KIFXJTO6XIFXY\KIFX
YFKUNI\FGJUV J6DJHVD L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
R O<\H GV H[NWK L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HXV/RDNYLXKIGOK4N6WGV`NMNGNI4MNVD
OV WD[VD \0KD P8JVD H[NWKGJNWNUNJ6GKItN^NNQK
WNUK)NKIWOL]GNMIGJHVD GTMY
a NXGKOZMUNVD GNV
,NNNWNUN)NN$E&XVGOKMGKIGUNFY\ IFQNNRI8XJNN
# YN6M H[NWK L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGKWKRXKGNG+NN[J6$

L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGNVPO/)NNX
YN6MLQLMM>NXNWNV Y<\NJUYN\NXV YNLGNV
L]QNX IGN J6@ POHVD IGOK L]GNM GK YIUtNNVI'U
YN6MOKHNGNV LNMXIGNWNYN6MXJKPOHVD
GHK@ PW0aLX YN6M Y8N OV GNH I\N WN@
EOI\ IG YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GN
4HN=XJ6
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
199
AAHVMKFNSNGMUNMK4GMGVHT!VJQOVYN[VX
FNYNVIWOL]GNMIGE=ONE=NVDXVE=ONIFXH=HGNV
JQOV YN[V FNIQNJN UGIGPXGNV Y<\NJ
GNFV9NFXN0N\N H6D GVR\POGNF8QNYN6MQNO
JZ@ EOI\ HT!V Y<\NJ GN F8QN YN6M PO GN
L6[(FMGJNV$ OJKJFT>NNMK

WF L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GN XNH
YNV UNV YNLGV I\V L]N)N=XNGMXNNXKYNLLM
QQRO\NH+NVWXN@EOI\IGY<\NJUYN\N
GN4MHNXJ6
PP P PP P P Q QPP
P P
PB
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RP JP .
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AAIXODQVJY<\NJUYN\NYN6MPOGV4IMtUVL6[(FM
O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
Q +NVWUV J6D@ V
R O<\H LM QTQTQ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
200
E=HNXRN\NVUTH +NKPXLMQT
Q+NVWNV YN6M>NZF
+NKPXLMQTQ+NV
O\NH+NVWUVMJNGMNV$
OZMUT\YJWNF
YN6M EOI\ +NK IG L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HXV4MHNNJ6
AAYO\KGDWZORJYNQHKJ6 IWOGV LNOHVMNXNH
YNYN6MRJHT!LMQT
QX+NVWV$
LMQTQX+NV
OTXXIUIH=WK

L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H OV HJ&FU
GMXN@YNLGNYNQMYN6MO(HNXGMXNYN6MYNL
GKHJ&FULMJML]GNMGKHJ&FUGNV GTFN=XGM
QVXN@ EOI\ IG O3SN NH= AE/\NH @ IWO GV
/RKGNMXV HVD \NVG YN6M LM\NVG GN ON6+NN; YN6M
GNHNFK J6@ POGK YNVM HN[= QtNN=XV HVD Y<\NJ
UYN\NGV FNQYNLJKGN47\YN6MJONXJ6$
Y<\NJUYN\N4MHNUNJ6
TQ
Q Q P T P T Q Q PTPP T Q Q P P P
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P QQT PPT
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Y<\NJ
(HQ>
201
P PPT P TP Q
P P P P T P TP NP P P
P

P P JP P 6
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H
0 8R J
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T Q PPP
Q P
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R R R P
R 6O P R JP
R R 8P JP
R P T,R
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PG T P T. LT P
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R
PT
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P R
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AAYNLGJQKIWIGY[MUT(JNMV FNLYN6
FNLYN6MUT(JNMV
\0GV YN6M
M UT(JNMV +NNE= YN6
YN6M UT(JNMK FKIRN YN6M
UT(JJNMV
NMV GTDFV GFK\V YN6MUT(JNMV GHNJTNXYN6M
RJIUWNMUIWOGV HDQNJNVXOV
OV UTH0MUV JNV YN6M
RJJRVI\NIW8JDVUTHLOD
LODQGMUVJNV Y[MVOF
UT(JVD Y<\NJ OV YN6M POGV L6[(FM OV YN6M POGV
MN/UVHVDIWJNQOV+NKIYNG,NMVJ6D@UNVUTHL]UK^NN
GMNV IG Y<\NJ
Y<\NJ UYN\N YLXN YWNF \V YN$
Y<\NJ UYN\N 4NIOGNVD GNV IJQNU XJKD QVUN$
N$
OZMUTU UN6FN
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV J+NK/L9

GMIQNJ6 IGYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
202
HJ&FUGMXV GN'NLIMNNHONHXV YNUNJ6@YNL

XVGYNQHKGVL]tXGNP5UMQVUVJTIWOXVYNL
OV LZ1N)NNIGV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMGNHUGF
YN[K?4MHNNAAAAUT
AAUTHXVPOGVI\'NU6NMKGK
J6?
EO LM [NVN RJ YNQHK K\N L0 [N I4M
POXV GJNV Y<\NJGV L6[(FMH6D XV POGV I\
FJTUYINGMNVWN@XHNW YN6M>N6MNUGV `NMNU6NMK
UNV XJKD GKJ6@IG8UT H6D Y<\NJYN6MPOGV L6[(FM
OV HJ&FU GMUN JZ$ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HXV 4MHNNAAIWOOV
AAIWOOV UZ HJ&FUGMUNJ6
HJ&FUGMUNJ6 UZ
POKGVON)NJNV[N$
N$ OJKJFT>NNMKROJKJHTI/\H
AAUKXFNUVD VOKJ6D IGIWOGV YDQM

M RJLNE= [E=D
RJPXGV GNMNE=HNXGKIH%NOLN\V[NY<\NJ
YN6M POGV L6[(FM POGV XWQKG PX QNVXNVD GV
YIUIM'UUHNHSKWNVD OV YINGIL]JNV
JNVD@YN6MRJ
IGOK YNQHK OV HJ
HJ&FU GMV UNV GVR\ Y<\NJ GV
I\ HJ&FU
HJ&FU GMV@ YN6M RJ GT GK YNVM L\9XN
L\9XN
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
203
WFIGY<\NJXV POV POOV XWNUQV QKJ6 R6OV JK

XNLOD
XNLODQ GMV W6OV RJ YN[ HVD 0N\N WNXN XNLOD
XNLODQ
GMUNJ6$
OJKJFT>NNMKRHTI/\H
L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HOV HJ&FUGMXV
GNUGNWNJ6 GKPX\NV[NDV OV +NKHJ&FUGKWN
IWX OV YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H HJ&FU
GMUV )NV W6OV YNL GV "NMNXV RN\V YN6M YNLGV
OJNFN@YN6MIW8JVDYNLXNLODQGMUV)NVP8JVDXNLODQ
IGNWN@IWXOV YNLQNV/UKM>NUV )NV PXOV QNV/UK
GK WN YN6M IWXOV YNL QTtHXK M>NUV )NV PXOV
QTtHXKM>NKWN@EOI\IGYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ
RO<\HGVR\Y<\NJJKGV I\IGOKOV QNV/UK
M>NUV )NV YN6M Y<\NJ JK GV I\ IGOK OV QTtHXK
M>NUV)NV$

IJGaHUYN6MY31KXOKJUGV ON)NYNLGV QKX
GK QNRU QVXN@ \NV[NVD GV FKS POGNV 46\NXN YN6M
IWOGV LNOQKXXJKD LJTSNPOUGPOV LJTSNXN@
U)NN YNLGK OT8XU GNV IW8QN GMXN YN6M RJ EO
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
204
L]GNM IG WNIJ\ YXWNXV GNV ItN^NN QK WN@

[NI4\IXtSVU GNV ONRNNXIGNWNYN6MOKNV
MN/UV LMS\XV RN\V GNOJNV[IGNWN@Y<\NJ
UYN\NGVEO4MHNXLMYH\GMUVJT
T
T P P T T P P
Q T
P
P
P
T
P
P
>
R .R R .JR
8
R R P
R ,R @
6.@
R R
YZ]
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AAYLXVMFGVMN/UVGKYNVM\NV[NVDGNVIJGa
IJGHUYN6
aHUYN6M
FVJUMKX XOKJU GV ON)N FT\NE=V@ YN6M PXOV
FVJUMKXUMKGVOVFNUGKIWV$
OTMUTX XJa\
AAHVMKYNVMOV QKXGKFNUGNV QZOMNVD UGLJTSNYNV@

SNJVRJGYNUJK'NVDXJNV$ OJKJFT>NNMK

YNL GN YN6M YNL GK OT8XU GN IQ4NY YN6M
OH)N=X GMXN@ NXK L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGV 2I'U5RGK ON)NWNV VOKFNUVD WNV0 QK
[E= J6D IWXOV YNLFMKJ6D PXGNV XGNMXNYN6MX
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
205
WNXXV RN\NVD GV ONHXV O3SNE= YN6M RN/UIRGUN GNV

/L9 GMXN@ EOK UMJ YNL GK OT8XU YN6M QNRU
GKM^NNRDOTM^NNEOL]GNMGMXNIGPOGVFNMVDHVD
E/\NHGV `VNK QTtHXNVD GK YNVM OV WNV ODQVJVD P%NE=
YN6MtNDGND 2'UGKWNUKJ6D PXGNIXRNMN YN6M
>N0XGMXN$

YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK OT8XU GNV
HWFZUK GV ON)N )NNHV MJXN@ EO I\ IG L6[(FM
O<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGN4HN=XJ6
AAUTH HVMK OT8XU YN6M HVMV IJQN

IJQNU
U OV O(HNIXU
O(HNIXU
>NT\4N MNI
NQKX GK OT8XU GNV HWFZUK OV LG0
\NV@YN6MPOVQNDUNVDOVWG0\NV@YN6M
QKXHVDXK
XKL6QNG
NGM\K[E=
M\K[E=SKWNVDOVFSNV@'NVDIG
GQKXGV
XNHLML6QNGM\K[E= JMSKWIFQaYUJ6 YN6M
JMIFQaYU[THMNJKJ6$
HTOaXQYJHQ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
YDU
206
EOLTI/UGNGNVJHNDOGVGIRAA\NHNMUKX
\NHNMUKX GV
\NHNMUKX G)NX
LM O(L8X GMUV J6D WNV HTJ(HQ O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R
O<\HGKHJNXUNGNF>NNXGMUVJTGJUNJ6D
AAEOOVLJ\VG+NKVONXJKDJTYNJ6IGIGOKHXTXV
SNJUV N X SNJUV JT YLXV ONHXV EUXN P3S YN6M
HJNX\^M>NNJNV@YNLGNPVtHXTGKtNI'UOV
F GM )NN@ YNL GN PVt PO [THMNJK YN6M L)N
+N]9UN GNV OHN,U GMXN )NN WNV HXT YN6M POGV
>NNI\GP5LI5UGUN=GVFKSFNNNYN6MMTGNR9FXGV
>N0K)NK@Y<\NJGNV HXTOV YN6MHXTGNV Y<\NJ
OV WNV0XNYN6MODFDINUGMXN)NN@YN6MYXVGFTUNVD GV
QVRUNYNVD IWXGK PO OH \NV[ LZWN GMUV )NV GV
PLQ]R Y4MNU4MK GV FKS P\ZIJU GV PISU YN6M
LIR G<LXNGNV QTJMNXNYN6MFJN\GMXN)NN$EOOV
LJ\VG+NK+NKVONXJKD JTYNJ6 IGIGOKHXTXV EO
L]GNMGVGHWNVMONNXGVON)NVOVHJNXGN=GNFV0N
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
207
P%NN JNV WNV HXT GV FO OV FNJM GK SKW J6@
EOI\IGYNLXV YLXV HJNX\^GKG<LXNGMXV
YN6MPOGNV XNI4W \N[T GMXV HVD OR=)NNYLXV LM
+NMNVONIGN@POQZMMVI[/UNXGV GY.NUGNVXV HVD
YNLLME=HNXM>NXVRN\V\NV[NVDGKGHT%%a K+NM\NV[NVD
GV YIUIM'U GNVE= Y8 YNL GN OJNG YN6M HQQ
GMXVRN\NXJKD)NN$
Y8UU
Y8UU EO OV LJ\V VON +NK G+NK XJKD JTYN J6 IG
IGOKHXTXV LZMKQTIXNHVD EOL]GNMGKHJNXYN6M
OQN MJXV RN\K NI8U YN6M LIMRU=X L6QN GMXV HVD
O4\UNL]N,UGKJNV@EOI\IGE/\NHGV YNXV GV QNV
tNUNI&QNVDGV YDQMJKPOXVE=HNXYN6MJI)NNMGV `NMN
LZMV YMF `KL LM L]+NT5UN L]N,U GM I\N@ YN6M I4M
Y<\NJGV XNHOV 4NIMO@>NTMNONX@HNF6XX XJM6XGV
QVtNNVD@ LI31HK IJ8QT/UNX@ OKIMN@ J&tNN@ LZMN P5UMK
YKGN@HON[MGVYXVG`KL@J/LNIXN@YN6M[N\
NDOGVGT1+NN[LMIRWL]N,UGMI\N$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
208
WFJHIGOKHNXRGVYFGMKYLZR=FTIGNHXT
JNVXVGVUKXHVNMGON6I9NVD PQaQVtGKHJNXUNYN6M
P3SUN@ONNXNVD GKJKXUNYN6MGHK@U)NNYNtS=WXG
O4\UNYN6MGNHNFKGNVONHXVM>NVD@UNVIGOGVYDQM
J ONJO QH J6 IG RJ RU=HNX EIUJNO HVD HJNX
LTNNVDHVDOVIGOKGKUT\XNHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJR
O<\HOV GMOGV?EXHJNLTNNVD XV GVR\JI)NNMNVD@
N >NTQ ON>UN GNXZXNVD@ N MN7NVD GN IXHN=N IGN@
P8JNVDXV +NN6IUG NSNVD GNV >N0N GMXV GV IORN GT1 XJKD
IGNIW8JDV P8JNVD XV FJTNNYLXKYN>NNVD GV ONHXV I[MUV
YN6M9Z9UVQV>NN$
IG8UTEOYNQHKXVGVR\OVXNYNVD@GRNXKX@MN7NVD@L]WN
YN6M[T\NHNVD GNV YN8QNVI\UXJKD IGN@FI<GPOGV ON)N
JKPOOHGIUJNE= OV YING+NN[LMFOXV RN\V
\N>NNVD \NV[NVD GNV +NK YN8QNVI\U IGN@ FI<G EO OV +NK
GJKD YINGPOXV LMHV
RMNVD@HTGQQa ONULIR /)N\NVD @
NHNV=D@IRSNMNVD@YN/)NNYNVD YN6ML]NNNVD HVD +NKYN8QNV\XL6QN
GMIQN@JOFPOIGUNFGKIt^NNYNVDGVYNNNMLM
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
209
JTYN IWO GK G G YNU t\NVG G OD[I%U

GNXZXJ6$YNLXV GVOV JNXKOHTQNP(HU GNV
W8HIQNIWOHVD L]5VGX/\@MD[YN6M+NNNNGV \NV[
"NT\IH\[$YNLXVJHNMVFKSE/\NHKP(HUGKG
YXIH9 IRtNVNUN 1NV0K J6 YN6M RJ J6 Y<\NJ GV ON)N
ItNG= GMXV OV "NCNN YN6M XNLODQKQ[K YN6M GVR\ G
YGV\V Y<\NJ GK E&NNQU GMXN IWOV IX[NJVD XJKD LN
OGUKD$EOL]GNMHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HLM
E=HNXM>NXV RN\V@!Z%V YN6MWN\KHNFZQNVD LZWGNVDYN6M
YNOHNXGNVYLIR GMQVXVRN\VItNG=GVIRYLXV
O>UHN6IG4OV IRItN9J6D@ LZMKQTIXNGKG IUJNE=
YNFNQK GN YNLGV NH= HVD L]RVtN GM \VXN YNL GK
SH5GNMHNVIWWNJ6@YN6MYINGPISUJNV[NIGJH
J X GJVD IG J YNQHK GK SH5GNM J6@ FI<G J
FTIYN6MY'\GKSH5GNMJ6$
G HNFZQ GK PLNOXN GN UORaRTM@ IWO GK YNL XV
FTUNVD GV OVRGNVD YN6MLTWNIMNVD GV `NMN\NV[NVD GV IQ\NVD HVD
F6%NVJTV>NTMN4NUNVDYN6MIH)NYNVDGVFKSQNRUQK@RJ
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
210
YLXV YNL HVD G SH5GNM )NN IG YNL GV HTJ OV
IXG\UV JK PO XV FTULM/UK GV ONMV /)N\NVD GNV R/U
GMIQNYN6MGIUJNE=W[UHVDYN[\[NIQN$YNL
GNWKRX@ODONMHVD YNLGV ISDUXYN6MIRSNM@YLXV
QVtN HVD L)N +N]9NYNVD YN6M >NTMN4NU GV IR YNLGN
FJNQTMNXNYNDQNV\X@FTUNVD GV LTWNIMNVD GKXNMNW[KYN6M
G]NVN GV S6\VDW GNV /RKGNMXV GN ONJO@ L8Q]J ON\
OJKJFNUJJ6 IGYNLXV H'GNHVD UVMJON\UG
QNRU QK UG H'GN HVD UGa\K4NVD YN6M NUXNYNVD GNV
OJXV GK ^NHUN@ GN6H GV Y5NSNM YN6M YLHNX LM
YNL GN OF] GMXN JN UG IG YNL PXGN ItNGNM
FXXV GV GMKF )NV@ EX ONMK SKWNVD GV JNVUV JT +NK
YNLGNYLXKQNRUGNV IXMDUM46\NUV MJXN@WNIJI\U
GK YNQUNVD YN6M FTMV Y>\NG GV IR WD[ GMXN@
GNHNFKLMYNLGN[JMNIRtRNO@GI%XNE=NVD GV OH
I/)NMUN YN6M tNNDIU@ WKU GV OH YNL GK >NNGONMK@
YNL GN P5ONJ WNV GVR\ G JK IFDQZ LM GVI8Q]U )NN
MNW GNWYN6MLQGVOD"NN= HVD XJKD)NN@YNLGKXHNWVD
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
211
YN6M L]N)N=XND IWXGN IO\IO\N F8Q XJKD JNVUN )NN@

Y<\NJ OV YNL GK HTXNWNU YN6M OMa[NVItNN@ YN6M
YNLGN HMXN YN6M HMXV GV FNQ YNL GK tNNXQNM
GNHNFK JOFEOFNUGK[RNJKQVUKJ6D IGJH
IGOK !Z%V QNRVQNM GV ONHXV XJKD J6D@ FI<G OTQC YN6M
L'GNE=HNXYN6M9OOV HOXJNVXV RN\V YNtRNOXGV
ONHXV J6D IWOXV YNLGV QKXGNV /)NNILUGMXV GKtNI'U
L]QNXGK@YNLXVYLXVYGKQNYN6MYN/)NNGKXKRQNV
FTIXNQKIONDUNVD LMM>NKRNV JIGY<<NNJGJ6@
YN6M+NN6IUG,NHVDPOGNVHJOZOXJKDIGNWNOGUN@
LJ\V IONDUOV JHVD JLUNS\UNJ6 IGY<\NJGN6X
J6@ YN6M QZOMN ION8U POGK WNXGNMK GNV [6F OV
WNV0UNJ6@YNLGI4\NOa4MQNtN=IXG>NUKFR'UN
NH= tNN/ K@ IRWVUN@ IRSNMG@ ODQVtNRNJG@ G
FTIHNX NH= YN6M IFXN FTUNVD YN6M L]IUHNYNVD RN\K
PLNOXN GV OD/)NNLG@ FKO MN7NVD GV XVUN@ EOGV
YIUIM'U G YNI5HG MN7 GV XVUN IWOGK GNVE=
OKHNXJKD@JJ6D HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H$
Y<\NJ
(HQ>
212
WF JH IGOK HXT GK HJNXUN GNV HNLXV GK O+NK
GON6I9NVD GNV QV>NVD UNV I4MJHVD YLXV YNLOV JL]tX
GMXNSNIJIG'NHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\H
OVHJNXGNVE=2I'UJ6?
___

IRNOZIS
IRN
LC%OD
L6[(FMHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGN6X
J6D?
YNLGNXOFXNHNRD
NNR\K
YNLGNW8HYN6MLN\X LNVNN

L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGNJT\aN

L]/UNRXN
+NZIHGN

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
213
L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GV GT1

OQa2RJNM@/R+NNRYN6M[TN IRtNVNN

L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV GT1

ItN9NSNMYNQNFVIWDQ[K

8NLZN=[RNIJN

L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKFKIRN

HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGKIMON\UR
XTFT2RU E=
QZU5R GK LTI9 GMXV RN\V HZ\[]D)NNVD
OVGT1L]HNN

GTMaYNXGMKHOV]HNN

OT8XUVXFRKOV]HNN

IL1\KYNOHNXK[]D)NNVDOV]HNN

E8WK\OVL]HNN

L6[(FMO<\<\NJTTY\6IJRO<\HGVE=tNQZUJNVXV
GKO5UNLMGT1YGa\KUG=

Y<\NJ
(HQ>
214
HTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGV Y<\NJGV

L6[(FMJNVXVGK[RNJKQVXVGVUGNWV

YDU

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Y<\NJGV L6 [  ( FM

GN6H GV \NV[NVD XV AAONIQG

IQ YNL EOGK LTI9 GMXN SNJUV J6D UNV L6[(FM

GK WKRXK GN YX GMV[N YN6M YNLGV SIMU] YN6M

ONMNYINGNMPXGV LN\XJNMGV JN)NHVD J6$YNLP8JVD

L]N`KLGV GNVXV GNVXV OV YINGNINGNX QN6\UYNUV )NV

Y&FNO GV F[\ HVD )NN YN6M QNVXNVD@ HTO\HNX HTWNIJQNVD

GKYN6\NQHVD OV J6D$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H

P8JVD YNQVtNIQNIGRJLU] FTO]NGV [RX=MGNV ON6DLQVD

IODJNOXLM IFMNWHNX)NN YN6MPOGV SNMNVD UM4 H

YLXV YNLGNV L6[(FMOH!UNJ6@Y[MJ!Z%FNV\V

UTHXVGJNIGXJKD$UNV H6DOH![NIGVONXJKD JNV

H6D XV UTHOV JLZ1NIG'NPOGV QKXHVD L]RVtN

GKEFNQUGMXV YN6MPOGV ON)NIGOKSKW GNV ON!K

)NNHOa GN\=N\ G YD[]VW \V>NG YLXK LT/UG

)NV$ L]N YNLGN SVJMN O3SV IQ\ OV HTOGTMNUN YN6M

AAY<\NJ UYN\N XV WNV +NK XFK +NVWN OFXV

EXYNUNVD GV ON)NY<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ

I\>NUV )NV$POOHFJTUFZV YN6MYDNV JNV STGV )NV$

EOGV FNQRMaGNGKtNK"N] JKHC5T JNV [E= YN6MRGN

ONHXN JTYN YN6M P8JNVDXV YNLGK QNRU GNV XGNM

RJO7QNGMVD UNV PXGV QNVXNVD GDNNVD GV FKSLK% LM

IRI+N8XL]GNMGKNUXNYNVD OV QNVSNMIGN)NNJN UG

GM@ IXODQVJ RJ F0N JK ^NHN GMXV RN\N J6$

I4MYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV H'GNRN\NVD GNV

F\I4MWNYNV[V[?V YN6MWNV GNVE= I4MWNYLXK

0N WK \KFNVX 'U * /HERQ YLXK IGUNF

 LIMLZN= FTI  L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H

NN>NNYNVD HVD L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GN

NN/ @IRMNOUHTMQV GKWNQNQGNV FND9XV GN

YNLXV N6= GV ON)NYN6MY<\NJGKYNVMOV YW] R

GMXNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV UHNH

OV WFYNLGV YNSNMGV FNMV HVD LZ1N[NUNV P8JNVDXV

Y<\NJUYN\NXV GTMYNXHVD YLXV EOG)NXGV `NMN

YN6M NU]N R IXRNO HVD YNLGK OVRN GK YN6M POGV

Y<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVD HVD

 +N\NE= GN YNQVmN QVXN YN6M FTMNE= OV MNVGXN

Y<\NJ UYN\N GN IW /HMN GMXN LOD

YH] IFX JNIMO MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D L6[(FM

G HIJ\N G FTQN= SNQM \VGM YNE=$ L6[(FM

 OM\UN YN6M YNONXK YXO MIW<\NJT Y8JT

FMNIFXYNIWFMIW<\NJT Y8JTGJUV J6DH6D XV >N8QG

V Y<\NJ Y[M UZ X JNVUN UNV JH IJQNU HN[=

 O3SNE= L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK

AAJHY31KUMJWNXUV J6D IGWNV GT1JGJUV

XJKD I\N@ IG8UT Y[M Y<\NJ GK JTH=UNVD GNV LNHN\

YNVM IJW]U GMXV LM IRRtN HWaFZM GM IQN UNV

HTO\HNX JNVGM YNN JZ? 'N UTH HVMK LMVtNNXK XJKD

GNLUN\[NXV GV I\YLXV ON)N\NV[NVD GV IXG\XV GK

O>NNRUGNQIMN YIUQNXK )NV@YN6MYNLGKO>NNRU

WNIFM IFX Y&QT<\NJ MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D IG 

STXNSV YNLPOGV ON)NIGOK[\KMN/UVHVD GNDUHVD

RJLTMNXV HtNGKWV HVD J6$JQV>NGMYNLO<\<\NJTT

YNL O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GK FTQ=FNMK YN6M

LVtN YNN WN[N RJ PUXN JK YING FTQ=FNMK YN6M

O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GV ON)N FJTU OK WD[NVD HVD

O<\H XV EF]NJKH GNV I\N@ PXGNV STDFX IGN YN6M

Y<\NJGV L6 [ ( FM

GN6H GV \NV[NVD XV AAONIQG

IQ YNL EOGK LTI9 GMXN SNJUV J6D UNV L6[(FM

GK WKRXK GN YX GMV[N YN6M YNLGV SIMU] YN6M

ONMNYINGNMPXGV LN\XJNMGV JN)NHVD J6$YNLP8JVD

L]N`KLGV GNVXV GNVXV OV YINGNINGNX QN6\UYNUV )NV

GKYN6\NQHVD OV J6D$L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H

P8JVD YNQVtNIQNIGRJLU] FTO]NGV [RX=MGNV ON6DLQVD

IODJNOXLM IFMNWHNX)NN YN6MPOGV SNMNVD UM4 H

YLXV YNLGNV L6[(FMOH!UNJ6@Y[MJ!Z%FNV\V

UTHXVGJNIGXJKD$UNV H6DOH![NIGVONXJKD JNV

H6D XV UTHOV JLZ1NIG'NPOGV QKXHVD L]RVtN

GKEFNQUGMXV YN6MPOGV ON)NIGOKSKW GNV ON!K

)NNHOa GN\=N\ G YD[]VW \V>NG YLXK LT/UG

)NV$ L]N YNLGN SVJMN O3SV IQ\ OV HTOGTMNUN YN6M

EXYNUNVD GV ON)NY<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ

I\>NUV )NV$POOHFJTUFZV YN6MYDNV JNV STGV )NV$

EOGV FNQRMaGNGKtNK"N] JKHC5T JNV [E= YN6MRGN

RJO7QNGMVD UNV PXGV QNVXNVD GDNNVD GV FKSLK% LM

IRI+N8XL]GNMGKNUXNYNVD OV QNVSNMIGN)NNJN UG

GM@ IXODQVJ RJ F0N JK ^NHN GMXV RN\N J6$

F\I4MWNYNV[V[?V YN6MWNV GNVE= I4MWNYLXK

0N WK \KFNVX 'U * /HERQ YLXK IGUNF

LIMLZN= FTI L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H

NN>NNYNVD HVD L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H GN

NN/ @IRMNOUHTMQV GKWNQNQGNV FND9XV GN

YNLXV N6= GV ON)NYN6MY<\NJGKYNVMOV YW] R

GMXNL6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HYLXV UHNH

OV WFYNLGV YNSNMGV FNMV HVD LZ1N[NUNV P8JNVDXV

Y<\NJUYN\NXV GTMYNXHVD YLXV EOG)NXGV `NMN

YN6M NU]N R IXRNO HVD YNLGK OVRN GK YN6M POGV

Y<\NJGV L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H\NV[NVD HVD

+N\NE= GN YNQVmN QVXN YN6M FTMNE= OV MNVGXN

Y<\NJ UYN\N GN IW /HMN GMXN LOD

YH] IFX JNIMO MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D L6[(FM

G HIJ\N G FTQN= SNQM \VGM YNE=$ L6[(FM

OM\UN YN6M YNONXK YXO MIW<\NJT Y8JT

FMNIFXYNIWFMIW<\NJT Y8JTGJUV J6DH6D XV >N8QG

V Y<\NJ Y[M UZ X JNVUN UNV JH IJQNU HN[=

O3SNE= L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ RO<\H GK

AAJHY31KUMJWNXUV J6D IGWNV GT1JGJUV

XJKD I\N@ IG8UT Y[M Y<\NJ GK JTH=UNVD GNV LNHN\

YNVM IJW]U GMXV LM IRRtN HWaFZM GM IQN UNV

HTO\HNX JNVGM YNN JZ? 'N UTH HVMK LMVtNNXK XJKD

GNLUN\[NXV GV I\YLXV ON)N\NV[NVD GV IXG\XV GK

O>NNRUGNQIMN YIUQNXK )NV@YN6MYNLGKO>NNRU

WNIFM IFX Y&QT<\NJ MIW<\NJT Y8JT GJUV J6D IG

STXNSV YNLPOGV ON)NIGOK[\KMN/UVHVD GNDUHVD

RJLTMNXV HtNGKWV HVD J6$JQV>NGMYNLO<\<\NJTT

LVtN YNN WN[N RJ PUXN JK YING FTQ=FNMK YN6M

O<\H XV EF]NJKH GNV I\N@ PXGNV STDFX IGN YN6M

YNEtNN MIW<\NJT Y8JN FNX GMUK J6D L6[(FM

GV LV0 GK1N\OV +NMNJTYN)NNYN6MYNLGV L6MGV

E&XV PHM MIW<\NJT Y8JTHN GJUV J6D WF Y&QT<\NJ

FKHNM GK UKHNM QNMK GMXN SNJV RJ

L6[(FMO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\H+N\NE= GN

L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R O<\H JM OTDQM

Y\6IJRO<\HXV FMKMNOV GJNAAY[MUZ POGV

7NH=XKGNGIRA[NV9V GJUNJ6H6D XV EIUJNOHVD

WXKX [+N=/)N GV WNV IRRMN IQV [ J6D PXGN

AWNW= 0K UNV<W YLXK LT/UG AWKRX

LMVtNNXK HVD 0N\ OGUV J6D@ L6[(FM O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJ R

L]IUM^NN HVD I\>NUKJ6AAHTJ(HQO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJR

/)NNILUGMXN)NNUNIGE/\NHGNV 46\NXV GV I\G

POGV ON)N QO JWNM LIR \NV[ YN@ YN6M POGV

9NVD GV !T0UVMKNMUKGNV G\VD[V$ItNFNGV QV

GNR6+NRX9JNV WNV[N$POOHGVQNMGV )NNV0V OV

ONMKSKWNVD GNV \9GUKJTE= U\RNMYN6MUXKJTE= GHNX

tNMKYUNVD NH= tNN/ NVD GNV MN>NGNVMFXNIQN$U)NN

YIUIM'U IWO L]GNM HOKJ XV POGN P<\V>N IGN J6

AAL6[(FMNVD HVD OV L]5VG L6[(FM GNV GT1 X GT1

AAGJ QKIWV IG Y[M UHNH E8ONX YN6M ONMV

O<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HGQNILVONXJKD )NV UNV

AAEI31USKWNVD GKIS\NV[NVD GV I\OT

J6$IG8UZ P8JVDV L]N,UGMXV GV D[YN6MUMKGV HVD

LMYNLO<\<\NJTT Y\6IJRO<\HXV E=tRMK

IQ YNL IH)NRNQK JNVUV YN6M YNL O<\<\NJTT

ODL8XUNYN6M>NTtNJN\KGKLMRNJ'NVD XJKD GK?

tNMKM GK OTM^NN JNVUK$ EO LM Y<\NJ GV L6[(FM

WF IG YMF `KL YNLGV tNNOX YNKX )NN YN6M