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Arhitektura Lokalnih Racunarskih Mreza
Arhitektura Lokalnih Racunarskih Mreza
() ,
12.1
() ,
.
: (FDM1 TDM2) (ALOHA3, CSMA4,
...).
()
. N N
. .
. FDM
.
, FDM .
, .
, .
5.
1000:1.
FDM - (8. )
TDM - (8. )
3 ALOHA ( a) - .
4 CSMA (Carrrier Sense Multiple Access) - , .
5 Bursty
1
2
FDM- [1].
1, , Cb/s.,
/. 1/ /.
, () C.
:
= 1/(C-)
(12.1)
C=100b/s, 1/ 10000 ,
5000 /., =200s.
10000 100b/s
() 100s.
.
N (). C/N
b/s. ()
/N. :
FDM = 1/[(C/N) - (/N)] = N/(C - ) = NT
(12.2)
N
N
.
.
N- () N- .
.
. ,
100b/s 10 10b/s,
, 200s 2ms.
.
,
, .
.
, :
2 3.
.
( 12.2).
1
ALOHA. .
,
. ()
. 1
.
2 ALOHA
.
ALOHA3
4.
CSMA5 ( o )
.
() j ().
, . .
,
. ()
()6
.
CSMA/CD7 (o , )
.
MAC8.
12.1.
12.1 CSMA/CD
.
2 18%.
3 Slotterd ALOHA
4 37%.
5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
6 Vulnerable time
7 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collission Detection
8 -Medium Access Control.
1
:
1. , , 2. ;
2. ,
;
3. ,
1;
4.
2. ..
12.2 CSMA/CD
12.2 .
.
. t0
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2
Jamming
Backoff
D. t1 .
( ) .
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t2, .
t3 .
, 4.
1.
.
.
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.
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. 12.3 :
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); ;
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(=1)
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12.3
1, 16Mb/s,
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.
.
,
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. a
(CSMA/CD) 2
.
.
, .
12.4 ( ) .
1
2
Token ring
verhead
,
. 1:1.
45.
.
100 %
50 %
0%
0%
CSMA/CD
50 %
100 %
(%)
12.4 CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD ,
.
60% ,
. ,
o .
.
, 100%
. ( )
CSMA/CD . .
12.4 .
()
, ,
.
.
, ( 12.5),
().
.
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12.5
1 ( 12.6) ,
.
.
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Broadcast
12.6.
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.
.
.
1
( 12.7). /
().
.
Bus
12.7
1
( 12.8).
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( )
,
. .
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2
1
2
Ring
Star
10
( 12.9).
1, 2,
MAU3.
12.9
, .
, (. ) ,
.
.
.
.
4.
(
5) .
.
3 4m, .
6 , () .
Switch
Hub
3 Multiple Access Unit
4 MAC Medium Access Control
5 Access point
6 Cell
1
2
11
MACA1
.
,
, . MACA 12.13.
B. RTS2
B ( . 12.10(). (30 )
. B CTS3 .
CTS ( RTS). CTS,
.
RTS CTS ? RTS
CTS
. CTS B
, CTS.
RTS
CTS
12
)
. 1.
MACAW2 .
,
.
ACK . je
CSMA RTS
.
12.2 IEEE 802
I 8023
.
. 4 ,
, . , .
13
.
.
I802 OSI
. I802 ,
MAC . 12.11
LAN&MAN/R OSI/RM. I
1 I802.
:
I802.1Q -
2.
I802.2 - 3.
I802.3 - CSMA/CD
.
I802.4 - 4
.
I802.5 - 5
.
I802.11 -
.
I802.15 -
6 .
I802.16 -
7.
12.3
I 802.3 ,
802.3. .
CSMA/CD.
:
: CSMA/CD,
: (),
: , .
12.3
Virtual Bridged Local Area Network
3 Logical Link Control
4 Token Bus
5 Token Ring
6 Bluetooth
7 Standard Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems
1
2
14
802.3 . ALOHA
.
100 1Km
CSMA/CD 2,94b/s. 1.
.
XRX Ethernet XEROX, DEC, INTEL
10b/s I.
1982. II.
802.3 ( 12.12)
CSMA/CD 1 100b/s
. , (802.3
).
10b/s 50 .
.
8
,
( 6 ) MAC .
ROM .
IEEE.
,
1Ethernet
15
.
IPX/SPX1 ,
813716 TCP/IP ,
080016. IEEE.
.
()
, . 46
1500 ,
FCS2 .
(32) CRC3, ,
.
,
. .
32 31
100% .
Novell
Frame Check Sequence
3 Cicluce Redundancy Code
4 Preamble
5 Start of frame
6 Destination
7 Source
8 Multicast - .
9Broadcast-
1
2
16
48-2 = 46
Length
3 (ad)
4
1
2
17
12.14
( )
.
2500m 1Gb/s,
6400 . 640
250m.
.
802.3 1. 32-
. ( ),
, .
12.5 IEEE 802.3
()
12.1.
10Base5
(50)
(50)
10Base2
1
2
Checksum
(backbone)
18
500m
100
200m
30
10Base
10BaseF
100m
1024
2000m
1024
Thick Ethernet
Hub.
3 (ultiport repeater)
1
2
19
12.15 -
. ( 12.16).
- 1.
12.16. a
- 10BaseF .
.
(switch). 14.
20
12.6 I 802.3u
( ). 1992.
. I 802.3
. I802.3
, .
I 1995. I802.3u. 1
100BaseT.
(. ).
I802.122
O I802.3u : ,
.
. 100ms 10ns.
10Base .
(
).
. 10Mb/s 100Mb/s.
( 12.17).
- MAC
100BaseT4
100BaseTX
100BaseSX
12.17.
100BaseTX 100BaseFX ( 100BaseX)
FDDI3
. :
. 12.2 .
100BaseT4
100BaseTX
100BaseSX
4 UTP
3, 4 5
8B/6T, NRZ
100Mb/s
2 : UTP 5
STP
MLT-3
100Mb/s
4B/5B, NRZI
100Mb/s
21
100m
100m
100m
200m
200m
400m
12.2 I802.3u
3.
: 4 3
100m. , 3
.
3 200Bd1
100m (
10Base).
. .
: 33,3Mb/s. .
8B/6B: 8 6
.
100BaseFX .
.
. 4B/5BNRZI: 4 5
NRZI .
4B/5B-NRZI
. 100BaseX
MLT-32.
12. 7 1Gb/s
1Gb/s ( )
3, IEEE 1998. . :
IEEE802.3z STP IEEE802.3ab UTP e 5.
:
1000BaseSX ,
850nm4. .
(62,5 50) 200m
500m.
1000BaseLX ,
1310nm5. (10)
100b/s
MLT-3, 4B/5B 8B/6B [Tanenbaum], [Stallings], [Sajt]
3 Fast Ethernet 100Mb/s
4 S (Short)
5 L (Long)
1
2
22
(50 62,5).
1 2. 5000m.
1000BaseCX
() 25m.
.
1000BaseT 1000BaseCX.
1000BaseT UTP 5.
100m.
12.18
100b/s 1Gb/s. 1Gb/s
3 100b/s.
1Gb/s
100b/s .
12.18
- backbone
3
1
2
23
.
CSMA/CD IEEE802.3
10b/s 100b/s. 10BaseT 100BaseT .
CSMA/CD :
4096 1,
2 ( )
CSMA/CD
8B/10B .
10 . 10243
:
(
).
.
.
UTP 5 (1000BaseT)
4D/PAM5. 4
250Mb/s. 5 : +1, -1, 0, +0,5, -0,5V.
4.
12.8 10Gb/s
10Gb/s. IEEE 2002. . IEEE 802.3
: MAC , ,
802.3 .
10Gb/s
( 12.18).
ISP ,
MAN WAN ( 12.19).
5
.
1 10 100 512 64 .
1Gb/s.
2 Frame bursting
3 210 28 .
4 4 Dimension 8 State Trellis Forward Error Correction
5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
24
10Gb/s 300m
40km.
(SONET, SDH) ( 2.20).
.
:
10GBaseS -
850nm. 300m.
10GBaseL -
1310nm. 10km.
10GBaseE -
1550nm. 40km.
10GBaseLX4 -
1310nm. 10km. WDM1
.
25
: ,
: ,
: , .
I802.3 , I802
.
. I802.3
, 1,
.
. n
,
n . 2, I802 ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, I802.3 .
1
2
Real time
General motors 802.4.
26
12.21
o je IEEE 802.4 1.
( 12.21),
( - ).
.
- . ,
.
.
.
.
. ,
,
. 75 .
,
. 12.22.
Token bus
27
12.22 I802.4
12.10 I 802.5 -
. :
: ,
: ,
: , .
(- ) : ,
. ,
I802.3 .
. , IBM
I
I 802.5. 12.23.
I802.5
( 12.24).
.
.
,
. 0,
. , ,
0 1 .
1 I802.5 . ,
.
1,
.
28
12.23.
.
.
.
RIF1
2. I802.5
.
I802.2 I 802.3.
I802.2 SNAP I 802.5.
.
.
10ms 4500 4b/s
16000 18000 16Mb/s.
FCS3 32 ( o 802.3).
29
24
1 . 1
1 .
IEEE 802.2 LLC
RIF*
.
18 DSAP SSAP
1
1
1 2
FCS
4
1
1
1
2
1
30
. 1
1.
2 1. .
IEEE802.5 1997. .
: DTR3.
.
.
,
12.3.
[Mb/s]
16
100
100
1000
UTP, STP,
UTP, STP,
UTP, STP
MLT-3
4B/5B,
NRZI
8B/10B
4550
18200
18200
18200
18200
TP4 DTR
TP5 DTR
DTR
DTR
DTR
12.3 IEEE802.5
12.12 IEEE802.2
11.6.
HDLC . aj
( ) (
).
. IEEE 802.3, 4, 5... IP
6 .
. IEEE
LLC
802 ( 12.13). , HDLC
. LLC :
Adress recognized
Frame Copied
3 Dedicated Token Ring
4 Token passing
5 Token passing
6 Best effort
1
2
31
LLC LLC . LLC
802 .
( 12.25).
12.25 LLC
LLC : ,
. 12.26
LLC .
12.22 LLC
32
- DSAP1 SSAP2.
3 . SAP- ,
IEEE. , SAP 0 Novell,
06 TCP/IP .
Netware4 Netware 802.2 (I802.2
I802.3).
IEEE,
SNAP5. SNAP, IEEE802.2
.
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.1D
IEEE 802.1Q
IEEE 802.1X
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5
IEEE 802.6
IEEE 802.7
IEEE 802.8
IEEE 802.9
IEEE 802.10
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.12
IEEE 802.13
IEEE 802.14
IEEE 802.15
, , ,
(Internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs, link security, network mangement ,
protocol layers above the MAC& LLC layers)
(MAC Bridges)
(Virtual LANs)
(Port Based Network Access Control)
6 (Station and Media Access Control
Connectivity Discovery)
(Logical link control)
(CSMA/CD)
(Token bus) -
(Token ring)
(Metropolitan Area Network) -
(Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cabel ) -
e e (Fibre optic Technical Advisory Group) -
(Integrated Service LAN) -
(Interoperalbe LAN Security) -
7 (Wireless LAN)
(Demand priority)
(Cable modems)
(Wireless PAN)
33
IEEE 802.15.1
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16e
IEEE 802.17
IEEE 802.18
IEEE 802.19
IEEE 802.20
IEEE 802.21
IEEE 802.22
Bluetooth1
2 (Broadband Wireless Access)
(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)
(Resilient packet ring)
EEE 802 (Radio Regulatory Technical
Advisory Group)
EEE 802 (Coexistence TAG)
(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)
(Media Independent Handoff)
(Wireless Regional Area Network)
12. 4 IEEE
1
2
Bluetooth .
WiMAX .
34