(-)

( )



(Time-Capsule)


(
)




()


() ()

( Achaemenid Empire)
( Macedonian Empire)

()
(Scythian) (Parthian) (Kushan)




(Gandhari Alphabets)

(Richard Salomon)





(BritishLibraryCollection)
(Early
BuddhistManuscriptProject)







()
() (British Library Collections)
( Kharosthi)




() (The Senior Collections)


()

() (The Schoyen Collection)

()


()

() (The Khotan Dharmapada)

(John Brough)
()
()












(Taklatmakan Desert) (Dunhuang)
()

() ()

(Gilgit)

()

()






()












(Tree Model)















(Oral Tradition)

()
()

()
()

()

( Collett Cox)
()






( Oskar von Hinuber)






(
)
()


















(Paul
Harrison)

(One-way vertical Influences)
(Cross-Horizontal
Influences)


() ()















(Dialects)

()

()
() ()

()
()

()
()

(Historical Cultural Synthesis)
()



(Sectarianism)

(Context)

()
()

%
()
() () () () ()










...
()
()

()
()




()
() (
)

() ( )


() ( )
-

() ( )






()
( ) ( )
( )


()

( )


( ) ( )

LindaHeuman,WhoseBuddhismisTruest?,TricycleMagazine,Summer2011
Salomon,Richard.AncientBuddhistScrollsfromGandhra,UniversityofWashington
Press,Seattle,1999
Salomon,Richard.AGndhrVersionoftheRhinocerosSutra:BritishLibraryKharohi
Fragment5BUniv.ofWashingtonPress:SeattleandLondon,2000.