KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

OBJECTIVES:
To construct a curve (centre line if a road) by using the given instruments as below.

INTRODUCTION:
The design and setting out of curves is an important aspect of road design. The curves are the arcs of circles. In highway and railway location, the horizontal curves are employed at the points of change of direction. They enable the vehicle to pass from one straight path on to another when two paths meet at an angle. In design of roads and railways, straight sections of road or track are connected by curves of constant or varying radius. The purpose if the curves is to deflect a vehicle traveling along one of the straight safely and comfortably through the angle to enable it to continue its journey along the other straight. In this practical, we need to construct a circular curve which is a curve of constant radius using the deflection angle method.

INSTRUMENTS:
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS 1. Theodolite 2. Tripod 3. Tape (30m) 4. Rod TOTAL 1 1 1 8

DIARY:
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Practical Date Time Weather Devices Purpose

: Circular curve : 19th march 2012 : 2.00 5.00 p.m. : fair : Theodolite, tripod, tap (30m), rods. : To construct a curve by using a theodolite and tape

DAILY NOTE: After having a briefing about our second lab by Mr.Mokhtar at the survey lab we left the lab to the field . Our job today is to learn how to construct a curve by using the given instruments. We already knew that the details of this work have been calculated. After that, we took the instruments we needed in this practical to the field. We chose one point to set the theodolite. We set the theodolite and centered it,then we started our practical by taking one point as point I which is intersection point of line IT and IU. Without move the theodolite we find the point T by put the rod and open the theodolite with a degree of 120 and mark the point of U with another rod. We set the initial reading of bearing is 0 and then we started to mark the point of sub-chords according to the distance and deflection angle given. Lastly, we measured the distance and angle of the last sub-chord and point U to obtain the error. We also took some pictures and it can be seen in appendix part.

PROCEDURES:
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1. To start this surveying work, one intersection point has been chosen. The point is known as I. This intersection point is located at intersection of point of curvature,T and point of tangency,U. 2. The theodolite was set up at I after the intersection,I has been chosen. From point I,one point of curvature,T was chosen and measured to be 26.45m. Point of T was marked. 3. From intersection point, I, deflection angle with a degree 120 was measured from point T to get athe point U. Then, from point I, 26.45m was measured until point U. The location of point U was marked.
4. Next, the theodolite was moved to point T. The reading of the theodolite was set as 0

using the reference point. 5. From point T, the sub-chords were marked according to the distance and deflection angle which is already given. The theodolite was shifted to start construct the circular curve. The rods had been set up along the curve. 6. The curve would be set up until the point of tangency, U. Actually, from the theory, the last rod must be located at point U. But, the errors had been obtained from the distance and the angle of the last sub-chord and point U.. 7. The laboratory was ended by taking some photographs as evidence to be an appendix in report surveying.

CALCULATION THEORY:

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Two straight lines with an angle between them will intersect at intersection point I. To construct a curve between them to connect them, a circular curve of constant radius, R is constructed to meet tangentially with the lines at point T and U. The tangential angle can be calculated from the properties of a circle.

Figure 1: Circular curve geometry.

7 A simple circular curve is shown in Figure 1and, with reference to this, some of the terms and symbols commonly used in circular curve geometry are defined as follows: Seyedpooyan shokriyan | KEA110708

KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING I is the intersection point of the two straights TI and ID TPU is a circular curve which runs around the arc from T to U The length of the circular curve around the arc TPU = Lc T and U are the tangent points to the circular curve TI and UI are the tangent lengths of the circular curve P is the mid-point of the circular curve TPU Long chord = TSU S is the mid-point of the long chord TSU Deflection angle = = external angle at I = angle CIU Intersection angle = (180 - ) = internal angle at I = TIU Radius of curvature of the circular curve = R Centre of curvature of the circular curve = 0 Q is any point on the circular curve TPU Tangential angle = for example, angle ITQ = the angle from the tangent length at T (or U) to any point on the circular curve The mid-ordinate of the circular curve = PS Radius angle = angle TOU = deflection angle CIU = Internal distance = PI

Some important things that we should know in order to do this circular work: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Understand how to calculate data to set out circular curves in a number of different ways. Become familiar with the concept of through chainage and you will be able to calculate through chainage values for tangent points and other points on the curve. Appreciate the differences between setting out by the tangential angles method using a theodolite and tape compared to using a total station and a pole-mounted reflector. Understand how to compute coordinates of points on the curve and how these can be used to set out the curve using intersection techniques. Appreciate how minor curves can he set out using offset methods, either from their tangent lengths or their long chords. 5 Become aware of the need to tabulate setting out data for ease of use and you will appreciate the importance of checking your calculations.

There are some sections included in this circular curve work: 1. Setting out a circular curve by the tangential angles method using a theodolite and a tape 2. Setting out a circular curve by the tangential angles method using a total station and a polemounted reflector Seyedpooyan shokriyan | KEA110708

KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING 3. Setting out a circular curve by intersection from two nearby control points 4. Setting out a circular curve by offsets from the tangent lengths and offsets from the long chord.

Formulae used in circular curves

Specific formulae can be derived for some of the circular curve parameters, which can be used to help both the design and setting out of the curves.

Tangent length, IT = R tan (/2) Length of circular curve, Lc = R chainage of T = chainage I IT chainage of U = chainage T + Lc ( in radians)

= curve TU = 2 => = /2 = L/2R radian = (1/2R) x (360/) x 60 minutes = 1718.9 L/R minutes TIU is equivalent triangle, therefore ITU = IUT TIU = 180 - , thus TIJ = (180 - ) / 2 = 90 - /2 Therefore, ITU = 90 - (90 - /2) = /2

RESULT:
A given data: Seyedpooyan shokriyan | KEA110708

KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING Reading Radius Deflection Angle Chainage of I Length of Chord 150 meters 20 degrees/ 0.34906585 radian 2740.72 meters 10 meters

Calculation required: Reading Tangent Length Chainage of T Length of First Sub-Chord Length of Curve Chainage of U Length of Last Sub-Chord 26.45 meters 2714.27 meters 5.73 meters 52.36 meters 2766.63 meters 6.63 meters

The computed values are given in the table below (Deflection angle method): Degree Deflection Angle 1 Deflection Angle Deflection Angle 2 75.98 minutes 1 15 59 7 114.59 minutes 1 54 36 65.65 minutes 1 Min 5 Sec 39

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CALCULATION:
From the details given at table 2

1. Tangent length IT = R tan (/2) = 150 tan [(2000/180)x ] = 26.45meter 2. Length of curve Length of curve = R = 150 [ (20 00 /180) ] = 52.36 m 3. Chainage T Chainage T = Chainage I-tangent length = 2740.72 26.45 = 2714.27 m 4. Chainage U Chainage U= Chainage T + length of curve = 2714.27 + 52.36 = 2766.63 m

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KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

By taking the first chord TT1 as 5.373m, it means that chainage T1will start at 2720.0m. By taking the following chord as 10.0m for each measurement, then the last chord length is 6.63m. Then, if the chainage between the T and T1(sub chord 1) and chainage T and T6 (sub chord 2) is estimated as 5.73m and 6.63m and the rest from the chord can be divide into 10.0m each. 52.36-5.73-6.63 = 40.0m And from the formula, the deflection angles of each chord from tangent point T is;

1 = (5.73 X180) / 2 (150) 2 = (10.00 X180) / 2 (150 3 = 4 = 5 = 2 6 = (6.63 X 180) / 2 (150)

= 1.0943 = 105`30`` = 1.9099 = 154`36`` = 1.9099 = 154`36`` = 1.0522 = 103`18``

Therefore, deflection angle from T:

TT1 = 1 T1T2 = 2 + 1 T2T3 = 3 + 2 + 1 T3T4 = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 T4T5 = 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 T5TU = 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1

= 1.0943 = 105`39`` = 3.0042 = 300`15`` = 4.9141 = 454`50`` = 6.8240 = 649`26`` = 8.7339 = 844`02`` = 9.7891 = 947`20``

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KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

This result is recorded in the table below: Conversion angle

Point

Chainage

Chainage (meter)

Chord length (meter) 0.00 5.73 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 6.63 52.36

Deflection angle (minute) 0.00 65.65 114.589 114.59 114.59 114.59 75.98

Cumulative angle (minute) 0.00 65.65 180.24 294.84 409.43 524.02 600.01

T T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 U

T TT1 T1T2 T2T3 T3T4 T4T5 T1U Total length

2714.27 2720.00 2730.00 2740.00 2750.00 2760.00 2766.63

000 1539 3014.4 45450.4 64925.8 8441.2 1000.6

(check), 600 minute = 10 degree.

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KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

CALCULATION ON LEVELLING WORK:

Taking CH1 as example: Height of collimation = 37.764m Horizontal distance (H) = 100 (U-L) cos = 100 (0.056) (cos 0) = 5.6m Vertical distance (V) = 50 (U-L) sin 2 = 50 (0.056) sin 20 = 0m Level of collimation = level of station + elevation of staff = 37.764 + 1.796 = 35.968m

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KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

DISCUSSION:
Theres some error occurred during the progress of this laboratory work, this is due to some factors: 1. Theres some parallax error when we measured for the angle between two lines. 2. The rod which we set up may not be 100% 90 degrees up righted. 3. The length of the tape doesnt show the exact value of the horizontal distances between two points. 4. The assumptions of the angle which made during the set up of the chord are not exactly the same with the one we need. To solve the above problem, we may have some solutions as below: 1. Make sure you eyes are parallel with the readings which you need to take. 2. Use the bubbles to make sure the rods are 100% 90 degrees up righted. 3. Stretching the tape to maximize the accuracy of the horizontal distance. Read by make sure the eyes perpendicular to the measurement. Other precaution may be taken to make sure the accuracy of the results will increase.

CONCLUSION:
A curve can be constructing by using the given instruments and data which is calculate from the formulae of curve.

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KAEA1147 ENGINEERING SURVEYING

APPENDIX

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