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    Aderaw Gashayie
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    This document provides an introduction to survey sampling techniques. It explains the difference between taking a census and a sample, with samples being less expensive and time-consuming than a census. There are two main types of samples: probability samples, which allow for generalization to the entire population and unbiased results, and non-probability samples, which are used for exploratory research. Key aspects of survey sampling discussed include target populations, sampling frames, sample designs like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and determining an appropriate sample size.

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    Sampling s 03

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    This document provides an introduction to survey sampling techniques. It explains the difference between taking a census and a sample, with samples being less expensive and time-consuming than a census. There are two main types of samples: probability samples, which allow for generalization to the entire population and unbiased results, and non-probability samples, which are used for exploratory research. Key aspects of survey sampling discussed include target populations, sampling frames, sample designs like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and determining an appropriate sample size.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    24 views16 pages

    Sampling S 03

    Uploaded by

    Aderaw Gashayie
    This document provides an introduction to survey sampling techniques. It explains the difference between taking a census and a sample, with samples being less expensive and time-consuming than a census. There are two main types of samples: probability samples, which allow for generalization to the entire population and unbiased results, and non-probability samples, which are used for exploratory research. Key aspects of survey sampling discussed include target populations, sampling frames, sample designs like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and determining an appropriate sample size.

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    of 16

    INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY SAMPLING

    February 26, 2003

    Karen Foote Retzer


    Survey Research Laboratory

    University of Illinois at Chicago www.srl.uic.edu

    Census or Sample?
    Census:
    Gathering information about every individual in a population

    Sample:
    Selection of a small subset of a population

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 2 of 16

    Why Sample instead of taking a Census?


    Less expensive Less time-consuming More accurate Some samples can lead to statistical inference about the entire population

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 3 of 16

    Probability Sample
    Generalize to the entire population Unbiased results

    Non-Probability Sample
    Exploratory research Convenience

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 4 of 16

    Target Population
    Definition: The population to which we want to generalize our findings.

    Unit of analysis: Individual/Household/City Geography: State of Illinois/Cook County/ Chicago Age/Gender Other variables
    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 5 of 16

    Examples of Target Populations


    Population of adults (18+) in Cook County UIC faculty, staff, students Kids under 18 in Cook County

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 6 of 16

    Sampling Frame
    A complete list of all units, at the first stage of sampling, from which a sample is drawn Examples:

    Lists Phone numbers in specific area codes Maps

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 7 of 16

    Sampling Frames
    Example 1:
    Population: Adults (18+) in Cook County Possible Frame: list of phone numbers, list of block maps

    Example 2:
    Population: Females age 4060 in Chicago Possible Frame: list of phone numbers, list of block maps

    Example 3:
    Population: Kids under 18 in Cook County Possible Frame: List of schools
    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 8 of 16

    Sample Designs for Probability Samples


    Simple Random Samples Systematic Samples Stratified Samples Cluster

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 9 of 16

    Simple Random Sampling


    Definition: Every element has the same probability of selection and every combination of elements has the same probability of selection. Probability of selection: n/N, where n=sample size; N=population size Use Random Number tables, software packages to generate random numbers Most precision estimates assume SRS.
    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 10 of 16

    Systematic Sampling
    Definition: Every element has the same probability of selection, but not every combination can be selected. Use when drawing SRS is difficult

    List of elements is long & not computerized Determine Population size N & sample size n Calculate Sampling Interval (N/n) Pick random start between 1 & Sampling Interval Take every ith case.

    Procedure

    Problem of Periodicity
    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 11 of 16

    Stratified Sampling: Proportionate


    To ensure sample resembles some aspect of population Population is divided into subgroups (strata) Students by year in school Faculty by gender

    Simple Random Sample (with same probability of selection) taken from each stratum.
    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 12 of 16

    Stratified Sampling: Disproportionate


    Major use is comparison of subgroups Population is divided into subgroups (strata)

    Compare girls & boys who play Little League Compare seniors & freshmen who live in dorms

    Probability of selection needs to be higher for smaller stratum (girls & seniors) to be able to compare subgroups. Post-stratification weights
    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 13 of 16

    Cluster Sampling
    Typically used in face-to-face surveys Population divided into clusters

    Schools (earlier example) Blocks

    Reasons for cluster sampling


    Reduction in cost No satisfactory sampling frame available.

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 14 of 16

    Determining Sample Size: SRS


    Need to consider

    Precision Variation in subject of interest

    Formula

    Sample size no = CI2 *(pq) Precision no=1.962 * (.5*.5) .052

    For example:

    Sample size not dependent on population size.


    Introduction to Survey Sampling Page 15 of 16

    Sample Size: Other Issues


    Finite Population Correction n=no/(1+no/N) Design effects Analysis of subgroups Increase size to accommodate non-response Cost

    Introduction to Survey Sampling

    Page 16 of 16

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