CHAPTER REVIEW Chapter 6 1. a. How many people can the earth support?

We do not know how long we can continue increasing the earths carrying capacity for humans without seriously degrading the lifesupport system that keeps us many other species alive b. What factor influence the size of the human population? Population size increases through births and immigration and decreases through deaths and emigration. Total fertility rate is the key factor that determines population size c. How does a populations age structure affect its growth or decline? The number of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups determine how fast a population grows or declines d. How can we slow human population growth? We can slow human population growth by reducing poverty, encouraging family planning, and elevating the status of women

Interfering with the earths chemical cycling and energy flow processes Relying mostly on polluting and climatechanging fossil fuels d. What is the cultural carrying capacity for a population? Maximum number of people that the earth could support at a reasonable level of comfort and freedom without impairing the planets ability to sustain future generations in the same way. a. Four variables that affect the population change of an area. Birth, Immigration, Death, Emigration b. Distinguish crude birth rate and crude death rate Crude birth rate is the no. of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year while crude death rate is the no. of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given area. d. What is total fertility rate? The average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years a. Seven factors that affect birth rate and fertility rate Importance of children as a part of the labor force Cost of raising and educating children Availability, or lack of, private and public pension systems Urbanization Educational and employment opportunities available for women Average age at marriage Availability of legal abortion Availability of reliable birth control methods Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms b. Four factors that affect the death rate of a country Increased food supplies and distribution Better nutrition Medical advances such as immunizations and antibiotics Improved sanitation Safe water supplies c. Distinguish life expectancy and infant mortality rate and explain how they affect the population size of a country Life expectancy rate is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live while infant mortality rate is the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday d. Why does the US have a lower life expectancy and a higher infant mortality rate than a number of other countries? Inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth, drug addiction among pregnant women and a high birth rate among teenager e. What is migration? The movement of people into and out of specific geographic areas

The number or percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups b. What are some problems related to rapid population declines from an aging population? This puts severe strains in government budgets because these individuals consume an increasingly larger share of medical care, social security and other costly public services. c. Explain how a high incidence of AIDS among adults can affect the age structure of a population AIDS can disrupt a countrys social and economic structure by removing significant numbers of young adults from its age structure 6. a. What is demographic transition and what are its four stages? As countries become industrialized, their populations tend to grow more slowly b. What factors could hinder some developing countries from making this transition? Shortages of scientists, engineers and skilled workers, insufficient capital, large debts to developed countries, and a drop in economic assistance from developed countries c. What is family planning? Provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them d. Describe the roles of family planning and elevating the status of women in slowing population growth e. Describe Chinas and Indias efforts to control their population growth 7. a. List four trend in global urban growth proportion of global population living in urban areas is increasing the number and sizes of large urban areas is mushrooming urban growth is much slower in developed countries than in developing countries poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in developing countries c. What is urban sprawl? The growth of low-density development on the edges of cities and towns d. List five undesirable effects of urban sprawl. Loss of cropland, Increased use of surface water and groundwater, Increased energy use and waste, Decline of downtown business districts e. What are the four advantages of urbanization? Centers of economic development, innovation, education, technological advances and jobs. People live longer. Recycling is more economically feasible. a. What is smart growth? One way to encourage more environmentally sustainable development that requires less dependence on cars, controls and directs sprawl, and reduces wasteful resource use

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4. e. What are the major urban resource and environmental problems? Most cities are unsustainable because of high levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and poverty f. How does transportation affect urban environmental impacts? In some countries, most people live in dispersed urban areas and depend mostly on motor vehicles for their transportation g. How can cities become more sustainable and livable? An ecocity allows people to choose walking, biking, or mass transit form most transportation needs; recycle or reuse most of their wastes; grow much of their food; and protect biodiversity by preserving surrounding land. 2. a. Factors that account for the rapid increase in the worlds human population over the past 200 years Humans developed the ability to expand into almost all of the planets climate zones and habitats. The emergence of early and modern agriculture allowed is to grow more food for each unit of land area farmed. Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation and health care and development of antibiotics and vaccines to help control infectious diseases c. Eight ways in which we have used technology to alter nature to meet our growing needs and wants Reduction of biodiversity Increasing use of the earths net primary productivity Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria Elimination of many natural predators Introduction of potentially harmful species into communities Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished

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a. What is the age structure of a population? Explain how it affects population growth and economic growth