Mechanics of Materials: Transformação de Tensões e Deformações

Third Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beer Johnston DeWolf
Transformao de Tenses e Deformaes
FLEXO NO SIMTRICA ESTADOS COMBINADOS DIMENSIONAMENTO DE VEIOS CIRCULARES
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3-1
Third Edition
Unsymmetric Bending
0 = Fx = x dA = m dA
y c or 0 = y dA
neutral axis passes through centroid

M = M z = y m dA y c I or M = m c I = I z = moment of inertia
Wish to determine the conditions under which the neutral axis of a cross section of arbitrary shape coincides with the axis of the couple as shown. The resultant force and moment from the distribution of elementary forces in the section must satisfy
Fx = 0 = M y M z = M = applied couple
defines stress distribution

0 = M y = z x dA = z m dA y c or 0 = yz dA = I yz = product of inertia
couple vector must be directed along a principal centroidal axis

3-2
Third Edition
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in the most general case of unsymmetric bending. Resolve the couple vector into components along the principle centroidal axes.
M z = M cos M y = M sin
Superpose the component stress distributions

x =
Mz y M y z + Iz Iy
i ( M cos ) y + ( M sin ) z Mz y Myz + = Iz Iy Iz Iy
Along the neutral axis,

x = 0 =
tan =
y Iz = tan z Iy
3-3
Third Edition
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into components along the principle centroidal axes and calculate the corresponding maximum stresses stresses.
M z = M cos M y = M sin
Combine the stresses from the component stress distributions. A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a rectangular wooden beam in a plane forming an angle of 30 deg. with the g g g vertical. Determine (a) the maximum stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the neutral axis forms with the horizontal plane.
x =
Mz y Myz + Iz Iy
Determine the angle of the neutral axis. axis

tan = y Iz tan = z Iy
3-4
Third Edition
Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z = (1600 lb in ) cos 30 = 1386 lb in M y = (1600 lb in )sin 30 = 800 lb in
1 I z = 12 (1.5 in )(3.5 in )3 = 5.359 in 4 1 I y = 12 (3.5 in )(1.5 in )3 = 0.9844 in 4 The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
1 =
M z y (1386 lb in )(1.75 in ) = = 452.6 psi 4 Iz 5.359 in M yz Iy
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD
2 =
(800 lb in )(0.75 in ) = 609.5 psi

0.9844 in 4
The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading occurs at A.

max = 1 + 2 = 452.6 + 609.5
max = 1062 psi

3-5
Third Edition
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

Iz 5.359 in 4 tan = tan = tan 30 4 Iy 0.9844 in = 3.143
= 72.4o
3-6
Third Edition
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a straight member subject to equal and opposite eccentric forces. The eccentric force is equivalent to the system of a centric force and two couples.
P = centric force M y = Pa M z = Pb
By the principle of superposition, the combined stress distribution is

x =
P Mz y M yz + A Iz Iy
If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may section be found from
My Mz P y z= Iz Iy A
3-7
Third Edition
Combined Loads - Introduction
Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of the cubic element are free of stress. For the illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by x , y , xy and z = zx = zy = 0.
State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.
State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface of a structural element or machine component, i.e., at any point of the surface not subjected to an external force. t lf
3-8
Third Edition
Transformation of Plane Stress
Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a prismatic element with faces perpendicular to the x, y, and x axes x axes.
Fx = 0 = xA x (A cos ) cos xy (A cos )sin y (A sin )sin xy (A sin ) cos
Fy = 0 = xy A + x (A cos )sin xy (A cos ) cos y (A sin ) cos + xy (A sin )sin
The equations may be rewritten to yield

x = y = x + y
2 x + y 2 +
x y
2 x y 2
cos 2 + xy sin 2 cos 2 xy sin 2
xy =
x y
2
sin 2 + xy cos 2
3-9
Third Edition
Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to yield parametric equations for a circle,
2 ( x ave )2 + xy = R 2
where
ave =
x + y
2
x y 2 + xy R= 2
Principal stresses occur on the principal planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
max,min =
tan 2 p =
x + y
2 2 xy
x y 2 + xy 2
x y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

3 - 10
Third Edition
Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for

x y 2 + xy max = R = 2 x y tan 2 s = 2 xy
2
x = ave
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and offset from p by 45o
= ave =
x + y
2
3 - 11
Third Edition
Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal stresses from 2 xy tan 2 p = x y Determine the principal stresses from
2 For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a) the principal panes, Calculate the maximum shearing stress with C g (b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2 x y maximum shearing stress and the 2 + xy max = 2 corresponding normal stress. p g
max,min =
x + y
x y 2 + xy 2
+ y = x 2
3 - 12
Third Edition
Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal stresses from 2 xy 2(+ 40 ) = 1.333 = tan 2 p = x y 50 ( 10)
2 p = 53.1, 233.1
x = +50 MPa x = 10 MPa
xy = +40 MPa
p = 26.6, 116.6
Determine the principal stresses from

max,min = x + y
2 x y 2 + xy 2
2
= 20
(30)2 + (40)2
max = 70 MPa min = 30 MPa

3 - 13
Third Edition
Example 7.01
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

x y 2 + xy max = 2 =
2
(30)2 + (40)2
max = 50 MPa
x = +50 MPa x = 10 MPa
xy = +40 MPa
s = p 45 s = 18.4, 71.6
The corresponding normal stress is x + y 50 10 = ave = =

2 2
= 20 MPa
3 - 14
Third Edition
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Third Edition
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Third Edition
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Third Edition
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Third Edition
3 - 19
Third Edition
3 - 20
Third Edition
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple force couple system at the center of the transverse section passing through H. Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses at H. Determine the principal planes and calculate the principal stresses. A single horizontal force P of 150 lb i l h i lf f magnitude is applied to end D of lever ABD. Determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element at point H having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the p ,( ) principal p p planes and principal stresses at the point H.
3 - 21
Third Edition
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple q p system at the center of the transverse section passing through H.
P = 150 lb T = (150 lb )(18 in ) = 2.7 kip in M x = (150 lb )(10 in ) = 1.5 kip in
Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses at H.

y =+ xy = +
(1.5 kip in )(0.6 in ) Mc =+ 1 (0.6 in )4 I (2.7 kip in )(0.6 in ) Tc =+ 1 (0.6 in )4 J

2 4
x = 0 y = +8.84 ksi y = +7.96 ksi

3 - 22
Third Edition
Sample Problem 7.1
Determine the principal planes and calculate the principal stresses. 2 xy 2(7.96 ) tan 2 p = = = 1.8 x y 0 8.84
2 p = 61.0,119
p = 30.5, 59.5
max,min =
x + y
2
x y 2 + xy 2
2
0 + 8.84 0 8.84 2 = + (7.96 ) 2 2
max = +13.52 ksi min = 4.68 ksi
3 - 23
Third Edition
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
With the physical significance of Mohrs circle for plane stress established, it may be applied with simple geometric considerations. Critical considerations values are estimated graphically or calculated. F ak For known state of plane stress x , y , xy t t f l t plot the points X and Y and construct the circle centered at C.
ave = x + y
2 x y 2 + xy R= 2
2
The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

max,min = ave R
tan 2 p = 2 xy
x y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is the same as CX to CA.

3 - 24
Third Edition
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:
x =
P , y = xy = 0 A
x = y = xy =
P 2A
Mohrs circle for torsional loading:
x = y = 0 xy =
Tc J
x =y =
Tc xy = 0 J
3 - 25
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.2
SOLUTION:
Determine reactions at A and D. Determine maximum shear and bending moment from shear and bending moment diagrams. The overhanging beam supports a uniformly distributed load and a concentrated load. Knowing that for the grade of steel to used all = 24 k i h d f l d ksi and all = 14.5 ksi, select the wideflange beam which should be used. Calculate required section modulus and select appropriate beam section. Find i l Fi d maximum normal stress. Find maximum shearing stress.
3 - 26
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.2
SOLUTION:
Determine reactions at A and D.

M A = 0 RD = 59 kips M D = 0 R A = 41kips
Determine maximum shear and bending moment from shear and bending moment diagrams. diagrams
M max = 239.4 kip in p V max = 43 kips with V = 12.2 kips
Calculate required section modulus and select appropriate beam section. section
M max 24 kip in = = 119.7 in 3 S min = all 24 ksi
select W21 62 beam section

3 - 27
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.2
Find maximum shearing stress. Assuming uniform shearing stress in web,

max =
Vmax 43 kips = = 5.12 ksi < 14.5 ksi Aweb 8.40 in 2
Find maximum normal stress.

a =
M max 60 kip in = 2873 = 22.6 ksi 3 S 127in
y 9.88 b = a b = (22.6 ksi ) = 21.3 ksi c 10.5
b =
12.2 kips V = = 1.45 ksii Aweb 8.40 in 2

2
21.3 ksi 21.3 ksi 2 max = + + (1.45 ksi ) 2 2 = 21.4 ksi < 24 ksi
3 - 28
Third Edition
Design of a Transmission Shaft
If power is transferred to and from the shaft by g y gears or sprocket wheels, the p , shaft is subjected to transverse loading as well as shear loading. Normal stresses due to transverse loads may be large and should be included in determination of maximum shearing d t i ti f i h i stress. Shearing stresses due to transverse loads are usually small and contribution to maximum shear stress may be neglected.
3 - 29
Third Edition
Design of a Transmission Shaft
At any section,
m =
Mc I Tc m = J
2 2 where M 2 = M y + M z
Maximum shearing stress,

Mc Tc max = m + ( m )2 = + 2 2I J
c M2 +T2 J
2 2 M +T max 2 2 2
for a circular or annular cross - section, 2 I = J
max =
Shaft section requirement,

J = c min
all
3 - 30
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.3
SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and corresponding tangential forces. Find reactions at A and B. i d i d Identify critical shaft section from torque and b di moment diagrams. d bending di Solid shaft rotates at 480 rpm and transmits 30 kW from the motor to gears G and H; 20 kW is taken off at gear G and 10 kW at gear H. Knowing that all = 50 MPa determine the MPa, smallest permissible diameter for the shaft. Calculate minimum allowable shaft diameter. di
3 - 31
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.3
SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and corresponding tangential forces.

TE = 30 kW P = = 597 N m 2f 2 (80 Hz )
T 597 N m FE = E = = 3.73 kN rE 0.16 m TC = TD = 20 kW = 398 N m 2 (80 Hz ) 10 kW = 199 N m 2 (80 Hz ) FC = 6.63 kN FD = 2.49 kN
Find reactions at A and B.

Ay = 0.932 kN B y = 2.80 kN Az = 6.22 kN Bz = 2.90 kN
3 - 32
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.3
Identify critical shaft section from torque and bending moment diagrams.
M2 +T2 = max
(11602 + 3732 )+ 5972
= 1357 N m
3 - 33
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.3
Calculate minimum allowable shaft diameter.

J M 2 + T 2 1357 N m = = = 27.14 106 m3 50 MPa c all For a solid circular shaft, J 3 = c = 27.14 106 m3 c 2 c = 0.02585 m = 25 85 m 25.85 d = 2c = 51.7 mm
3 - 34
Third Edition
Stresses Under Combined Loadings
Wish to determine stresses in slender structural members subjected to j arbitrary loadings. Pass section through p g points of interest. Determine force-couple system at centroid of section required to maintain equilibrium. equilibrium System of internal forces consist of three force components and three couple vectors. D t Determine stress distribution by i t di t ib ti b applying the superposition principle.
3 - 35
Third Edition
Axial force and in-plane couple vectors contribute to normal stress distribution in the section. Shear force components and twisting couple contribute to shearing stress distribution in the section.
3 - 36
Third Edition
Normal and shearing stresses are used to determine principal stresses, maximum p p , shearing stress and orientation of principal planes.
Analysis is valid only to extent that conditions of applicability of superposition principle and Saint-Venants principle are met.
3 - 37
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.5
SOLUTION:
Determine internal forces in Section EFG. Evaluate normal stress at H. Evaluate shearing stress at H. Calculate principal stresses and maximum shearing stress. stress Determine principal planes.
Three forces are applied to a short steel post as shown. Determine the principle stresses, principal planes and maximum shearing stress at point H.
3 - 38
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.5
SOLUTION:
Determine internal forces in Section EFG.

Vx = 30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = 75 kN M x = (50 kN )(0.130 m ) (75 kN )(0.200 m ) = 8.5 kN m M y = 0 M z = (30 kN )(0.100 m ) = 3 kN m
Note: Section properties,

A = (0.040 m )(0.140 m ) = 5.6 103 m 2
1 I x = 12 (0.040 m )(0.140 m )3 = 9.15 106 m 4 1 I z = 12 (0.140 m )(0.040 m )3 = 0.747 106 m 4
3 - 39
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.5
Evaluate normal stress at H.

y =+
= P Mz a Mx b + A Iz Ix 50 kN
(3 kN m )(0.020 m ) + 5.6 5 6 10-3 m 2 0.747 106 m 4
(8.5 kN m )(0.025 m )
9.15 106 m 4
= (8.93 + 80.3 23.2 ) MPa = 66.0 MPa
Evaluate shearing stress at H. g

Q = A1 y1 = [(0.040 m )(0.045 m )](0.0475 m ) = 85.5 106 m3
(75 kN ) 85.5 106 m3 Vz Q yz = = I xt 9.15 106 m 4 (0.040 m ) 5 0 0 0
= 17.52 MPa
3 - 40
Third Edition
Sample Problem 8.5
Calculate principal stresses and maximum shearing stress. Determine principal planes. i i i l l
max = R = 33.02 + 17.522 = 37.4 MPa max = OC + R = 33.0 + 37.4 = 70.4 MPa min = OC R = 33.0 37.4 = 7.4 MPa
tan 2 p = CY 17.52 = 2 p = 27.96 CD 33.0
p = 13.98 max = 37.4 MPa max = 70.4 MP MPa min = 7.4 MPa p = 13.98
3 - 41
Third Edition
Sample Problem 9
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Third Edition
Sample Problem 10
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Third Edition
Sample Problem 11
3 - 44
Third Edition
Sample Problem 11
3 - 45
Third Edition
Flexo Equaes Gerais em Vigas Curvas
Bending
46 23-112008
Third Edition
Introduction
3 - 47
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Introduction
3 - 48
Third Edition
Introduction
3 - 49
Third Edition
Introduction
3 - 50

Mechanics of Materials: Transformação de Tensões e Deformações

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Mechanics of Materials: Transformação de Tensões e Deformações

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Third Edition

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transformao de Tenses e Deformaes

FLEXO NO SIMTRICA ESTADOS COMBINADOS DIMENSIONAMENTO DE VEIOS CIRCULARES

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

neutral axis passes through centroid

defines stress distribution

couple vector must be directed along a principal centroidal axis

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Superpose the component stress distributions

Along the neutral axis,

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine the angle of the neutral axis. axis

Beer Johnston DeWolf

M z y (1386 lb in )(1.75 in ) = = 452.6 psi 4 Iz 5.359 in M yz Iy

The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD

(800 lb in )(0.75 in ) = 609.5 psi

The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading occurs at A.

max = 1062 psi

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

By the principle of superposition, the combined stress distribution is

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Fy = 0 = xy A + x (A cos )sin xy (A cos ) cos y (A sin ) cos + xy (A sin )sin

The equations may be rewritten to yield

cos 2 + xy sin 2 cos 2 xy sin 2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Maximum shearing stress occurs for

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

x = +50 MPa x = 10 MPa

Determine the principal stresses from

max = 70 MPa min = 30 MPa

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

x = +50 MPa x = 10 MPa

The corresponding normal stress is x + y 50 10 = ave = =

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf