I.

:



Chn khng, trong vt l c in, l khng gian khng cha vt cht. h vy chn
khng c th tch khc khng v khi lng bng khng. Do khng c vt cht bn
trong, chn khng l ni khng c p sut.

Mt s l thuyt lng t cho rng khi nim chn khng theo ngha c in khng
tn ti, do vi phm nguyn l bt nh. Chn khng, theo cc l thuyt ny, lun c s
dao ng khi lng (v do nng lng) nh. iu ny ngha l, mt thi im
no , lun c th xut hin mt cch ngu nhin cc ht c nng lng dng v
mt thi im khc ht ny bin mt. Cc ht ngu nhin xut hin trong chn khng
to ra mt p sut gi l p sut lng t chn khng. Cc th nghim o c p sut
ny s gip khng nh chnh xc ca cc l thuyt lng t v chn khng.

Trong thc t, khng c ni no trong v tr quan st c tn ti chn khng hon
ho nh l thuyt. Cc th nghim v cc ng dng thc t c th to ra cc khng
gian cha t vt cht v c p sut thp. Nhng khng gian ny cng hay c gi l
"chn khng" trong k thut.

h vy, chn khng c hiu l khong khng-thi gian c th c mt vt cht
thp hoc rt thp. Lu , khi nim thp v rt thp y c hiu mt cch tng
i...
L
Trng thi chn khng c hiu l trng thi c p sut nh hn p sut kh
quyn trung nh chun, v c chia thnh:
1. Chn khng thp (p>100Pa)
2. Chn khng trung b.nh (100Pa>p>0.1Pa)
3. Chn khng cao (0.1Pa>p>10-5Pa)
4. Chn khng siu cao (p<10-5Pa)
i chung, ni c iu kin gn vi chn khng nht l khong khng gia cc
thin th, hoc khong khng ngoi ra v tr (cch trung tm V N Ln hn
15 t nm nh sng).
Ht photon ca nh sng v bc x in t c cho l di chuyn trong chn
khng, ng hn l trong khng gian khng c vt cht no ngoi ht ny, vi tc
khng i v khng ph thuc vo h quy chiu, thng c gi l tc
nh sng.

L

n 25 th k qua, chn khng c con ngi gn cho nhiu khi nim khc nhau.
Theo quan nim ca cc nh khoa hc thi c i th k XV, m tiu biu l
Democritecha-cha ca thuyt nguyn t, cho rng chn khng l khng gian khng
cha vt cht, trng rng, hon ton khng c g. ua , c ngha l vi th tch khc
khng, nhng khi lng bng khng dn n nng lng bng khng th p sut ng
khng.
Mt th k sau, Aristote li ph nhn chn khng v ca ngi thin nhin. Thin nhin c
mt khp mi ni, cho rng khng gian cha y ete v tr- cht tinh ty tuyt vi,
n c mt mi ni, mi chn.
Vy, chn khng khng th tn ti, v nu c th chuyn ng ca mt vt s phi tc
thi hay t tn. hng t duy c tnh trit hc v chn khng trng rng, h v
thng tr t duy ca th gii Rp, La M, Hy Lp ch b nh khi c s ra i
khoa hc thc ngim ca Gallile(1564-1642),Pascal(1623-1662), Torricelli(1608-1647)
TK XVII. D bn cht ca chn khng cha c sng t nhng k t , chn khng
mi i dn vo hin thc cuc sng.
hng n nm 1654, sau th nghim ca u cu agdeurg tto on uericke tin
hnh ti ang agdeurg, nc c,qu hng ng, chn khng mi thc s c hiu
ng v bt u phc v sn xut. C th ni, ng l ngi t nn tng, l cha ca
chn khng.
Ni v th nghim u cu agdeurg. i hc sinh u c hc trung hc, trong
th nghim ny, c 16 con nga- mi bn 8 con ko mt bn cu kim loi c mi nhn,
p st vo nhau v c rt ht khng kh bn trong bng chic my ht chn khng
cng do tto ch to vo nm 1650. ua th nghim ny, con ngi mi thy c sc
p to ln ca kh quyn ln mt t nh th no.

Ngy nay, l thuyt lng t khng nh Rng: Do s ng n ca guyn l bt
nhm lun c s dao ng khi lng v nng lng (d rt nh) trong lng chn
khng. gha l, nhng ht mang nng lng vn tn ti trong chn khng. Chng to ra
p sut trong lng chn khng, gi l p sut lng t chn khng.
V, thc t chng minh Khng tn ti mi trng chn khng hon ho nh l thuyt.
hn khng c to ra thc t c t vt cht, p sut thp, c gi l chn khng k
thut.

1. o qun thc phm
mi trng chn khng, thc n khng oxy ho, gip cho thc phm ti lu hn t
3-5 ln so vi vic ct gi trong ngn hay trong t lnh.
Theo cc nh chuyn mn, nu tht b, gia cm, ng cc trong t ng c 6 thng
th thc phm ng gi chn khng s gi c t 2-3 nm. hng hn, du ty ch c
th trong t lnh t 1 n 3 ngy gi ti nhng ng gi chn khng c th gi
c mt tun goi ra, thc phm trong mi trng chn khng cng gi nhit
tt, c th gi thc n nng hay lnh khi d ngoi hay mang i xa trong mt vi gi.


2. ch nhit trong h thng iu ha khng kh v ng lnh.
hm tng cao hiu qu cch nhit ca cc tm panel ngi ta nghin cu v to mt
lp chn khng gia tm panel. o trong mi trng chn khng ta c th loi c
2 hnh thc truyn nhit l i lu v dn nhit, ch cn hnh thc c x nhit c th
truyn qua chn khng nn h s dn nhit ca cc tm panel chn khng rt thp, gip
cch nhit mt cch hon ho.



3. y chn khng
So vi nhiu phng php sy khc, phng php sy chn khng lun l mt phng
php c th p ng y cc yu cu cht lng trn y v l phng php rt ngn
c thi gian sy mt cch ng k, do phng php c p dng cho sy
nhng vt liu kh chm, kh sy, c yu cu cht lng sy cao.

Bi ng lc chnh trong sut qu trnh sy chn khng chnh l chnh p sut, c
to bi m chn khng v cc thit b km theo khc nh thit b ngng t, cc vt liu
chn khng c bit v cc dng c o, kim tra chn khng cho php tnh ton chn la
t c chn khng su, to nn chnh p sut ln gia p sut hi nc bo
ha trn b mt vt v phn p sut hi nc trong mi trng t vt sy. Mt khc,
iu kin chn khng thp, nhit ha hi ca nc s rt thp, lm tng cng qu
trnh thot m trong vt, do vy phng php sy chn khng c th tin hnh sy nhit
thp hn hn nhit mi trng. V th sn phm sy chn khng khng b tc ng
gy bin tnh ca nhit cao v lun gi c gn nh y cc tnh cht c trng
an u. o sn phm sy kh bng phng php ny gi c lu di v t b tc
ng bi cc iu kin bn ngoi

II.

1.

a) Chn khng k Mc Leod

-i vi mi trng c chn khng cao,p sut tuyt i nh ngi ta c th
ch to dng c o p sut tuyt i da trn nh lut nn p on nhit ca kh l
tng.

Nguyn l :khi nhit khng i th p sut v th tch t l nghch vi nhau
P
1
. V
1
= P
2
. V
2

Loi ny dng o chn khng.
:
u tin gi bnh thu ngn sao cho mc thu ngn ngay nhnh ng 3.
Ni P
1
(p sut cn o)vo ri nng nh ln n khi c lch p h trong
nhnh kn c p sut P
2
v th tch V
2
.
( )
2
2 1 2 1 1 1 1
1 2
hV
P P h V P h P V P
V V
= + + = =

- Nu V
2
<< V
1
th b qua V
2
mu
2
1
1
hV
P
V
=


- Nu gi V
2
/V
1
l hng s th dng c s c thang chia u.
- Khong o n 10
-5
mmHg






2.

p k kiu hi
-B phn nhy cm : ng n hi, mng hay hp n hi
-Khong o t 0-10.000 kg/cm
2
v o chn khng 0,01-760mgHg
-Kt cu n gin,r tin, c th dng trong phng th nghim ln trong
cng nghip.
*Nguyn l
- Da trn bin dng ca b phn nhy cm di tc dng ca p sut cn o.
- bin dng ny thng qua c cu khuch i v lm dch chuyn kim o.

a) p k ng bourdon ( Bourdon-tube Pressure Gage )
-Cc p k truyn thng hot ng theo nguyn l c hc vi mt ng
ourdon c un cong, kn
- i tc dng ca p sut ng Bourdon dui ra v chuyn ng c
truyn ti kim ch th.







Khi chn ta thng chn ng h sao cho p sut lm vic nm khong 2/3 s o ca
ng h.
Nu p lc t thay i thay c khi chn 3/4 thang o.
Loi ny c th o chn khng n 760mmHg
Ch :
- Khi lp ng h cn c ng xi phng cn lc tc dng ln ng h v phi c
van ba ng kim tra ng h.
- hi o p sut bnh cht lng cn ch n p sut thy tnh.
- hi o p sut cc mi trng c tc dng ha hc cn phi c hp mng ngn.
- hi o p sut mi trng c nhit cao th ng phi di 30 50 mm v khng bc
cch nhit.
- c ng h dng chuyn dng o mt cht no c tc dng n mn ha hc th
trn mt ngi ta ghi cht .
- hng c cc l xo gi cho kim v tr 0 khi khng o.



b) p k mng mng (Diaphragm Gage)



-Mng c th lm bng kim loi o p cao,hay lm ng vi cao su o
p nh hn.
- chnh xc khong 1,5%
-Khong o t 1-10
6
mmHg
-Mng s b lch khi c s chnh lch p. lch c nhn bit bi b
chuyn i dch chuyn.



c) Hp xp : c 2 loi

- Loi c l xo phn tc dng, loi ny mng ng vai tr. cch ly vi mi
trng. Mun tng x dch ta tng s np gp thng dng o p sut
nh v o chn khng.

- Loi khng c l xo phn tc dng.

3. L

Trong phm vi chn khng cao v p sut siu cao hin nay ngi ta u dng
phng php in tin hnh o lng, cc dng c o kiu in cho php t
ti nhng hn o cao hn v c th o c p sut bin i rt nhanh.

a) ng h o p sut tuyt i kiu in dung
u to gm mt n cc ng v n cc c nh. hi p sut thay i khong
cch gia 2 n cc ny thay i th in dung s thay i v c chuyn thnh
tn hiu in tng ng cui cng l xut ra gi tr cn o.

ng nhy cm ca cm in p sut in dung c lm ng gm L203
m o ca n t 10
-5
mar n cao hn p sut kh quyn.
d y o p sut kiu in dung loi 3000

c tnh k thut
- hng ph thuc vo c tnh ca tng loi gas c o.
- hanh c kt qu o
- in th ng mn hnh s gip c chnh xc gi tr p sut
- ng dn kt ni gia cm in v mn hnh
- hong o 0.1- 1080 mbar.

b) hn khng k kiu dn nhit (irani)
s dn nhit ca cht kh p sut nh thng th khng c quan h vi p
sut nhng iu kin p sut tng i nh di 1 orr th ngi ta thy tn ti
quan h trn.
hit dy dn khi cn ng nhit s thay i ty theo h s dn nhit ca kh
v dng cu in khng cn ng (mch cu heastone) xc nh in tr dy
dn ta s it c chn khng tng ng.
n phi cung cp mt nng lng cn thit duy tr nhit trn nhit tr l
150
0
C.


m o khong t 5.10
-4
n p sut kh quyn.

uy nhin, t u t khong 10 mar tr ln, do khng kim sot c tc dng
ca hin tng i lu nn chnh xc ngy cng gim.
khc phc ngi ta gn cc dy cm in dc theo trc ca mt ng nh c
qun cc cun dy in tr xung quanh li nhit tht thot do hin tng
i lu gy ra, lm tng chnh xc.
hong o c tng ln ng k 10
-4
n p sut kh quyn

d hn khng k kiu dn nhit 275

iu khin m in o




c tnh k thut
- h thuc vo tng loi gas c o
- tin cy cao
- hi gian o ngn
- hong o 0.01 ... 1.3310
5
Pa

c) hn khng k ion:

m c hai loi:
Cold cathode gauge
hi o p sut chn khng th kh thot ra khi ng h o c t nng i in
p cao, nn xy ra hin tng ion ha. h vo s lng ion dng kh u ra
m ta c th xc nh c p sut tng ng. (ic kh thot ra c duy tr p
sut thp nh mt nam chm).

m o khong 10-10 n 10-2 mbar
in nay th cc cm in ny c thit k an ton v hot ng tin cy hn
v c gi l Penning
enning gauge c da trn s phng in xy ra ca kh p sut thp trong t
trng. c electron c ngun gc t cc cathode (cc m) khng i trc tip ti
anode (cc dng) do t trng. hay vo n i qua li gia cc cc m to
thnh ng xon c trc khi ti anode. hiu di con ng tng ln lm tng
kh nng ion ha (ngay c p sut kh thp). ng s cc ion (dng v m)
c s dng o p sut.
d chn khng k penning PEG 100 (INFICON)



c tnh k thut
- ot ng chnh xc, tin cy cao
- c p dng trong k thut o chn khng cao v siu cao.
- hong o 10
-9
10
-2
mbar
- m cathode c lm ng titan
- n led ch th mc phng in
-
Hot cathode gauge

hng cm in ny thng s dng a in cc. ai cathode nng c t n
ngoi cun dy hnh tr xung quanh cc dng. c in t cn thit cho vic ion
ha kh c pht ra t mt cathode. athode nng cn li ch l d phng. c
in t c gia tc v pha anode thm nhp vo cun dy v ion ha kh cn li.
c ion cn li c thu thp i mt in cc n trong cun dy t to thnh
tn hiu in v xut ra kt qu
Cc cm in hot cathode ngy nay ch yu s dng da trn nguyn tc ayard-
Alpert:
hi cc electron di chuyn nhanh qua mt cht kh th n c th y mt s
electron tch khi cc phn t kh. u trnh ny c gi l ion ha ng cch
n ph. i vi mt dng electron lin tc mt vn tc nht nh, t l m ti
cc ion dng ny c hnh thnh t l thun vi nng ca cc phn t kh
(gi s nhit vn khng i). iu qu ion ha l khc nhau gia cc loi kh,
do cc ng h o phi hiu chnh cho tng loi kh c o.


i s sp xp cc in cc khc nhau cho php o c p sut 10-9 n 10-2 mbar.
y o ion ha ayard-Alpert c ch to i ayard-lpert nm 1950
u ht cc h thng chn khng cao c lm ng thy tnh nm 1950, n c s
dng cha cc in cc vo trong thy tinh. gy nay, mt s h thng chn khng
hin i c th lm ng kim loi. guyn nhn l thy tinh phn hy trong qu trnh
kh kh thng xuyn to nn cc ion natri lm nhiu qu trnh o. tuy nhin ng h o
thy tinh vn l la chn ph in nht cho cc cm in hot caothode










III.
ng tng hp thang o ca cc chn khng k