The end of Middle Ages and the Renaissance (25.02.08) 1.

Visions of the History In the Middle Ages history was seen and described as a static framework. Over the 15th and 16th centuries history became a record of progress, with visible interconnected changes, sequences, it became a story that supports the worldview of people writing it. The beginning of social and economic vision of history Description of Elizabethan England written by William Harrison (1535-1593). Henry Thomas Buckle (1857) there is the necessity of generalisation in order to discover the laws by which the world is govern Lord Acton (Cambridge Modern History, 1896) every problem can be solved when we know the rules governing the world Francis Fukuyama (The End of History and the Last Man, 1992) liberal democracy as the end of the history desirable end - the view of history as a record of progress a) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle an early history of England, written in Old English. It ends in the 12th century, but mostly covers the period from the time when the Romans came to Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066. b) Saint Gildas (c. 494 or 516 c. 570) was a prominent member of the Celtic Christian church in Britain, whose renowned learning and literary style earned him the designation Gildas Sapiens (Gildas the Wise). De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae is a sermon in three parts condemning the acts of his contemporaries, both secular and religious. c) Bede (also called the Venerable Bede) (c. 673735) an English monk and historian. At his monastery in Jarrow in north-east England, he wrote many books, the most important of which, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written in Latin, was the first serious work of English history. d) Asser (d. 908/909) was a Welsh monk from St. David's, Dyfed, who became Bishop of Sherborne in the 890s. In about 885 he was asked by Alfred the Great to leave St. David's and join the circle of learned men which Alfred was recruiting for his court. In 893 Asser wrote a biography of Alfred, called the Life of King Alfred. e) Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 110054) a Welsh bishop and writer. He wrote Historia Regum Britanniae, a history of the kings of Britain before the arrival of the AngloSaxons. It tells the stories of the kings in Shakespeares plays, such as Lear and Cymbeline, but it is best known as the main source of all the legends about King Arthur. f) Thomas More (14781535) an English politician, author and scholar. He became a friend of King Henry VIII, who first employed him as a representative in foreign countries. In 1518 More became a member of the Privy Council, in 1521 he was made a knight, and in 1529 he became Lord Chancellor after Cardinal Wolsey. However, when the king decided that he, and not the Pope, was the head of the Church in England, More refused to accept this decision. For this he was put in prison and then executed. He was made a saint in 1935.Thomas More was also the author of Utopia (1516), in which he described his ideas of a perfect society. It was very successful all over Europe. g) the Domesday Book a written record of the ownership and value of land in England in 1086. It was made for William the Conqueror in order to calculate the size and value of the kings property and the tax value of other land in the country. The book is of great historical importance because it tells us a lot about England at that time. It can be seen at the Public Record Office in London: Their house is mentioned in the Domesday Book. h) the Earl of Clarendon (born Edward Hyde 160974) an English politician and historian who was the chief adviser of King Charles II. He was Lord Chancellor from 1660 to 1667 when he lost his influence over the king and had to leave the country. He then wrote his Life and the History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Edward Gibbon (173794) an English historian and Member of Parliament who spent much of his life writing his main work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He is regarded as one of the major thinkers and writers of the Age of Enlightenment in Britain. Plantagenet the name of the family to which all the kings of England from 1154 to 1485 belonged. The first Plantagenet king was Henry II and the last was Richard III. The name was originally a nickname of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou in France (111351), who was the father of Henry II. Henry II (113389) king of England (115489). He was the grandson of Henry I, succeeded King Stephen, and was the first Plantagenet king. He reduced the power of the barons and increased the power of the state. He wanted to reduce the power of the Church, which led to his dispute with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, which ended in Beckets murder. During his rule England established control over Ireland. Henry also introduced various systems of justice which can be seen as the beginning of common law. Edward III (131277) the king of England from 1327 to 1377, the son of Edward II. He had continuing problems with the Scots, but he had some success in his attempts to become the king of France, for example at the battles of Crcy (1346) and Poitiers (1355). After his death his grandson became the king of England as Richard II, because his son Edward, the Black Prince, had died the year before. the Hundred Years War a war between France and England that lasted, with long periods between battles, from the 1340s to the 1450s. The English were trying to get control of France, and won some major battles, including Crcy (1346) and Agincourt (1415), but by the end of the war they had only gained the area around Calais, which they kept until 1558. Edward IV (144283) the king of England from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483. He was the son of Richard, Duke of York3(3). In 1461 his army defeated the soldiers of Henry VI of the House of Lancaster. Edward had the support of the powerful Earl of Warwick, known as Warwick the Kingmaker, to whom he was related, but in 1470 he lost this support and also for a short time his throne (to Henry VI). After the defeat of Warwick and Henry in 1471, England had a period of great stability under Edward, who encouraged the development of art, music, etc. as well as the new science of printing. 2. English society 11th-15th centuries: English speaking people ruled by French speaking German aristocrats 10th-11th centuries England became an English speaking country + French influence 14th century English language resumes English delegation Council of Constance (1414-1417) England is a real nation the idea of the nation state taken over by Tudors

Froissart on the English, in the Rome manuscript: The English are men of a naughty disposition, hot-tempered and untrustworthy people 1500 Italian account: The English are great lovers of themselves the 1st industrial nation! Napoleon: a nation of shopkeepers, A. Smith The Wealth of Nations making money takes over; practical side of progress, the idea: material progress is going to produce human happiness

3. Geography fertile country low lying, moderate climate, exporter of agricultural products

Normans the last wild animals in England; natural habitat was controlled by agriculturalists English agriculture development of the wool industry; English sheep population grew and grew

4. Population 1066 c. 1mln 1349 6mln the Black Death - the major outbreak in Europe in 134851 of bubonic plague. People with the disease coughed up blood and got large painful black spots on their bodies, and usually died. It is thought that the Black Death killed about one third of the population of Europe. 1360 3mln 1780 8,8mln 1801 10,7mln (1st census!) 1821 14,7mln 1881 29,2mln 1901 37,1mln 1921 42,3mln William I (also William the Conqueror) (c. 102787) the king of England from 1066 to 1087. He was the Duke of Normandy, in northern France, when the English king Edward the Confessor died, and claimed that Edward had promised him the right to be the next king of England. He invaded England and defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Later that year he became king. He gave power and land in England to other Normans, and built many castles to control the English people. He had a free hand to organise the country he had conquered he handed the land out for loyalty. Feudalism is a social system that was introduced to England by the Normans in the 11th century and lasted throughout much of the medieval period (10661485). Under the Normans, English society was divided into a pyramid-like structure with the king at the top, below him the barons, then less powerful local lords, and finally the

peasants. An area of land given by a lord to a baron was called a manor and this was the basic farm unit. Lords gave peasants several long strips of their land to grow crops in a system known as strip-farming. In exchange, peasants had to promise loyalty to the lord and do military service when required. Villeins or serfs had a lower status than peasants and had to work a specified number of days on the lords land. In 1086 a detailed survey of land was carried out in every village in order to decide its ownership and value, and the information was recorded in the Domesday Book. The feudal system started to break down in the 12th century, when the king and the barons began to rely on professional soldiers instead of peasant armies. Instead of doing military service peasants paid dues for working their land. By the end of the 14th century many peasants had bought their land and become the yeomen (= small farmers). The system of holding land with permission from the local lord finally ended in England in 1661, though not until 1914 in Scotland. The Black Death and the Hundred Years War were the crucial factors in collapsing of the feudal social system social changes, decimated population. Great lords were no longer able to take with them in the battle the people from the lands service relationship collapsed; money wages new concept of relationship. Lords had to buy themselves service, provide some training, complete their private armies BASTARD FEUDALISM Results, social changes, etc.: some people became very rich (yeoman farmer succeeded in buying land) new important social class landowners

manufacturing was increasing outside of towns, expanded towns 15th century 1st time the term VAGABOND no fixed place to live, postfeudal phenomenon; lack of stability in society; 1473 1st Act - condemning of vagabonds surnames (by the end of the 14th cent) moving around the country the need for being known (in trade!) brick & stone buildings abandoned wood cottages by the end of the 15th cent more agricultural buildings had windows or more doors, and chimney

wooden beds Material prosperity more interest in communication & education 15th cent 60% of London population could write and read founding frees schools Eton started in 1440 by King Henry VI; Harrow - established in 1572 Cambridge (established 1284) and Oxford (established 1249) 3,000 trained students a year the Inns of Court four institutions in the City of London, established in the Middle Ages, of which all barristers are members and at which students of law are trained. They consist of Grays Inn, Lincolns Inn, the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple. It is thought that they began as hostels for people studying common law during the Middle Ages, when it was not possible to study the subject at universities. proper & secular education

5. Renaissance William Caxton (c. 142291) the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling and development of the language. Many of the books he published were French stories which he translated himself. 1476 press at Westminster 1st in England 1477-1491 80 books at Westminster, 50 of which were long-established manual of piety and devotion, the rest English romances, poems and histories (for example: Thomas Malory an English author who wrote Morte dArthur, a collection of stories about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. His identity is uncertain but he may have been Sir Thomas Malory, a Warwickshire knight who died in prison in 1471) Printing the main factor that produces change religious changes (16th-17th cent)

1611 publication of the King James or Authorised Version of the Bible 15th cent changing attitude: opposition to the secular practices of the Church enhanced by the fact that travel had became easier people went on pilgrimages and other religious practices

political reorganisation more efficient financial administration

in the end of the 15th cent earlier political organisation became inadequate; kings from the 14th cent (increasing wealth!) actively encouraged the idea of representation of all parts of the society in taking important decisions and discussing things with parliament kings needed money representatives of lesser parts of society, the great representatives of the Church and feudal lords

Parliament made up of three parts; the sovereign (= the king or queen), the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The word parliament was first used in the 13th century, when Henry III held meetings with his noblemen to raise money from them for government and wars. Several kings found that they did not have enough money, and so they called together representatives from counties and towns in England to ask them to approve taxes. Over time, the noblemen became the House of Lords and the representatives became the House of Commons. The rise of political parties in the 18th century led to less control and involvement of the sovereign, leaving government in the hands of the cabinet led by the prime minister. Tudors (3.03.08) Tudors ruled England between 1485 and 1603. 1485-1509 Henry VII 1509-1547 Henry VIII (1534 the Act of Supremacy) 1547-1553 Edward VI 1553-1558 Mary I 1558-1603 Elizabeth I Stuarts ruled England between 1603 and 1649 1603-1625 James I 1625-1649 Charles I (1642-1648 English Civil War) 1649-1660 The Commonwealth England ruled by Oliver Cromwell Restoration 1660-1685 Charles II 1685-1688 James II the Bloodless Revolution 1688 1688-1702 William III (and Mary II up to 1694) 1702-1714 Anne, last of the Stuarts Hanoverian succession 1714-1727 George I, first Hanoverian king 1727-1760 George II 1760-1820 George III 1820-1830 George IV 1830-1837 William IV 1837-1901 Queen Victoria Something more the Wars of the Roses the name now used for the period of fighting (145585) in England between the supporters of the two most powerful families in the country at the time, the House of Lancaster, whose symbol was a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose. The aim of each side was to make a member of their

family the king of England. Each side was successful at different times and the wars only ended when Henry Tudor (House of Lancaster) defeated Richard III (House of York) and became King Henry VII. His marriage to Elizabeth of York united the two sides and ended the fighting. Henry VII (14571509) king of England (14851509), the first Tudor(1) king. Born Henry Tudor, he was brought up in France. In 1485 he led a rebellion against Richard III, defeated him at the Battle of Bosworth Field and became king. In 1486 he married the daughter of Edward, uniting the House of Lancaster (to which he belonged) and the House of York and so bringing the Wars of the Roses to an end. Although there were rebellions during his rule, including those led by Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, Henry established greater order in the country, introduced a more modern system of government and greatly improved the countrys financial position. Henry VIII (14911547) king of England (150947) and son of Henry VII. He is one of the most famous of all English kings, partly because he had six wives. For political reasons, he married Catherine of Aragon, the wife of his dead brother Arthur, just after he became king. They had a daughter, later Mary I, but because they did not have a son who could be the future king, Henry decided to divorce her. The Pope refused to give the necessary permission for this, so Henry removed England from the Catholic Church led by the Pope and made himself head of the Church in England. This act, together with others such as the Dissolution of the Monasteries, was the beginning of the establishment of Protestantism in England. Henry divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn in 1533. They had a daughter, later Elizabeth I, but Henry had Anne executed for adultery. His third wife was Jane Seymour, who died giving birth to a son (later Edward VI). Henry married his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, for political reasons, but soon divorced her and in 1540 he married Catherine Howard. She too was executed for adultery. Henrys sixth and last wife was Catherine Parr. As a young man Henry was known for his love of hunting, sport and music, but he did not rule well and the country was in a weak and uncertain state when he died. //Cardinal Wolsey (Thomas Wolsey c. 14741530) an English cardinal who was Henry VIIIs most important political adviser in the first half of his reign. Wolsey became very powerful, but was dismissed by Henry when he failed to get the Popes permission for the king to divorce Catherine of Aragon.// Edward VI (153753) the king of England from 1547 to 1553. He was the son of King Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour, and the half-brother (= brother by a different mother) of Mary I and Elizabeth I. He became king at the age of ten, so other people, called regents governed on his behalf. One of them persuaded him to change his will, giving the throne to Lady Jane Grey, but the plan failed and Mary became queen when Edward died. During this period, with Edwards support, England became much more strongly Protestant, so that Mary was unable to change it back to Catholicism. Mary I (Mary Tudor 151658) the queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1558. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, and became queen after the death of King Edward VI. Among her first acts as queen was the execution of Lady Jane Grey, who also had a claim to be queen. Mary was determined to bring back Roman Catholicism to England, and married the Catholic Philip II of Spain in 1554. Many Protestants opposed this, and she ordered hundreds of them to be burned to death, for which she became known as Bloody Mary. Among those who died in this way were Thomas Cranmer and Hugh Latimer. Mary had no children, and after her death she was replaced by her half-sister Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I (15331603) the queen of England and Ireland from 1558, after the death of her sister Mary I. She is regarded as one of Englands greatest rulers. The daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was an extremely strong and clever woman who controlled the difficult political and religious situation of the time with great skill. She once said to her soldiers before a battle, I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and of a King of England, too. During her reign the countrys economy grew very strong, the arts were very active, and England became firmly Protestant and confident in world affairs. However, Elizabeth is often seen as a very lonely figure and is known as the Virgin Queen because she never married, although she is known to have had a relationship with the Earl of Leicester and, late in life, the Earl of Essex. James I (15661625) the king of England from 1603 to 1625 and of Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625. His mother was Mary Queen of Scots. As a relative of Elizabeth I he became King of England after she died, uniting Scotland and England under one government. He was not a popular king, however, and Roman Catholic opposition led to the Gunpowder Plot (1605). His son Charles I became king after he died. James I is associated with the Jacobean period in literature and the arts. Charles I (160049) king of England, Scotland and Ireland (162549). He often disagreed with Parliament, and in 1629 he stopped it meeting and tried to rule the country without it until 1640, when he needed Parliament to help raise money for a war against Scotland. The Long Parliament refused to help him, and this led to the English Civil War. Charles was arrested in 1647 and two years later he was killed by having his head cut off. The Petition of Rights (1628) Parliament demanded assurances from the government against excessive taxes and arbitrary arrest. 1629 The Royalist government abolished Parliament The English Civil War (1642-1648). Government forces (Cavaliers loyal to king Charles I) opposed parliamentary forces (Roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell . Scotland joined on the side of Parliament. the Commonwealth a period (164960) in English history when the country was governed without a king or queen. For the first four years after the death of King Charles I, the country was governed by the House of Commons. Then in 1653 the army gave power to Oliver Cromwell with the title of Lord Protector. The years 16539 are therefore known as the Protectorate. The Commonwealth ended with the Restoration of King Charles II. Oliver Cromwell (15991658) an English general and politician who for a short time ruled England, Scotland and Ireland. Cromwell was a Puritan who began his political career as the Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628. When the English Civil War started in 1642, he gathered soldiers in his area to fight for Parliament and soon became the leader of the New Model Army and the greatest soldier in England. He was one of those who signed the death warrant of King Charles I in 1649. As a leader of the Commonwealth, he was responsible for the cruel treatment of those who were opposed to the Puritans in Ireland and Scotland. In 1653 Cromwell dismissed Parliament and became the Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, with almost the same power as a king. He was offered the crown, but refused it. In 1658, he died of malaria and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Cromwells son Richard took his place as Lord Protector for a short time after his death, but he did not have his fathers gifts as a leader, and in 1660 Charles II became king at the Restoration. Oliver Cromwells body was dug up and his head was put on a pole on the roof of one of the buildings in Westminster(1) for 24 years. Cromwell is also remembered for a famous remark he made to the artist Peter Lely (161880). He said, Mr Lely, I desire you would use all your skill to paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me, otherwise I will never pay a farthing for it. People often say that something or somebody should be shown warts and all, meaning that faults or unpleasant features should not be left out. Charles II (163085) king of England, Scotland and Ireland (166085). He was the son of Charles I. He spent most of the English Civil War living abroad until Parliament invited him to return to be king after the death of Oliver Cromwell. He enjoyed the pleasures of life and was well known for having affairs with many women, including Nell Gwyn. The terms Whig and Tory were 1st applied to landowners who, respectively, welcomed the division of power between the monarchy and the landowners, and those who favoured the retention of all power with the landowners (while not opposing the Restoration). James II (16331701) the king of England and Scotland from 1685 to 1688. He was the son of Charles I and the younger brother of Charles II, becoming king after Charles II died. He faced a lot of opposition because he was a Roman Catholic, and in 1688 he was replaced by the Protestant William III. James went to Ireland in 1689 to try to win back power, but was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne. He lived the rest of his life in France. the Bloodless Revolution the events in Britain in 1688 when the Roman Catholic James II was removed as king and replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband William III (William of Orange). So many of Jamess Protestant officers joined Williams side that there was no fighting, and James escaped to France with his family. These events are also called the Glorious Revolution because constitutional monarchy was introduced at the same time. // constitutional monarchy government by a king or queen within laws which limit his or her power. Britain is governed in this way, with the Queen (or King) as head of state and with Parliament and the elected government holding almost all real power. This system began to develop slowly in the 17th century, when the Bill of Rights became law, and then developed more quickly after the Reform Act of 1832.// William III (also William of Orange) (16501702) the king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1688 to 1702. He was a Dutch prince, married to Mary, the daughter of James II. They were invited by British Protestants to be the king and queen of Britain in order to prevent the Roman Catholic James II from being king. William became king in the Bloodless Revolution and defeated the forces of James II in Ireland at the Battle of the Boyne. He is remembered by a group of Protestants in Northern Ireland who are opposed to Ireland becoming one republic, and call themselves Orangemen. Mary II (166294) the queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1688 to 1694. She was the elder daughter of King James II, and married William of Orange (later King William III), her Dutch cousin, in 1677. After James II was removed from power in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 she and William ruled together until her early death at the age of 32. Queen Anne (16651714) the queen of Britain from 1702 to 1714. She was the daughter of King James II and the last of the House of Stuart. None of her 18 children lived beyond the age of 11, so when she died her cousin George from Hanover in Germany became King George I. Queen Anne was the last British ruler to be able to prevent Parliament from passing a law by using her power to veto it. George I (16601727) king of Great Britain and Ireland (171427). He was the first of the Hanoverian kings and came to Britain from Germany on the death of Queen Anne. He was not popular in Britain, mainly because he did not learn to speak English, and because he arrived with two German lovers who were not liked by the British people. He did not get involved in British politics, leaving most decisions to the Cabinet, which became much more important during his time as king.

George II (16831760) king of Great Britain and Ireland (172760). He was the only son of George I and, like his father, was not very interested in the government of Britain, allowing the development of the constitutional monarchy. He was, however, interested in the army, and fought against the French in the War of the Austrian Succession (17408). He was the last British king to lead his army into a battle. George III (17381820) king of Great Britain and Ireland (17601820). He was the grandson of King George II. He was very interested in the government of Britain, and worked closely with prime ministers such as Lord North and William Pitt. He was strongly opposed to American independence, and was blamed by the public for losing the war of the American Revolution. He suffered from illness for some periods of his life and in 1811 he became so ill that his son was made Prince Regent. George IV (17621830) king of Great Britain and Ireland (182030). Before becoming king, he ruled as Prince Regent because his father George III was ill. He had many lovers and shocked many people by the way he lived, spending a lot of time eating, drinking and gambling. William IV (17651837) the king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1830 to 1837. He was the son of George III and spent many years in the Royal Navy. He is also remembered for having had ten illegitimate children with a female actor. His most important action was to create 50 new Whig peers to vote for the Reform Act against the Tories in Parliament who were opposed to it. Queen Victoria (18191901) a British queen who ruled from 1837 to 1901. She was the granddaughter of King George III and became queen after the death of King William IV. Her rule was the longest of any British king or queen, and happened at the same time as Britains greatest period of world power and industrial development. In 1840 she married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. They had nine children. After Alberts death Victoria took no further part in public affairs, but was persuaded to return by her prime minister Benjamin Disraeli, who gained for her the title Empress of India. She is often remembered as a bad-tempered old woman who once said, We are not amused. However in her early life she was a happy and enthusiastic queen who was very popular with ordinary people. And now getting down to business The time of increasing prosperity in England a constant battle between new and old.

17th cent great pushing for change, massive reconstruction of the society medieval worldview: everything is the Gods pattern central control is needed kings are responsible for keeping in place a disapproval of economic success licensing particular groups of people regulated market concept of FAIR PRICE fair reward for work you should stay where you were born new worldview (through the medium of religious changes): profit-oriented society great deal of social mobility

Example of medieval thinking: MIDDLE MAN made a living by buying sth in one place and selling it in another for more money milk man making profit in sth that doesnt involve his work it was punished and seen as immoral the idea of lending money USURY reprehensible! 1700 1st statistics c. 5,5mln population; most of the population living in the South, North was sparsely populated Great Price Rise 1500-1650 inflation 1550-1650 prices rose 3 times 1540-1640 wheat prices rose 6 times before there was fair price regulated market

discovery of silver mines in Austria more silver on the market pushed up prices the cost of the warfare increasing complex and large complicated guns (16th cent hand gun!)

In England the inflation was rather slow it stimulated economic activity; while prices for agricultural goods rose twice the pace, farmers were making more money. 1st introduction of profit motive potential for making profit

The land began to change faster buying & selling (possible after the end of feudalism)

Making money by the government the policy of Henry VIII dissolution of the monasteries 1536-1541 the destruction or sale of buildings and land belonging to religious communities in England by King Henry VIII after he became head of the Church of England. Henry wanted to make the Church less powerful and he needed money. Many people in England at the time felt that the Church was too rich and wasted its great wealth, so Henry had little difficulty in taking the Churchs wealth for himself, although many fine old buildings were destroyed. He recovered 1/5 of the agricultural land and sold it for 1.5mln. the 2nd generation of people who had bought the land emphasis on productivity

Leicestershire into hands of yeomen families by purchase ENCLOSURE the greatest change in making money the need to enclose the land in one piece in order to facilitate its cultivation (and land was sold in various stripes); the end of 15th cent the old order was against enclosure (the root of this evil is greed, divine order in agriculture), late 16th cent new techniques of farming; in the 17th cent many conflicts between new farmers and the Court about enclosure, draining, and forests

From obscurity to the wealth and moving down The wealth grew (great profit from agricultural land) and with it people climbed the social ladder. Lord Burghley (William Cecil 152098) a British politician. He was one of the most important members of Queen Elizabeth Is government, working as Secretary of State (155872) and Lord Treasurer (157298). He was responsible for making England a strong military and economic power. He was also responsible for many grand buildings, including Burghley House. He was made a knight in 1551 and a baron in 1571. He said: Gentility is nothing else but ancient riches. Francis Drake (c. 154096) an English sailor who fought against the Spanish and was the first Englishman to sail around the world. After a career attacking and robbing Spanish ships in the Caribbean, he was given five ships by Queen Elizabeth I to sail around the world, attacking Spanish ships along the way. When he returned three years later (1580) in the only surviving ship, the Golden Hind, Queen Elizabeth made him a knight. He was a son of Devonshire yeoman who became preacher. Vagabonds they didnt have any visible source of income growing number of vagabonds, people who lost everything (from 15th cent) the Charity 16th cent St. Thomas Hospital in London for the aged

St. Bartholomews Hospital sick and bedridden Christs Hospital foundlings (podrzutki) /babies were constantly found on the streets/ Bedlam a popular name for the Hospital of St Mary of Bethlehem in London. It was established as a priory (= a small Christian religious community) in 1274, and in the 14th century it became a place for mentally ill people, who were then called lunatics. People used to come and watch the patients and be entertained by their disturbed condition. From this the word bedlam has come to mean a scene of noisy confusion.

Some ideas of legislation in order to prevent beggars causing trouble to society as a whole. 1596 the Poor Law replaced lot of earlier poor-acts; parishioners had to establish a poorhouse or a workhouse; wandering beggars couldnt get any assistance, only in the parish where one was born they were sent back to where they came from

the Poor Laws a series of British laws that were concerned with helping poor people. The first Poor Law stated that the poor were the responsibility of the parish, and that local people should be taxed to provide food for the poor. These taxes became too high when the number of poor people increased in the early 19th century, and in 1834 a new Poor Law stated that the poor should be made to work in workhouses. This system was very unpopular, but it was not officially changed until the 1930 Poor Law introduced a national system of social welfare. The wealth & lifestyle The wealth of the agricultural part of society was seen in the buildings great expansion of the number of rooms; increase in housing space social implication. all kinds of consumption increase prosperity (Framlingham castle Household Book record of the expenditure for food, etc. very impressing)

COAL Tyne coal field Newcastle coal sent by boat to London; Correct your maps, Newcastle is Peru! 1653 (Peru gold) making cutlery Sheffield glass production glass windows armament industry (guns of various kinds, gunpowder) cloth industry (it was domestic industry before), wool and linen for export + new combination type of the cotton (16th cent; real cotton was imported from India) sugar refining sugarcane larger quantities fishing Cecil was keen to protect fishing industry he reintroduced Friday as a fish-day

Expansion of the capital they used capital from agriculture in developing manufacture and other industries. Discovery of the New World 1492 England was quite behind Spain in the early voyages in exploration.

1495 Canada 1553 The Gold Coast Company (slave trade) trade with the west coast of Africa (alcohol, guns, metal in return for ivory, gold, and slaves) // It is general trading pattern goods cheaply produced in England in return for spices, gold, cotton, precious metal and gems// Sir Hugh Willoughby of Risley, Derbyshire (d. 1554) was an early English Arctic voyager. He was sent out in 1553, as captain of the Bona Esperanza with two other vessels under his command and with chief pilot Richard Chancellor, by a company of London merchants known as the Mystery Company and Fellowship of Mechant Adventurers for the Discovery of Unknown Lands or the Muscovy Company. The vessels were separated by "terrible whirlwinds" in the Norwegian Sea. On 14 September 1553 Willoughby sailed into a bay near the present border between Finland and Russia. The ships with the frozen crews, including Captain Willoughby and his journal, were found by Russian fishermen a year later. Richard Chancellor was able to drop anchor in the White Sea and trudge his way overland to Moscow and Ivan the Terrible's Court, opening trade with Russia. 1555 - Muscovy Company Baltic region - timber for building ships 1579 Eastland Company trade with Scandinavia and Baltic sea states

Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 1583) was an English adventurer, explorer, member of parliament, and soldier from Devon, who served the crown during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. One of the pioneers of English colonization, he claimed what is thought to be the first English property in North America. On August 5, 1583, he formally claimed Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony under Royal Prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. The Honourable East India Company (HEIC), most commonly referred to as the East India Trading Company, though often colloquially referred to as "John Company", and simply as the East India Company[1] or the "Company Bahadur" in India, was an early joint-stock company (the Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock). The company's main trade was in cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, tea and also opium. It was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intention of favouring trade privileges in India. The Royal Charter effectively gave the newly created HEIC a 21 year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one that virtually ruled India and other Asian colonies as it acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions, until the British Crown assumed direct rule in 1858 following the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The Jamestown Settlement was the first permanent English settlement in North America.[1] Named for King James I of England, Jamestown was founded in the Virginia Colony on May 14, 1607. In modern times, "Jamestown Settlement" is also a promotional name used by the Commonwealth of Virginia's portion of the historical attractions at Jamestown. It is adjacent and complementary to the Historic Jamestown attraction at Jamestown Island. 1620 the Plymouth Colony - was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691. The first settlement was at New Plymouth, a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith. 1624 - The Virginia Land Company's charter is revoked and Virginia becomes a crown colony. PROFITS Profit to them was like nutriment to savage beasts Daniel Mendoza, Spanish envoy Mid 17th century benefits of colonialism, 1st attempts to organise colonial policy a charter from the king is obligatory in order to trade overseas; kings usually gave a permission to 1 person regulating wages, guild structures; manufacturers were increasingly interested in being against the Crown Stuarts gave a charter for 2 companies Puritan a member of an English Protestant group of the 16th and 17th centuries. Puritans believed in simple forms of church ceremony and strict moral behaviour, and were associated with the Parliamentary party during the Commonwealth of Oliver Cromwell. Because of this they were treated badly after the Restoration of King Charles II, and many left Britain to settle in the US, where their simple way of life and religious discipline became an important influence on American culture. Many of them were the leaders in the 2nd Civil War mainly because of the economic policy of the king. The Church of England (10.03.08) end of the 15th century practices of the Universal Church end of the 17th century acceptance of religious pluralism (completely different organisation of the world) late Middle Ages dissatisfaction with practices of the Roman Church 1395 Lollard movement (later was made illegal) Parliament: Twelve Conclusions of Lollard1: attack on the clerical celibacy

Eucharist as a feigned miracle, necromancy prelates should not hold temporal office for no man can serve 2 masters Bible should be translated into the everyday language Consubstantiation is a theological doctrine that (like transubstantiation) attempts to describe the nature of the Christian Eucharist in concrete metaphysical terms. It holds that during the sacrament the fundamental "substance" of the body and blood of Christ are present alongside the substance of the bread and wine, which remain present.

attack on images of God confession unnecessary for salvation warfare contrary to the New Testament vows of chastity by nuns led to abortion & child murders prime duty of priests was to preach

The spirit of the times: - travelling about trade of ideas - 15th cent travelling preachers in Italy - discussion about forms of religious practices - printing (1611 publication of the King James Bible!) - Renaissance studying Greek, revival of many classical texts - the agitation about abuses of the Church it became secular matter fees, etc. (problem of inheritance) public opinion was on the side of people who questioned the Churchs right to fees - more individual attitude towards religious texts William Tyndale (c. 14941536) an English writer who translated the Bible. His work as a translator was opposed in England and he was forced to live in Germany, where he produced the first English version of the Bible between 1525 and 1531. This later became the basis for the King James Version of 1611. He was burnt alive in Belgium as a heretic. He said: I defy the Pope and all his laws 1521 Martin Luther excommunicated by the Pope; Fidei Defensor 1523 Thomas More Answer to Luther (later he refused to recognise Henry VIII as the Head of the Church) the Assertion of the Seven Sacraments - condemning Martin Luther and defending the sacramental nature of marriage (published by Henry VIII)

In the beginning of the Protestant movement England was on the side of the Church. Thomas Wolsey Chancellor of Henry VIII

the Kings Great Matter matrimonial problem of Henry VIII providing the offspring for the king; unfortunate he inherited his deceased brothers fiance Spanish princess (6 years older!), Catherine of Aragon. They had six children, all of whom died soon after being born except for Mary I. Henry wanted a son to be the next king, and had the marriage annulled in 1533. //the 16th century 1st century of the individualised portraits, lifelike reflection; Henry VII on the coins; Hans Holbein - a German painter who from 1526 lived and worked in England. He was made the official royal painter in 1536 and is best known for his paintings of King Henry VIII and his court. One of his greatest paintings, The Ambassadors (1533), is in the National Gallery, London.// When Catherine was already 40 (in 1525), she was too old to have more children serious political problem! Usually they could have Popes permission to get rid of an old wife, but the Church was engaged in the battle in Europe, so for political reasons it was impossible. negotiations with Rome kings chancellor; Henry VIII called the parliament to blackmail Rome (1529-1534 cold war with Rome)

the Parliament was undermining the financial position of the Church (its secular function): 1530 Mortuaries Act limiting the fees 1531 forced loan of over 100,000 1532 Act of Annates cutting back on finances 1533 Act against Papal dispensations - Henry VIII defied the Roman Catholic church by divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn 1534 the ACT of SUPREMACY: The king is and ought o be the supreme head of the Church in England 1534 Treason Act 1534 Succession Act 1536 Henry VIII married his 3rd wife Jane Seymour (who died soon after the birth of their son Edward /1545/, who became King Edward VI)

Thomas Cranmer (14891556) the first Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury. He was influenced by the ideas of Martin Luther, and supported King Henry VIII over the ending of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and in establishing the Church of England. He was responsible for the Book of Common Prayer and had a strong influence on the Reformation. He was killed by burning when the Roman Catholic Mary I became Queen. Henry VIIIs wives: Catherine of Aragon (14851536) a Spanish princess who in 1509 became the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. They had six children, all of whom died soon after being born except for Mary I. Henry wanted a son to be the next king, and had the marriage annulled in 1533. The Pope did not agree with this, and the Reformation was a result of the divorce. Anne Boleyn (150736) the second wife of King Henry VIII and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I. Her marriage to Henry against the wishes of the Pope led to Englands break from the Roman Catholic Church and the start of the Church of England. However, when she failed to produce a son, Henry lost interest in her. She was accused of having affairs with other men, and her head was cut off. Jane Seymour (c. 150937) the third wife of King Henry VIII. She married him in 1536, but died soon after the birth of their son Edward, who became King Edward VI. Anne of Cleves (151557) a German princess who in 1540 became the fourth wife of King Henry VIII. They were divorced after six months. Catherine Howard (c. 152142) the fifth wife of King Henry VIII. He had her head cut off after they had been married for two years, when he found that she had had sexual relationships with other men Henrys sixth and last wife was Catherine Parr. Once Henry VIII broke away from Rome he had to rely more greatly on the Protestant part of Europe and those who approved his actions. Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540) the chief minister to King Henry VIII during the 1530s. After the fall of Thomas Wolsey, Cromwell arranged the kings divorce from Catherine of Aragon and later organized the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1540, Cromwell was made the Earl of Essex, but four months later the King accused him of treason and had his head cut off. Cromwell said at his execution that he died a Catholic. between 1536 and 1541 the Dissolution of the Monasteries the destruction or sale of buildings and land belonging to religious communities in England by King Henry VIII after he became head of the Church of England. Henry wanted to make the Church less powerful and he needed money. Many people in England at the time felt that the Church was too rich and wasted its great wealth, so Henry had little difficulty in taking the Churchs wealth for himself, although many fine old buildings were destroyed. nuns and priests were given money to cope with the situation

new kind of religious thinking (the fall of the last bastion of the old faith) 1535 Miles Coverdales English Bible 1538 Cromwells injunctions to the English clergy provision for teaching basic religious texts in English 1539 Coverdale appointed to overseas printing of the Great Bible 1547 Chantries Act abolished the grammar school 1549 Cranmers Book of Common Prayer (the prayer book most commonly used in the Church of England)

1549 the Act of Uniformity 1552 the 2nd Act of Uniformity 1553-1558 Queen Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon) married the king of Spain attempted to impose Catholic solution in England; burning of the Protestant bishops! 1558 Elizabeth I practices of the Church of England were conformed 1559 the Act of Supremacy as well in all spiritual and ecclesiastical causes as temporal believe what you want but be in the Church of England abolished: confession, extreme unction (ostatnie namaszczenie), purgatory accepted marriage of priests

compulsory attendance at church on Sundays (if not fine of 6!) setting up the 1st possibility of communicating ideas of the Queen to everybody central control; church service to tell people what to do (secular subjects) opposition to the Queen: 1) Catholics (Spain overseas disloyalty) rather fading opposition; 2) Calvinists Puritans Elizabeth I ignored Catholics up to 1570 (Papal Bull Regnans in excelsis Elizabeth is not a queen). Edmund Campion (154081) an English Catholic martyr in the time of Queen Elizabeth I. He joined the Jesuits, a branch of the Roman Catholic Church, and performed secret religious services for Catholics in Britain. He was caught and hanged for treason in 1581. the bloody question The Queen would not have any of their consciences unnecessarily sifted, to know what affection they had to the old religion internal camps for Catholics

arrest and persecution of Catholics increased (political reasons)

Puritans were more problematic than Catholics from 1570s outside formation = minister/teacher, they left the teacher from the Church of England aside

1566 30 (?) London minsters suspended for refusing to wear vestments (formal dress) they wanted to reduce the Church to simplicity

1563 Convocation of the Church of England the Puritan articles in convocation keeping holy Sundays and principal feasts; the meaning of the WORD discussion of the use of the word; priest should face the congregation (symbolic community) attack on ritual acts (- superstition!) to get rid of kneeling in the church (humility should be felt inside) using a surplice (attack on vestments) the use of organs be removed music distracted from deep thoughts They wanted the reorganisation of the Church. They wanted every congregation to elect one minister democratic institution.

Attitude to government, the role of the Parliament and undermining he power of the king (7/14.04.08) from the beginning of the 16th century increasing centralisation; focus on the monarch more instruction can be passed through the country and the instructions are better enforced reading and writing extended to large numbers of people increasing groups of new classes of society take part in the political life social mobility

//Lytton Strachey (18801932) an English writer and one of the most famous members of the Bloomsbury Group. He was noted for his intelligent humour, and for creating a new style of biography full of amusing remarks and without too much respect for the subject of the book. His best-known work is Eminent Victorians. He also wrote about Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria. He said about the times of Elizabeth I remarkable aristocracy created by the cunning of Henry VIII// Thomas Wolsey social climber, butchers son, at age of 11 went to Oxford, 1507 Kings chaplain; 1511 member of the Privy Council, 1512 Kings Chief Minister, 1514 Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York bribery and corruption (to win adherents)

the most powerful man of the state (his income was larger than kings) nepotism he gave his son (who was then 15) many parishes and bought Papal dispensations for (too young) age, for bastardy and for non-residence Hampton Court a grand palace beside the River Thames, 15 miles (24 kilometres) to the west of London. It was built by Cardinal Wolsey in 1515 and given by him to King Henry VIII so that he would remain in favour with the king. The house was made even bigger by King William III in 1689, the additions being designed by Christopher Wren. Hampton Court is now open to the public. As well as its fine buildings, it is famous for its gardens and maze. It was the most splendid residency of the 16th cent and the largest dwelling in the country. 1530s secretaries various jobs with old-fashioned titles

Thomas Cromwell b. 1485, son of Putney cloth-worker; 1514 in Antwerp, serving Venetian merchant; 1516 in Wolseys service, married an heiress; 1524 admitted to Grays Inn training for civil lawyers (public administration); 1534 Kings Secretary 1539 the Act for Placing of he Lords in the Parliament Kings chief secretary set before all barons! William Cecil, Lord Burghley, b.1520, son of a squire, Cambridge, 1541 Grays Inn, 1547-61 Court of Common Pleas; 1558 sworn in as Secretary of State (his son Robert took over this position after his fathers death) change in titles decision-making, not only lords, etc. Kings Council (medieval aristocracy, only to discuss) a) the Privy Council became the government of the day, implementing decisions; dealt with all kinds of problems; administrative decisions; 20-25 members chosen by the king (easily manageable by the Kings Secretary) - a clerk was appointed to the Privy Council to take the minutes evidence of what decisions were being made b) the Great Council from 1540s new kind of governmental institutions policy expanding beyond the memory of decision-makers

1545 setting up councils all over the country Justice of the Peace (JP) large numbers of men all over the country who had special authority to implement certain decisions (and now its a person who judges less serious cases in a local court) 1506 the Book of Justices of Pays regulating wages, maintenance of the gun, etc. by 1600 309 statutes about bridges and highways, poor laws, licensing ale houses responsibilities all this is taking action and counterbalance to centralisation

House of Commons from 296 to 462 members; Elizabeth I 32 new boroughs with 64 MPs (each towns had 2 representatives) the 16th century central political classes began to take over, they had more influence 1584 Parliament country gentry 240 (!), Royal officials 75, 53 lawyers

the importance of Parliament grew very fast Henry VIII wanted its support to divorce acts against the Church the Parliament began to appoint committees to decide what to do during the session the Halls Chronicle (1529) up to this time records were secret

Voting: Act of Supremacy 1st time voting was conducted by division leaving the room (people counted while leaving) indication of the importance of this Act shouting aye or nay decided by listening medieval form of voting from 1549 St. Stephens Chapel benches on each side concept of parliamentary language developed no suggestions and overtones, no rude words Speaker for keeping order; elected to be a chairman 2nd half of the 16th cent locking up the members of the House of Commons opposition connected with the Puritans led by Peter Wentworth; parliament being used to change the organisation of the Church and the society to get rid of all Catholic forms in the Church of England groups of Puritans were commonly imprisoned for the time of session In general Elizabeth I took the opposition under control, but James I (Calvinist) was unsuitable to reign Britain and his lofty concepts of the kingship bring a great conflict with his Parliament. the ROYAL DEBTS 16th cent financial system from the Middle Ages; parliamentary grants, taxes on trade, on customs duty, on import and export, profits of justice + money from the Churchs land, charters overseas economic activity, monopoly on production/trading certain items from the Elizabeth reign the income was lower than the expenditure

the royal debts parliament demanded more and more privileges in exchange for money by 1629 Charles I had enough of the parliament and its demands and between 1629 and 1640 he didnt call any parliament eleven years of tyranny; king had to rely on forcing everyone to pay and he had very brutal way of doing it 1639 a crisis occurred Archbishop of Canterbury attempted to impose sth on Scotland the Church of England in Scotland; Scottish army invaded England demanding from Charles I money in order to go back home, so He had to call the Short Parliament (April 1540) and demanded money, but he didnt receive any. Scottish army went on London. Charles I called another, the Long Parliament. Its opposition to the king led to the English Civil War between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. Many of its members were dismissed in 1648 and it became known as the Rump Parliament (the parliament that governed Britain from 1648 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660, after the Long Parliament had been reduced in size. It voted for the trial and execution of King Charles I and ended just before the Restoration). 1642 the Civil War breaks out; leader Oliver Cromwell 1640-1660 fundamental shaking and undermining the power of the king; change of the role of the parliament

1640 middle classes they changed things the way they wanted; country gentry in control - 1650s radical ideas (from those from the bottom of the society) began to lose support of the people who had begun it! the Long Parliament majority of men who wanted change, to get rid of the people who had monopoly, they wanted to control the way taxes were collected 1640-1642 House of Commons succeeded in getting rid of the people who had had control Archbishop Laud arrested in 1641, execution of Strafford (1641) 1641 January Triennial Bill automatic recall of the parliament every 3 years 1641 May the Parliament cannot be resolved without its agreement Charles I tried o close down the Parliament he took a group of soldiers (by force) but the Parliament moved to London (where it had absolute support for the changes!). So the king tried to raise an army, Parliament raised money to fight. 1642-1645 civil war the Parliament had long term advantage (strategic control of the new wealth in London and financial system, and the support of the Navy) in the beginning the Parliament had weaker position because Charles I was still able to collect skilled forces and the merchants werent skilled

Charles Is soldiers (the Cavaliers) were defeated by those of Parliament (the Roundheads) at the battles of Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). The Roundhead soldiers were very well organized, in the New Model Army, under Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was held prisoner for more than two years, and was then executed, in January 1649. The Commonwealth was declared. For 11 years England had no king or queen, although for much of this time it had a strong leader in Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell and his Army he had a really good idea an army fighting for the ideas the more radical Puritan in the army, the better the army; democratic bases of its organisation men elected the officers and called them lecturers; strict discipline, committed soldiers, Sweden military techniques, French artillery experts within 2 years: New Model Army turned the tide of the civil war 1646 Charles I gave himself up he handed himself to Scots after the victory the army had little to do, so they sat and began to debate of the future society Agreement of the people was a manifesto for the revolutionary changes to English parliamentary system, issued by the Levellers. Between 1647 and 1649 several different versions of the Agreement were published, each adapted to address not only broad concerns but also specific issues faced by the Levellers and their supporters during the fast changing revolutionary political environment of those years. they drafted a constitution with complete religious freedom middle class Puritans in order to have decisive say they wanted the lower property qualification everybody should have a right to vote 1648 March Charles I escaped, August defeated and brought to London for trial - January 1549 tyrant, traitor, murderer Charles I executed 30.01.1649 1649 battles with Scots and Irishmen; Cromwell and his army extreme brutality 1650 Cromwell joined two kingdoms brought together their administrations In 1653 Cromwell dismissed Parliament and became the Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, with almost the same power as a king. He was offered the crown, but refused it. Barebones Parliament (Barbon) question of taxation, abolished tithes (to the Church of England), sacrament of marriage and holidays Cromwell was annoyed with this parliament (1653 April) They began certain reforms of the law removal of cruel punishments, cessation of burning as a death penalty for women, abolition of debtors prisons. They showed some interest in overseas development 1st committee to encourage overseas expansion. 1st Council for Trade 1650 (in 1696 Department of Trade) professional body of governments forces employing civil servants governments finance taken in hand assessment of taxation 1642 committees for tax assessment (the idea of income tax) 1643 excise duties on tobacco, beer, wine, and cider 1643 sequestration order confiscating lands of Royalists

1652 tobacco planting abolished These measures put English income in new situation. Standing Army financial problem, its costs were much higher than Cromwell could afford 1659 taxpayers went on strike RESTORATION Restoration because of the problem with army, as well (huge debts). The Parliament was called on the old basis but was in new position.

1651 fixed interest rate at 6%

Who was allowed to vote? +- male adult suffrage; corporation boroughs (Admiralty borough, Treasury borough), rotten borough (were nobody lived); 40% boroughs under 100 votes, 5% - more than 1000 1716 Septennial Act every 7 years, even without the kings permission

the Act of Union The first Act of Union, in 1707, officially joined England and Scotland as one kingdom, called Great Britain, ruled by the parliament in London. The second Act of Union, in 1800, added Ireland to this group of countries, which was then called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. the structure of the Parliament:

before the 1st Act of Union: 503 members 24 Welsh after: + 40 Scottish members counties 80 seats /2 each/ universities 4 seats /2 each/ boroughs the rest

the House of Commons money bills, controlling the level of taxation based on income; regular taxation beer, tobacco, etc. Despite the restoration of the House of Lords, the House of Commons was more and more important, kings and queens lost their importance. 1702-1714 Queen Anne, 1714-1727 George I pushed into the background Extremely wealthy gentlemen wanted to control everything through the control of elections they paid for voting according to their wishes (it was still possible to control people voting wasnt secret!). Patrons of boroughs offered various bonuses for voting as they liked. Examples: 1766 Oxford, patron paid off city debt (5,670), as a condition of re-election

1749 Prince of Wales purchased Old Sarum (rotten borough?) Patronage sincures a well paid job (for nothing else than voting), you cannot be a MP; patrons gave it in order to keep people loyal

Political parties term party 1st used: Whig people who supported the ideas of English revolution (they wanted to remove James II from succession) Tory royal prerogative against parliamentary sovereignty Hanoverian succession (1714-1901) the Jacobite rebellions a series of three rebellions which took place in Scotland after James II lost power to William III in 1688. In them the Jacobites tried to return the Stuarts to power in 1689, in 1715 (under the Old Pretender, James IIs son) and in 1745 (under Bonny Prince Charlie, James IIs grandson). After some success under Bonny Prince Charlie the Jacobites were finally defeated at the battle of Culloden in 1746. Tories supported the Jacobite rebellions! Whigs were more acceptable as the members of government for Hanoverians //Samuel Pepys (16331703) an Englishman known today because of his detailed diaries, written between 1660 and 1669 but not published until the 19th century. He was a senior government officer in the service of two kings, Charles II and James II, and he wrote about court and social life in the 17th century, as well as recording major events such as the Great Fire of London. He also included many private details about his own life. He knew many of the most important figures of his day, including Sir Christopher Wren and Sir Isaac Newton. Pepys often ended his writing for the day with the phrase And so to bed, which people sometimes use in a humorous way today.// 1780-1820 Industrial Revolution (28.04.08) industrialisation revolutionary changes in the economy; a sharp upward turn of series of industrial output agricultural revolution change of the level of production (living in towns, providing fresh food) to feed urban and industrial environments TRANSPORT dramatic changes in the trade pattern 2nd half of the 19th century you can easily move around the country; major movement to improve road transport

paved and surfaced roads usually untouched since construction (Romans) /Defoe wrote about frightful conditions of roads in England/ ships rather faster and more comfortable than road transport increasing trade the need to travel more privatisation of the roads Turnpike Trusts commercial enterprises to charge people with a toll in order to have money for building new roads (they put gates) very unpopular with local communities too expensive, only traders were satisfied riots group of engineers (who learnt by doing roads, they didnt have any technical education): Jack Metcalf (Blind Jack of Kanres-borough, stagecoaches), Thomas Telford (iron bridges, suspension bridges), J. Macadam (macadamised surface) public transport with schedules, companies that run stagecoaches fixed time of departure and arrival building of new roads reduced the time of travel (from London to Bristol: 1754 2 days, 1784 16h) highwaymen 2nd half of the 19th cent more organised and regular travel easier to plan everything the possibility of better organised criminal activity personal travel became easier moving heavy goods faster transport of materials development of the canals 2nd half of the 18th cent covered the whole England Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1763) water carriage is more economic 1st major canal Duke of Bridgewaters Canal 1760; it took 10 years to build it; it halved the price of coal in Manchester 1766 Hercford-Glacester canal reduced by another half by 1790 2-3mln invested in canal construction quickly and cheaply transported goods London Docks: Brunswick Dock 1789; West India 1800; London Dock 1802; Surrey Docks 1804; East India Dock - 1805 1817 New Customs House

American War of Independence rebelled against the commercial policy of English government demand for heavy goods production: armament, ships, textile (uniforms) SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION thinking about new ways of doing things number of patents sealed: 1690/99 102, 1830/39 2,453, 1840/49 4,581

developments in the iron production charcoal traditional way of producing the temperature; new way: timber easier, cutting down trees, removal of forests; new way: coke 1740s using coke to produce steel

steam engine: -1769 James Watts 1st patent -1781 patent with rotary motion enabling a lot of other inventions cloth industry:

flying shuttle 1733, James Key Lewis Pauls rollers (1738) and carding machine (1748) James Hargreaves spinning jenny (1764-1770) large production units; the need of water power for the spinning jenny; industry moved to better location factories set up to produce large quantities brewing hug factories printing prices fall (steam power in printing cheaper)

Concentration of industries in good locations great growth of towns, very rapid urbanisation, complete shift in the weight of population new social problems London population: 1600 200,000 /1665 Plague 28,000 died//1666 the Great Fire/ 1700 674,500 1750 676,750 1801 900,000 Main urban development North, North-East, Central England coal up to 1790 majority of population lived in South and West

the most humid areas cotton, Liverpool, Manchester (cotton imported from American colonies) Birmingham production of weapons, metals; skilled workers; industrial scale cities that werent near coalfields grew slowly living-conditions deteriorated rapidly tragic hygienic conditions cesspools, overcrowded cities Manchester the chimney of the world poverty-stricken parish no power to levy taxes on this population living-conditions of the poorest it improved though it didnt seem to

Working-conditions 16h/day at least

patrons usually werent concerned in the working condition but in the profits great split between the kind of benefit of the employed and the patrons (vast fortunes) //social ladder one more time: Sir Robert Peel (1750-1830) son of yeoman farmer, mid 1760s manufacture of cloth, 1780s making 70,000 p.a. profits, 1790 baronet, MP; his son became Prime Minister// Social changes: shifted society less manageable society

child labour for example to clean underneath the machinery, sweeping chimneys How to improve the situation? benefit societies, friendly societies weakly subscription, sickness benefit model housing for workers model towns (Wedgwood attempts to provide education for children; Robert Owens factories New Lanark)

the old established political system began to crumble growth of the middle classes demand for political changes growth of radical movements demand for new kind of system 1760s re-emergence of demands for more democratic forms of representation John Wilkes the editor of the political magazine The North Briton attack on conservationism, on the governments policies; he was brought for trial in charge of abuse of the name of the king riots occurred mob kept out of politics

Effects of Industrial Revolution up to 1832 (5.05.08) 1832 reform of the Parliament William Blackstone English constitutional law Eli Halevy: England was a museum of constitutional archaeology the House of Commons the most important institution, controlled by wealthy people (seats bought and sold), very little of ideology 1714 Hanoverian dynasty 1st king didnt speak English he had very little role; increasing power of the House of Commons and the role of the Prime Minister King was expected to choose ministers in theory to conduct the business of the Parliament there was no commune responsibility!

the idea things should be discussed by councils by 1740s it was possible to control the House of Commons without taking any responsibility (Robert Walpole (16761745) a British Whig politician who was Britains first prime minister (171517 and 172142). He also served the longest time of any prime minister and was the first to live at Number Ten, Downing Street. His periods in power were times of peace and economic success for the country, although Walpole himself was accused of dishonest behaviour in government. He was made an earl in 1742. gambling on stocks & shares; South Sea Bubble financial gamble which didnt come off, the government was involved bankruptcy, Walpole had suspiciously clean hands he sold all his shares before the collapse But he was a very good orator and persuaded gentry to give money to the government) CABINET meetings of ministers; discussions compulsory unanimous decision new kind of government you have to agree or resign; if the Prime Minister resigned, every minister should; it wasnt supported by the House of Commons; and still there was no official prime minister

the role of the monarchy discussion about it in the time of the American War of Independence (a war between America and Britain (17751783) in which America became an independent nation. Britain had colonies in North America from 1607 and in the 17th century the 13 colonies each had an assembly of representatives. After

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Britain passed a series of laws raising taxes and restricting trade, the assemblies wanted to decide what taxes they should pay rather than the British Parliament and some colonists, called patriots began to want independence from Britain. After a number of events including the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the Boston Tea Party in 1773, the British tried to increase control over the colonies. Representatives of the colonies formed the Continental Congress in 1774 and decided to form their own army. On 18 April 1775 when British soldiers near Boston were looking for weapons hidden by the colonists, the soldiers met and the first shot of the war was fired. After the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 when many British soldiers, known as Redcoats, were killed, the Continental Congress suggested that Britain and America should make an agreement, but Britain refused and on 4 July 1776 members of the Congress signed the Declaration of Independence. During the following years of fighting, the Americans received support from France and Spain. After seven years of war, Britain recognized the United States of America in 1783. it brought great deal of opposition to the king Demands for changes from 1760s reappearance of the voice of the ordinary people, classes that still didnt have any representation in the Parliament

non-voting part of society was severely repressed 1715 the RIOT ACT prevention of riotous assemblies (more than 15 people) no freedom of speech seditious labour everything that criticised the government or the king trial 1770s London Revolution Society 1780 revived the Society of Constitutional Information April 1792 Society of Friends of the People very radical educated middle-classes 25th January 1792 London Corresponding Society (later: Thomas Hardy) workers corresponding with people who shared their views (week subscription) demands: annual parliaments, universal suffrage (male, of course), independent juries radicals encouraged by French revolutionists Charles James Fox (17491806) an English Whig politician. For most of his career he was the Leader of the Opposition, while Pitt was Prime Minister. He was a friend of the Prince Regent and a supporter of ideas that shocked people at the time, such as the French Revolution, American independence and the ending of the slave trade. Edmund Burke (172997) a British Whig politician and writer, born in Ireland. He was a Member of Parliament (176594) but is best remembered for speaking and writing in favour of American independence and the rights of Irish Catholics. In his best-known book, Reflections of the Revolution in France (1790), he argued against the more extreme acts of the French Revolution.

1790s the government became more conservationist 1799 an act against creating trade unions 1800 Combination Acts workers were not allowed to create bigger groups Luddites were early 19th-century workers who destroyed machinery because they thought it would threaten their jobs. Several of them were hanged for their crimes. 1812 death penalty for breaking, damaging of the machinery in factories After 1815 Britain faced the problem of urbanised society with radical ideas and suffering from the economic decline.

Agriculture after the war vast market for military supplies and textiles abandoned, ferment, unemployment, riots. 1815 CORN LAWS no foreign corn can be imported into England unless the price of corn is 40 shillings a bushel (very expensive); rural population was relatively happy; a set of British laws, first introduced in the Middle Ages, which controlled the import and export of grain in order to protect the price of British wheat. They were unpopular in the 19th century when there was a shortage of wheat and the laws were keeping the prices high. Many Members of Parliament owned agricultural land and made large profits from these high prices. In 1846, under pressure from the Anti-Corn Law League, the government changed the laws. urban population trade depression (1820s), high unemployment; opposed the Corn Laws (more expensive food!) March of Blanketeers is the nickname given to some 5000 operatives who on the 10 March 1817 met in St. Peters Field, near Manchester, to march to London, each carrying blankets or rugs. Their object was to see the Prince Regent and lay their grievances before him. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended, and the leaders were seized and imprisoned. The bulk of the demonstration yielded at once. The few stragglers who persisted in the march were intercepted by troops, and treated with considerable severity. Eventually the spokesmen had an interview with the ministers, and some reforms were the result. 1819 the Peterloo Massacre yeomen raid; an incident that took place in Manchester. A group of people gathered in St Peters Fields in central Manchester to demand political change. The crowd was large, but peaceful and not armed. It was attacked by the army, who killed eleven people and injured about 500. The name Peterloo is a mixture of St Peters Fields and Waterloo, the battle at which many people had recently died. 1819 conspiracy Cato Street Conspiracy digging the tunnel the 6 Act not to move in group larger than 6 patrols in motion since 1812, there was no local governments organisation to keep order; there were constables who were supposed to do so, but they were underpaid Bow Street Runners private police force; when Henry Fielding was a magistrate at Bow Street in the 1740s, he formed the Bow Street Runners, a group of people trained to catch thieves. This was the first step towards the creation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829. the Metropolitan Police established in 1827 by Sir Robert Peel the extent of crime after Napoleonic wars was incredible, there was a real need for the police

reforms of the criminal law: a) 1823 Criminal Law Reform: - easier to condemn the criminal - abolished the death penalty (apart from murder, arson, treason, attack) b) Gaol Act forcing every town to build a jail c) sending the criminals to Australia Cash, corn, and Catholics reforms: 1828 Repeal of Test and Corporation Acts 1829 Catholic Emancipation carried by Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel, Prince Regent Catholics have a right to vote the Reform Acts three British Acts of Parliament passed during the 19th century to change the way Members of Parliament were elected and to allow more people to vote. The first Reform Act (1832) got rid of the rotten boroughs created more seats in Parliament and increased the number of men able to vote. The second and third Acts (1867 and 1884) created new seats for city and county areas and increased the number able to vote to about 5 million. Robert Peel (17881850) one of the most important British politicians of the early 19th century and one of the people who started the modern Conservative Party. As Home Secretary (182230), Peel was responsible for giving Roman Catholics the right to hold jobs in public life and for the organization of the Metropolitan Police. He was Prime Minister twice (18345 and 18416) and his government passed a number of major new laws, especially in relation to British trade. He was made a baronet in 1830. 2nd Industrial Revolution (19.05.08) 1851 1st Great Exhibition Prince Albert

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the Cristal Palace cast iron & glass = achievements of the industry attention focused on material circumstances of the social changes up to 1850s main industries: textile, steel

2nd Industrial Revolution (+- 1850s 1880s)

1.

rubber industry (rubber statues in the Cristal Palace)

1st half of the 18th century vulcanization, waterproof

Charles Macintosh (17661823) a Scottish inventor who developed a material made of rubber to keep out water. A mackintosh or mac is now a word for any coat made of a similar material for keeping off rain. Wellington Boots 2. armaments industry fast changing; gun factories

technical achievements in small gun 3. chemical industry household & hygienic commodities soap, bleach easily available ready & cheap 4. patent medicine industry factories of medicines

George Boots the chemist using opium as a painkiller 5. toys industry pottery industry China-dolls metal industry (lead) toys for boys lead soldiers 6. means of transport a) bicycles from 1860s bicycles (1st 1820s)
item wanted by everyone not too expensive skilled craftsman could afford it by 1880s factory production of the bicycles (replaced craftsmen) 1887 Germany: wooden cart with petrol engine technological development in agricultural machinery very end of the 1890s car production 1860s increasing market for sanitary ware (middle class, expanding urban population new housing new sanitation system)

1868 tyre - John Dunlop (vet! ), the Scottish inventor of the pneumatic tyre (= one that contains a rubber tube filled with air)

b) cars

7. pottery sewage systems, bathrooms, water closet (Wedgwood Company!) 8. food processing up to 1860s food produced locally from 1860s food processing into factories early 1860s flour mills, steel rollers; small millers went out of business; people could buy flour in paper bags from grocery they stopped baking bread at home bakers and sliced bread at shops use of cans and tins! sheet metal Australia (sheep farming old sheep cheap meat) sheep meat in cans and tins sent all over the world salmon tin salmon relatively cheap

refrigeration (electricity!) keeping food fresh, changed completely the food distribution pattern steady supply 9. electricity slow in getting off the ground, still luxury 10. printing 1880s linotype machine much quicker

1878 American Arms Factory production of cheap typewriters, overrun the whole world changed the face of the office work (+women they were seen as more skilled in this kind of job) 11. sewing machine 1850s clothing industry into factories

paper from wood pulp cheaper, easily available invention of the typewriter (shown at the 1st Great Exhibition)

sweatshops (a place where people work for low wages in poor conditions) piecework shoes production in factories (1870s) (American civil war increased demand making leather boots)

Material basis of life changed diametrically and it brought a vast expansion of urban population. Rural England was drained from its population (only 2% of English population was engaged in agriculture). Main change development of TRANSPORT individual freedom moving around the country;

commuting began to be popular (bicycles!) the workplace could be separated from home arrival of the railways 1840s invention of the steam engine rails on the ground (started in early 17th century) cars drawn (the heaviest items) 1815 Stephensons locomotive engine

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the Stockton and Darlington Railway the worlds first railway on which passengers were carried on steam trains. It was built by George Stephenson in the 1820s between Stockton, a port on the River Tees in north-east England, and Darlington, an industrial town ten miles away. Rocket the name of an early steam engine (= vehicle that pulls a train) designed in the 1820s by Robert Stephenson. It was the first engine to be used regularly on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and the original version of it is now in the Science Museum, London, England. the Liverpool and Manchester Railway a railway between Liverpool and Manchester in north-west England, opened in 1830. It was the first public railway in the world using steam trains for its whole length, and was built by George Stephenson. 1837 29mph! 1844 an act Parliamentary train (every company must have at least 1 passenger train; carriages with seats protected from weather, max charge 1d per mile relatively cheap, children under 3 went free, 56 lbs of luggage free) 1842-44 Robert Stephenson & George Hudson their company employed a) in 1830s 100,000, b) 200,000 people regularly Samuel Morton Peto 1834 railway construction 1st great company employing 140,000 (nie wiem, czy tu czego nie pomyliam) problem each private company had different tracks Parliamentary train; 1870s compulsory interactions between comapnies

TRAVELLERS by 1845 annually 1mln people travelled from Birmingham to London and back a) travels for business and for pleasure! leisure activity and faster pace of information exchange b) People travelled in order to see things! especially London, its New House of Parliament, etc. c) 1851 trains to London Great Exhibition development of new industrial activity equipment for railways

1802 1st steamship faster international transport 1821 across the English Channel 1st steamship to Callais (travels no longer depend on the wind!); regular & scheduled times P & O a British shipping company, well known for its large cruise liners (= ships on which people spend their holidays/vacations, sailing from place to place). The company was established in 1837, when it was called the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, and sailed mainly to Spain and Portugal, but it soon became the most important company sailing between Britain and India and Hong Kong. In the late 20th century it also became one of the largest ferry companies sailing across the English Channel. 1836 John Murrays 1st guide book organised tourist industry 1838 1st Atlantic steam service

Changes of possibilities of COMMUNICATION 1846 Electric Telegraph Company easier and faster producing newspapers; information transported to newspapers offices midnight updated news all over the country by the morning & distributed to houses!; The Times and Daily News went down to 3d; The News of the World (a British tabloid Sunday newspaper, owned by Rupert Murdoch. It is one of Britains best-selling newspapers, and consists mainly of news about sport, crime and famous people such as film and television actors or members of the royal family. It was first published in 1843.) 1st really popular newspaper for working class. 1855 the Stamp Act repealed ( a British Act of Parliament in 1765. It stated that all publications and legal documents in British colonies in America must have official stamps, sold by the British government. Many people in America thought that this was an unfair tax. They refused to use the stamps and prevented British ships from entering or leaving their ports.) 1855 - the Daily Telegraph one of Britains national daily newspapers, started in 1855. It is traditionally right-wing in its views and supports the Conservative Party, though it sometimes criticizes its policies. Its 1st 1pd paper! designed to reach a mass market 1861 Paper Duty abolished much cheaper newspapers 1870 ETC taken over by Post Office pressure to remove last taxation on the newspaper 1877 W. H. Preece brought over the 1st pair of practical telephones 1884 1st trunk line London Brighton 1887 - Lord Northcliffe Amalgamated Press(born Alfred Charles William Harmsworth 18651922) a British newspaper publisher, born in Ireland. He started the Daily Mail in 1896 and the Daily Mirror in 1903, introducing a style of journalism that was then new to Britain. Articles were short and lively, with some written specially for women, and more headlines were used. Northcliffe was also the owner of The Times from 1908 to 1922. He helped the British government with their propaganda (= information published to influence public opinion) during World War I, and in 1917 was made a viscount. He was a very strong character who liked power. His younger brother Harold (later Lord Rothermere) was his partner in his early career. 1896 Daily Mail halfpenny newspaper 1903 founded Daily Mirror technical development news can at last be treated as NEWS 1st - hand and overseas 1905 357,000 telephones, of which 316,00 owned by private companies 1911 Post Office took over telephone lines (12 mln compensation) increasing change in local transport horse-drawn omnibuses large towns

1870s tram began to be installed; tram system growing suburbs!; 1890s electric trams 1890s underground railway in London The control of private companies is more and more complicated local authorities must take over the control.

Ideas of Liberals: first: low-cost government, freedom of the individual (Samuel Smiles Self-help 1859 Heaven helps those who help themselves), then they changed their minds Liberals began to hide their laissez-faire ideas. taking measures to change various matters sanitation, health reform, trying to provide the framework where many bad consequences of the industrial revolution would be set right 1875 Public Health Act local authorities take over water supplies (up to then private companies, largely opens canals and ditches pollution, etc.), providing ceramic pipes clean supply of water; local government takes over municipal cemeteries; sewage system and cleaning up; parks, facilities for leisure, public buildings and public baths (!), municipal nurseries, saving banks Local authorities take over responsibility for sanitary conditions and housing for the poorest

1870s programme of pulling down old houses replaced by modern housing with sanitation, etc. Liberals focused their attention also on the proper system of the state education, facilities for organised labour (trade unions), ideas of welfare state.

MODERN WORLD 1870-1914 (26.05.08) Politics liberals A. Smith and laissez-faire; conservatives consequences 1870s everything started changing Liberals focused on implementations of social reforms, conservatives on free trade (colonialism). 1867 Lord Derby (conservative) reform act: making the vote available to most working men (lower property qualification) c. 2mln voters 1884 further changes (William Gladstone liberals) total c. 5mln voters 1918 universal manhood suffrage (women!) new organisation to press for new social reforms In the late 19th and early 20th century women in Britain also began to demand the right to vote. After several bills promising them suffrage were defeated in Parliament, British suffragettes turned to violent protest. As well as holding noisy public meetings they chained themselves to iron railings and broke windows of government buildings. One suffragette, Emily Davison, threw herself in front of the kings horse during a race at Epsom and died from her injuries. When suffragettes were put in

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prison many of them went on hunger strike (= refused to eat anything), so that the authorities had to force food into them to keep them alive. Leaders of the campaign, such as Emmeline Pankhurst, the head of the Womens Social and Political Union, and her daughter Christabel, were imprisoned on many occasions under the terms of the socalled Cat and Mouse Act of 1913 which allowed the women out of prison just long enough for them to get well before taking them back in again. The campaign was interrupted in 1914 at the start of World War I, so that women could contribute to the war effort. When the war ended in 1918 the government at last agreed to give the vote to women over 30, partly in recognition of their role in the war effort. Finally, in 1928, women won equal voting rights with men and were allowed to vote from the age of 21. 1860s new kind of movement more skilled workers new trade unions Robert Owen (17711858) a Welsh industrialist whose ideas on social reform influenced the development of the Co-operative Movement and trade unions in Britain. He bought some cotton mills in Scotland and created a model industrial community for his workers, providing them with good housing and education. The factories made a good profit and his ideas were admired even among the upper classes, though they were less enthusiastic when he argued that workers should share the ownership of factories. He started several other communities, including New Harmony in the US, but these were less successful. 1834 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union set up by Robert Owen 1851 Amalgamated Society of Engineers 1861 Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners 1868 TUC Trade Union Congress - the association of English trade unions. It was established in 1868 and its main function is to protect the interests of trade union members in the country as a whole in matters such as pay and conditions of work. The TUC meets every year for four days at the beginning of September, when representatives from all the trade unions gather to discuss various issues that affect them. The head of the TUC is called the General Secretary and its members elect the General Council every year to represent it. Its headquarters are at Congress House in central London. 1872 54h work week 1890s 8h-day movement Trade unions won the right to strike recognised by law. They tried to get their representation in Parliament both political parties were interested in it they should come to their direction. 1870s liberal party collective solution to social problems; cooperative movement: 1st recorded co-operative: 1844 The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers they had cheaper food (at cost price). the Co-operative Movement an international movement that aims to encourage people to produce, buy and sell things together, and to share the profits. The movement started in northern England in the 19th century when poor working people started giving regular small amounts of money so that, as a group, they could buy food, clothes, etc. for less than a single person could. Some members worked for the Movement making these goods. the Co-operative Group a company set up in 1863 by members of the Co-operative Movement to produce and buy goods, and sell them in special shops. It now has supermarkets all over Britain, and several other businesses, including its own bank, the Co-operative Bank, and insurance services. Members still receive a share of the profits. It changed its name from The Co-operative Wholesale Society in 2001. the temperance movement a movement involving organized campaigns by various groups in the US, Britain and some other countries in the 19th century to persuade people to drink little or no alcohol. These groups believed that the effects of alcohol were bad both for individual people and for society in general. Typical of Christian socialists. Liberal party by 1885 was working together with trade unions 1892 elections with Labour MPs. 1899 Labour Representation Committee 1886 Marx translated 1st time there was a state intervention in matters like education and care of children! 1833 Lord Althrops Act: forbade employment under 9; children from 9 to 13 years old only 9h daily (only in factories where more than 60 people were employed) From 1870s Liberals took more measures to provide children with possibility of learning and to make it compulsory and free. 1853 vaccination (against smallpox) is compulsory! 1st act that forced parents to do sth with their children! 1870 Forsters Educational Act every parish should collect rates and use it to built schools; 4 years of education in an elementary school must a child complete to be employed 1880s 6 years, 1902 up to 13 years old The rule of 3Rs reading, writing, arithmetic Where to find teachers?... founding teacher-training collages

middle class girls governesses the State and the Church of England set up the teacher-training collages until 1870 teaching wasnt regarded as a profession

In 1908 (liberal government) Childrens Act in which the cruelty to children is defined, baby farming; childs life insurance banned; juvenile smoking and drinking curtailed (under 14) as unsuitable social practices Reformatory schools established institution for the detention of young offenders Reforms of other areas: Public schools established by public charter

rugby schools character and behaviour of boys learnt through the practice of sport team spirit, fair play, spirit of competition new curriculum up to 1870s schools didnt deal with history, geography and literature (modern subjects) 1870s Redbrick universities municipal universities rich businessmen, city councils pay modern subjects and pure sciences developed Lord Baden-Powell (18571951) a British soldier who became famous for defending the South African town of Mafeking in the Boer War. He later left the army to start the Boy Scout organization (now called the Scouts or the Scout Association) in 1908 and, with his sister Agnes, the Girl Guides (now called the Guides or, in the US, the Girl Scouts) in 1910.

HEALTH the Poor Laws a series of British laws that were concerned with helping poor people. The first Poor Law (1601) stated that the poor were the responsibility of the parish(1), and that local people should be taxed to provide food for the poor. These taxes became too high when the number of poor people increased in the early 19th century, and in 1834 a new Poor Law stated that the poor should be made to work in workhouses. This system was very unpopular, but it was not officially changed until the 1930 Poor Law introduced a national system of social welfare. Problems with unemployment in 1880s its a new word! recognising the phenomenon From the middle of 15th century surgery with some hope of success a) anaesthetic ether 1st time used in 1847 childbirth of Queen Victoria; laughing gases appendix operation b) Joseph Lister - (18271912) an English doctor who is best known for introducing the antiseptic system (= a way of preventing infection during medical operations by keeping things very clean and using a spray of a special acid). c) hospitalisation d) private hospitals, great weight of experimentation e) qualified doctors infirmaries (for treatment, operations, contagious diseases) in workhouses (in Britain in the 19th century - a place where very poor people were sent by the authorities to live and work. Conditions in these places were very bad and the people living there had to work very hard and obey strict rules. As a result, poor people were frightened of being sent there.) f) by the end of the century state hospitals stem from the involvement of the Poor Law commissioners g) development of the profession of NURSING Florence Nightingale [(18201910) an English nurse who became famous for her work during the Crimean War. In spite of a lot of opposition from army officials, she greatly improved the conditions of military hospitals and reduced the numbers of soldiers dying of disease. She used to walk round the hospital beds at night with her lamp, comforting the patients, and so became known as the Lady of the Lamp. Later she ran a campaign to change the British hospital system and improve the training of nurses. In 1907, she became the first woman to receive the Order of Merit.]

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1860 St. Thomass Hospital, Nightingale School and Home for Nurses h) during the 1st World War respectful women also took part in nursing (up to 1914 it wasnt an occupation for decent ladies) i)1908 Old Age Pensions Act (for those over 70) controversies money from income tax?... j) 1911 National Insurance Act to provide for insurance against loss of health and for the prevention and cure of sickness compulsory for employers and employees (weekly contribution sickness pay, disabled pay, etc., general practitioner) k) 1919 Ministry of Health EMPIRE West India Company, Australia, Canada, America, South Africa

most liberals believed that getting involved was a waste of money attitudes began to change in 1870s Evangelican Christian were interested in sending out missionaries + pressure for commercial interest = the mission promotes civilization and commerce (David Livingstone (181373) a Scottish explorer and missionary. He became famous through his travels in Africa, and was the first European to see the Victoria Falls in 1855. In the late 1860s he was thought to be lost while trying to find the source of the River Nile. The journalist Henry Morton Stanley went to look for him and found him at Ujiji in 1871. Stanley is said to have greeted him with the words Doctor Livingstone, I presume, which people find funny because it shows so little emotion or excitement. Livingstone died in Africa but his body was brought back to England and buried in Westminster Abbey.)

Beginnings of the welfare state; concepts of empire (03.06.08) EMPIRE & overseas policy at the beginning of the 19th century Empire wasting money; in the middle of the 19th century the attitude changed ( expanding British rule overseas = commerce + missionaries) after Napoleonic wars (and the congress in Vienna in 1815) South Africa was British territory

there was a pressure from missionary societies (London Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society - a Church of England organization that sends missionaries all over the world to teach people about Christianity. It was started in 1799) Africa and India terrifying cultures mid 19th cent Indian Mutiny (a serious revolt (18578) by the Indian army against British rule in India. It began in the north of India and in some places developed into a general protest. When it was defeated by the British, India was placed under the direct control of the British government, rather than the East India Company which had previously governed it) the problem: using new weapons with some parts () with cow & pig materials Muslims and Hindus objected; in 1858 the East India Company was wound up, and the India company became a vice-royalty politically, therefore, a public rather than a private concern. 1877 in order to boost the flagging popularity of the monarchy, Queen Victoria is declared Empress of India by Conservative Prime Minister Disraeli, reinforcing Britains colonial ambitions. emigration to colonised territories discovery of gold in Australia the Gold Rush in 1852 The Art of Colonisation 1849, E. G. Wakefield

1850s greater interest in Africa, stimulated by the idea of accessible natural resources (diamonds, etc.) + the idea of exploring the heart of the continent inspired by Darwin (On the Origin of Species 1859) CARNARVON, Earl of (1831-1890) His long connexion with colonial policy began in April 1858 when he became parliamentary under-secretary at the Colonial Office. Carnarvon was already interested in the colonies but now made himself an expert on their affairs. In his second term as secretary of state (February 1874January 1878) he was sufficiently sympathetic to Disraeli's imperial views, and more than any Conservative minister since Stanley in 1841-45 he had an opportunity for imaginative policy making. He used it, and contributed much to the ministry's reputation for vigour in its overseas policies. Field Marshal Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (4 June 183325 March 1913) was a British army officer. He served in Burma, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, China, Canada, and widely throughout Africa - including his brilliantly executed Ashanti campaign (1873 - 1874). His reputation for efficiency led to the late 19th-century English phrase "everything's all Sir Garnet", meaning "all is in order." The Ashanti strongly resisted attempts by Europeans, mainly the British, to subjugate them. The Ashanti aligned themselves with the Dutch to limit British influence in the region. Britain annexed neighbouring areas. Ashanti was one of the few African states able to offer serious resistance to European colonizers. Between 1823 and 1896, Britain fought four wars against the Ashanti kings (the Anglo-Ashanti Wars). In 1900, the British finally defeated the kingdom and incorporated it into the Gold Coast colony. 1815 (after congress in Vienna) Dutch in South Africa moved to the north (Britain levied taxes)

the Boer War (also the South African War) a war (18991902) between the British and the Boers, Dutch farmers who had settled in southern Africa. The Boers had established two independent republics (Transvaal and Orange Free State) in what is now South Africa, and the British wanted to control the whole region. The British won, but only after much bitter fighting. Africa divided between Germany (East Africa), France (West, North) and Britain (South, North) the flickering embers of war THE ROLE OF WOMEN industrial revolution changing the role of women, home isolated from a workplace; up to the 19th century household, taking part in manufacturing (a wife looking after her husbands shop) (according to Harris) in the 19th century women could be at home, read novels and visit friends The problem was the death of the husband inheriting debts or nothing loss of source of income unmarriageable daughters () without another means to life becoming governess

Development in education: 1860s a) GPDST (Girls Public Day School Trust); up to 1860s education only in households b) schools for women (usually training to be teachers) 1853 Cheltenham Ladies College one of the best-known British public schools for girls 1860 Bedford Collage 1869 Emily Davies Girton Collage, Cambridge 1871 Newnham Collage, Cambridge 1879 Oxford 1878 London 1st degrees for women!!! 1920 Oxford, 1948 Cambridge degrees for women Many campaigns to improve legal rights (fate of women): 1854 1st Married Womens Property Act (then 1870, 1882, 1893) 1857 Divorce Act marriage is no longer economical activity (but divorce is possible only when husband wants it) 1923 Divorce Act woman/man; reasons: infidelity, cruelty, desertion Suffrage Campaign In the late 19th and early 20th century women in Britain also began to demand the right to vote. After several bills promising them suffrage were defeated in Parliament, British suffragettes turned to violent protest. As well as holding noisy public meetings they chained themselves to iron railings and broke windows of government buildings. One suffragette, Emily Davison, threw herself in front of the kings horse during a race at Epsom and died from her injuries. When suffragettes were put in prison many of them went on hunger strike, so that the authorities had to force food into them to keep them alive. Leaders of the campaign, such as Emmeline Pankhurst,

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the head of the Womens Social and Political Union, and her daughter Christabel, were imprisoned on many occasions under the terms of the so-called Cat and Mouse Act of 1913 which allowed the women out of prison just long enough for them to get well before taking them back in again. The campaign was interrupted in 1914 at the start of World War I, so that women could contribute to the war effort. When the war ended in 1918 the government at last agreed to give the vote to women over 30, partly in recognition of their role in the war effort. Finally, in 1928, women won equal voting rights with men and were allowed to vote from the age of 21. 1867 Womens Suffrage Committee 1897 (nie na 120%) National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies 1903 Womens Social and Political Union (Pankhurst) the 1st World War 1916 18-41 (men) conscripted into the army (up to 1st WW it was voluntary) 1915 state control over labour + women in labour market - women from middle class taking part in organisation of work, nursing profession, driving ambulances, support for wounded soup kitchens and knitting socks - lower class women new professions and higher than ever incomes, running public transport, postwomen cutting off the hair and the length of the skirt (1920s short dresses and short hair) 1918 women were given a vote (>30-years old) 1928 voting from the age of 21 Women were thought to be more radical and men were afraid to give them a vote. After the 1st voting it turned out to be exactly the other way round women were much more conservative than men. Industry & the government The Forestry Commission - a British government organization that manages the forests that are owned by the state. It is responsible for cutting down old trees, planting new ones, controlling diseases, and managing the forest parks. a British government organization that manages the forests that are owned by the state. It is responsible for cutting down old trees, planting new ones, controlling diseases, and managing the forest parks. technology motor cars practical and for leisure; electricity, combustion engine

controlling heavy industry (problem with unstable demand before, during, and after the 1st WW) communication radio communication, broadcasting (BBC - one of the main television and radio broadcasting organizations in Britain, paid for by the government since 1927 but free to choose the contents of its programme); trendy wireless; air transport, air mail, telephone network household vacuum cleaner, gas cooker, electric iron Changing patterns of employment and wealth: the South England prosperity (new industries), the North collapse in British traditional heavy industry (competition from cheap American and East European products) great unemployment the outbreak of the 2nd WW unemployment disappeared; country was divided North (poor) & South (rich); after the 2nd WW important regulations industry controlled by the state the Independent Labour Party (the ILP) an early British socialist party formed in 1893 by Keir Hardie. The British Labour Party later developed from it. the Labour Party (also Labour) one of the three main parties in British politics, established to represent the interests of workers, and traditionally supported by the trade unions. It developed from the Independent Labour Party and formed its first government in 1924 under Ramsay MacDonald. Other Labour prime ministers since then have been Clement Attlee (194551), Harold Wilson (196470), James Callaghan (19749) and Tony Blair (1997 ). In the 1980s and 1990s the party moved away from traditional left-wing policies regarding public ownership of industry or giving up nuclear weapons. Because of these changes the party is now also known as New Labour. It was elected to government in 1997 under Tony Blair, with a large majority in the House of Commons. Opposition to New Labour policies and to the war in Iraq among traditional Labour Party members led to a decline in party membership to the lowest level since the 1930s. Labour Government: aims at the welfare state free medical attention, free education, making society more equal the welfare state the system by which the government of a country cares for its citizens through a range of services provided and paid for by the State, including medical care, financial help for poor people and homes for old people. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service, National Insurance and social security. The US does not consider itself a true welfare state, but Americans use the terms welfare and welfare programmes for the various ways the national, state and local governments help people who are poor, sick, old, unemployed, etc. The national programmes include Medicare, Medicaid and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

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