Experiment 1: strain measurement

I.

Abstract:

Strain measurement plays an important part in technical. The strain measurement experiment in laboratory of measurement system, C5-213 Hanoi University of Technology gave students a brief understanding about the instruments and how to use those instruments in measuring strain. II. Content 1. Principle : Basic of theory, Sensor and Diagram or formula a) Stress

Stress is a measure of the average force per unit area of a surface within a deformable body

b)

Strain

Strain can be defined as the fractional change in length

Strain can be positive or negative

c) = E Where

Hookes law

: stress : strain E: modulus of elasticity

Strain is linearly proportional to the tensile stress , by a constant factor 1/E

d)

Resistance of a resistor, strain-gage load

Where

R: Resistance of the resistor () l : the length of the resistor (m) : electrical resistivity of the material (m) A: cross-sectional area of the current flow (m2)

When the beam is under tensile stress, it is lengthen, that make the strain gauge longer (l increase). Therefore the resistance of the resistor increases. Measuring the change in resistance, we can calculate the change in length of the gauge.

e)

Gauge factor

Parameter use to express the change in resistance of a strain gauge. The gauge factor represents the total change in resistance for a strain gauge under a calibration loading condition.

f)

Strain gauge electrical circuits

Use the bridge circuit to determine the changes in resistance of the strain gauge. Therere three kinds of bridge circuits that can be utilized: quarter bridge, half bridge, full bridge.

a. Quarter bridge:

Set up a quarter Wheatstone bridge. In balance, RG = R2 = R3 = R4, then e0 = 0.

Under tensile stress, the resistance strain gauge is lengthen, l increases and A decrease, that lead to increasing in value of R1 hence the circuit is now unbalance.

Advantage: easy to set up Disadvantage: low accuracy, highly affected by temperature. b. Half bridge:

In order to decrease the effect of temperature, we use two identical strain gauges. Both strain gauges will react the same way in response to changes in temperature. With two gauges bonding on two opposite side of the specimen, we can increase sensitivity of the strain gauge to the deformation. c. Full bridge

Full bridge is the most sensitive in compare with half and quarter bridge in measuring strain.

2. Equipment

a) Dial indicator: use to measure small distance when we press one end of the beam.

Uncertainty: beside uncertainty of equipment, theres an uncertainty caused by dislocation of the indicator.

d = d cos Where: d: real distance that the beam is deformed.

d: value read on the indicator. : the angularity of the indicator. b) Description: + Use with resistive strain gages and strain-gage-based transducers. + Operate with full-, half-, quarter- bridge inputs simultaneously. Strain indicator and recorder: Model P3

+ Eccentric-lever-release terminal blocks accept up to four independent bridge inputs. + Support terminal D120, D350, D1k corresponding to 120, 350, 1000

c) 3. Practice a) b)

Specimen: steel bar

Step 1: Paste stain gauge sensor on specimen Step 2: Setup dial indicator and specimen

c) Step 3: Setup conditions of Stain Indicator and Recorder d) Step 4: Put a force and Measure the deformation of Specimen 4. Result 5. Discussion, Analysis and Conclusion