OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRAPOLATED IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS USING SEMI-INFINITE PROGRAMMING Ya Jun Yul, Guohui Zhao2, Kok Lay Teo2

and Yong Ching Lim3

Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 2Applied Mathematics Department, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 3Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 ABSTRACT Narrow band lowpass or highpass digital finite impulse response filters can be synthesized by using extrapolated impulse response techniques to achieve reduced complexity. However, the non-linear optimization problem of the extrapolated impulse response filters was simplified to a linear programming problem in previous literature leading to suboptimum. In this paper, a semi-infinite programming is proposed to jointly optimize the filter coefficients and the extrapolated scaling factors. A realization structure making use of the coefficient symmetry is also presented. An example taken from literature is included illustrating that the number of multipliers for the resulting filter is less than 65 percent of existing results.

Fig. 1: A typical impulse response sequence of a narrow-band lowpass filter. However, the results obtained by using the extrapolated impulse response filters approach proposed in [l] may be further improved: (i) The filter coefficients and the extrapolated scaling factors of the extrapolated impulse response samples may be jointly optimized; (ii) coefficient symmetry may be exploited in the realization. In this paper, a semiinfinite programming is proposed to jointly optimize the filter coefficients and the scaling factors. A realization structure making use of the coefficient symmetry is also presented. The results obtained represent a significant improvement over those achieved in [l].
2. THE EXTRAPOLATED IMPULSE RESPONSE

1. INTRODUCTION
Linear phase finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters are well used in the signal processing applications due to their guaranteed stability and exact linear phase property. A serious disadvantage of FIR filters is their high implementation complexities. This problem becomes particularly acute in sharp filters since the filter length is inversely proportional to the filter transition width. In recent years, there has been much effort devoted to reducing the complexity of FIR filters. Among these techniques are extrapolated impulse response design [ 11, frequency-response masking [2, 31, interpolated impulse response design [4], recursive running sum pre-filtering [5], coefficient thinning [6], coefficient over-sampling [7] and predictive encoding of coefficient values [XI. The extrapolated impulse response approach [ 11 makes use of the correlation between blocks of impulse response samples to synthesize narrow band lowpass and highpass filters with reduced complexity. In this approach, smaller side lobes of impulse response samples are approximated as scaled versions of larger ones so as to extrapolate the filter length. Thus, the hardware complexity of the filter is reduced. An additional advantage of the extrapolated impulse response filter is its low roundoff noise power due to the reduced number of multipliers compared with the direct form structure.

This section reviews the extrapolated impulse response approach to synthesizing narrow transition band lowpass filters. A typical impulse response sequence, h(n),of a narrow band lowpass filter is quasi-periodic, consisting of a center lobe with the largest magnitude and side lobes with decreasing magnitude away from the center, as shown in Fig. 1. The zero phase transfer function of h(n)is
N

H ( z ) = h(0)+
n=l

h(n)(zn+ z-").

(1)

Assume that the impulse response has lobes at n = Lo

0-7803-8379-6/04/$20.00 02004 IEEE.

397

n=

1 = M through n = k l , n = kl 1through n = k2, . . ., and 1 through n = ICp = N . H ( z ) may be rewritten as

H ( 2 ) = h(0)
ki

Ad
n=l

h(n)(z" z-)
kz

+ 1h ( n ) ( z " + z - " ) +
n=k,,

+1

h(n)(P+z-")
n=k1+l

Equation (5) may be realized in hardware in three separate sections. The center section, which consists of the first two terms, is the well-known direct form FIR filter. + ~ + ~ ~ Terms associated with Q ~ z ~ can be realized using the structure shown in Fig. 2(a) and terms associated with aT~-(h4+m+Td) realized using the structure shown can be in Fig. 2(b). Fig. 2(c) shows a realization of the transfer function
H(Z)=

+ .. . +

5
1 +l

h(0) h ( l ) ( z
2

+ 2-1) + h ( 2 ) ( 2 + 2-2)
2

h(n)(P

Z-).

(2)

n=IC,-

The durations of side lobes, k l - ko,l c ~ k l , . . . , and IC, - 5-1, or may not be all equal. For any two side may lobes having the same number of impulse response samples, the smaller lobe may be approximated by a scaled version of the larger one. For example, if km+l- km = kl+l - ICl = d , then h(km

+ n) = oh(kl + n )

for n = 1 , 2 , . . . ,d.

(3)

This structure is a transposed form qf the structure proposed in [l]. The advantage of this structure is that the coefficient symmetry can be used leading to a saving of d multipliers. An additional advantage of this structure is that there is a saving of R d - d+ 1delay elements when compared with the structure proposed in [l].
4. OPTIMIZATION USING SEMI-INFINITE PROGRAMMING

where Q is an approximate scaling factor. For expository convenience, we assume that all the side lobes are of the same duration, d. Extensions to other cases are simple and straightforward extensions. In the case considered in this paper, (2) may be rewritten as

H ( z ) = h(0)+
R d

A4

h(n)(z"
n=l

+ Z-")

The frequency response I?(&") response filter is given by

of the extrapolated impulse

r=Om=l
(4)

where R+ 1 is the number of lobes. If the lobes for T 2 1are approximated as scaled versions of the lobe for r = 0, H ( z ) can be approximated by

H ( z ) M fi(2) = h(0)
d

c
M
n=l

h(n)(z" z-")

R
T=o

Therefore, the optimization of the extrapolated impulse response filter is to find out the filter coefficients h(n), for n = 0 , 1 , . ' . , M d , and scaling factors aT, for r = 1 , 2 , . .. , R , by solving the following semi-infinite programming problem.

m= 1

where aTis the rth scaling factor and a0 = 1.

3. A REALIZATION OF EXTRAPOLATED IMPULSE RESPONSE

In this section, a realization structure for the extrapolated impulse response filter by making use of the coefficient symmetry is presented.

where W ( w ) is the ripple weighing and H d ( w ) is the desired gain at frequency w . To design a lowpass filter with passband and stopband edges at w p and w s , an initial value for the problem can be obtained by using linear programming as proposed in [l]. Starting from this initial value, a semi-infinite programming problem with M + d R+ 1finite unknown variables subject

398

Fig. 2: Realization structures for the extrapolated impulse response filter by making use of the coefficient symmetry, where T represents a single delay element and dT represents d cascaded delay elements.

to 4 infinite constrains can be formulated as follows:

5. EXAMPLES This section illustrates, by means of an example, the efficiency of the filters obtained by using the proposed optimization and realization techniques compared with those obtained using the earlier techniques [l]. Consider the specifications [l] of a lowpass filter with stopband edge and passband edge at, respectively, 0.1 and 0.13 times the sampling frequency. With equal passband ripple and stopband ripple, a length 95 filter results in a stopband attenuation of 52.8 dB. Notice from the impulse response of the filter that the durations of the lobes have the rhythm 5,4,4,5,4,4,5,4,4 from h(9) through h(47). Choose M in (7) to be 8 and d to be 13, i.e., h(n) for In1 5 21 are realized accurately and the period of side lobes are 13 samples. Hence, the impulse response sequences h(22) through h(34) and h(35) through h(47) may be approximated as scaled versions of h(9) through h(21). The results for N = 69 and N = 95 extrapolated by using our technique is shown in Fig. 3. The peak ripple magnitude for N = 95 is -49.8 dB. The minimax optimum and the results extrapolated by using linear programming for N = 69 and N = 95 are also shown in Fig. 3 for comparison.

where

and

The above semi-infinite programming problem can be solved by fseminf function in MATLAT, or similar software packages. Improvements in the frequency response ripple magnitude can be achieved since semi-infinite programming jointly optimizes the filter coefficients and the scaling factors.

399

a
-30 -35 -

m
U

U -40

-45 -50
-

,Q
.ic
,-

Extrapolated from N=43 .**>, %:,: . by linear programming *,*. , Extrapolated from N=43 by semi-infinite programming Minimax opitmum

.? .,..

..?O

**,.,

*
Normalized frequency

Fig. 3: Peak ripple magnitude versus filter length plot. To meet the original specifications of the length 95 filter, more coefficients must be implemented accurately. Let M be equal to 11 and d remain 13, a filter with N = 101 extrapolated from a filter with N = 49 achieves -53.1 dB peak ripple magnitude. The frequency response of the extrapolated filter is shown in Fig. 4. Twenty-nine multipliers and 52 adders are needed for the realization of this filter by using the structure presented in Section 3. By using the linear programming method proposed in [11, a filter with N = 109 extrapolated from N = 57 can achieve the original -52.8 dB peak ripple magnitude. Fortysix multipliers are needed for the realization of this filter by using the structure presented in [ 13. Therefore, the number of multipliers of the filter extrapolated by using our technique is approximately 63 percent of that of the earlier design. Compared with the direct form design implemented by exploiting the coefficient symmetry, which requires 47 multipliers and 94 adders, our technique needs only approximately 62 percent multipliers and 55 percent adders. The price to pay for is an increase of 6 percent in the filter order.

Fig. 4: The frequency response of the filter with N = 102 extrapolated from N = 49.

7. REFERENCES
[ 11 Y.C. Lim, Extrapolated impulse response FIR filters, IEEE Trans. Circuits, Syst., vol. 37, pp. 1548-1551, Dec. 1990.

6. CONCLUSION

The arithmetic complexity of lowpass filters using the extrapolated impulse response technique has been reduced by the joint optimization technique and the realization structure by making use of the coefficient symmetry. The number of multipliers for the resulting filter is less than 65 percents compared with the original results presented in [l].

, Frequency-response masking approach for the [2] synthesis of sharp linear phase digital filters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-33, pp.357-364, April. 1986. [3] T. Saramaki and H. Johansson, Optimization of FIR filters using the frequency-response masking techf nique, in Proc. o IEEE international Conference on Circuits, Syst. vol. 11, pp.177-180, May 2001. [4] Y. Neuvo, C.Y. Dong, and S.K. Mitra, Interpolated finite impulse response filters, IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-32, pp. 563-570, June 1984. [5] J.W. Adams and A.N. Willson, Jr., A new approach to FIR digital filters with fewer multipliers and reduced sensitivity, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-30, pp. 277-283, May 1983. [6] G.F. Boudreaux and T.W. Parks, Thinning digital filters: A piecewise-exponential approximation approach, IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-31, pp. 105-113, Feb. 1983. [7] M.R. Bateman and B. Liu, An approach to programmable CTD filters using coefficients 0, +1, and -1, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-27, pp.451456, June 1980. [8] Y.C. Lim, Predictive coding for FIR filter wordlength reduction, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-32, pp. 365-372, April 1985.

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