Tolerancing System

In an assembly process the degree of "clearance" or "tightness" desired between mating parts is important. In a manufacture of a machine, quality is a primary consideration. Manufacturing precision taken into the product determines its quality, its cost and selling price. Parts of a machine are designed in order to make a function. The working parts have a definite relationship with each other: free rotation, free longitudinal movement, clamping action, permanent fixed position. Precision is the degree of accuracy necessary to ensure the functioning of a part as intended. There are two types of surfaces: 1) Nonmating parts - left in their original rough-cast form 2) Mating parts - are machined to proper smoothness and must be at correct distance from each other. So greater manufacturing precision is required for these surfaces. However because of impossiblity to make a distance to an absolute size some variation must be allowed. TOLERANCE is the allowable variation for any given size in order to achive a proper function.

Basic size : 1.500 in Tolerance on the shaft : 0.002 in Tolerance on the slot : 0.001 in Allowance : 0.004 (tightest possible fit - maximum material limit)

Cumulative tolerance effect : Dimensions will vary in position by the sum of the tolerances. This difficulty can be eliminated by dimensioning from one position (base-line dimensioning)

Typical tolerances available with specific machining operations

A clearance fit (the shaft is always smaller than the hole) Tolerance on shaft : 0.002 Tolerance on hole : 0.002 minimum clearance : 1.500 - 1.495 = 0.005 in maximum clearance : 1.502 - 1.493 = 0.009 in clearance 0.005 in for the tightest possible fit

An interference (force) fit (when the shaft is always larger in diameter than the hole - parts must be assembled by pressure or heat expansion) Tolerance on shaft : 0.001 Tolerance on hole : 0.001 minimum clearance : 2.000 - 2.003 = -0.003 in (the tightest fit 0.003 in interference) maximum clearance : 2.001 - 2.002 = -0.001 in (the loosest fit 0.001 ininterference) Maximum clearance=Minimum interference Minimum clearance=Maximum interference

A transition fit exist when the maximum clearance is positive and the minimum clearance is negative Tolerance on shaft : 0.005 Tolerance on hole : 0.005

minimum clearance : 1.000 - 1.007 = -0.007 in (the tightest fit 0.007 in interference) maximum clearance : 1.005 - 1.002 = 0.003 in (the loosest fit 0.003 in clearance) Transition fits are used only for locating a shaft relative to a hole, where accuracy is important but either a clearance or an interference is permitted.

Standardized Tolerances
We use standardized tolerances for fits of parts. Cylindrical Fits: Decimal inch system, based on ANSI Standard (B4.1 - 1967(1979)) Millimeter system (ISO), based on ANSI Standard (B4.2 - 1978) ANSI - American National Standards Institute ISO - International Organization for Standardization Basic - Hole System : (Nominal) size is given to Hole Basic - Shaft System: (Nominal) size is given to shaft Basic(or Normal) Hole System : Hole dia. constant, shaft dia. changing either smaller or larger to satisfy the required fit (min hole dia. always nominal size) Basic (Normal) Shaft System : Shaft dia. constant, hole dia. can be smaller or larger to satisfy the required fit (max shaft always nominal size) Normal - Hole System is prefered because of availability of drills and reamers in machine shop. But for a transmission system bearings must fit the shaft so shaft system is used. Decimal inch system, based on ANSI Standard (B4.1 - 1967(1979)) The letter symbols are used in ANSI Standard RC, running or sliding fit LC, locational clearance fit

LT, locationa transition fit LN, locational interference fit FN, force or shrink fit RC# (The letter symbols are used in conjunction with numbers) the lower RC numbers are the tighter fits the higher numbers are the looser fits FN4 - Represents a complete fit (class 4 force fit)

Appendix 8A : Running and Sliding Fits

Appendix 8B : Locational Clearance Fits Appendix 8C : Locational Transitional Fits Appendix 8D : Locational Interference Fits

Appendix 8E : Force Fits

EXAMPLE

RC6 fit
Nominal size : 1 in. Nominal Size Range 0.71 - 1.19 (Nominal Size : 1 in) Limits of Clearance 1.6 4.8 Standard Limits Hole H9 +2.0 0 Shaft e8 -1.6 -2.8

1.0000 - 0.9984 = 0.0016 (clearance) 1.0020 - 0.9972 = 0.0048 (clearance) Appendix 8A , page 661

FN4 fit
Nominal size : 2 in. Nominal Size Range (Nominal Size : 2in) Limits of Clearance 2.3 4.2 Standard Limits Hole H9 +1.2 0 Shaft e8 +4.2 +3.5

2.0000 - 2.0042 = -0.0042 (interferance) 2.0012 - 2.0035 = -0.0023 (interferance) Appendix 8E , page 666

ANSI Standart (b4.2 - 1978) related to ISO standarts In ISO System letters are used to show different types of fits according to deviation from 0 line.

Hole tolerances are shown with capital letter A-Z Shaft tolerances are shown with small letters a-z Quality of tolerances is given with a # (H7, g6, m6, k8)

Quality 1-5 (measuring instruments) Quality 5-11 (mechanical parts) Quality 11-18 (coarse work)

Appendix 9A : Basic Hole Clearance Fits

Appendix 9B : Basic Hole Transition and Interference Fits Appendix 9C : Basic Shaft Clearance Fits Appendix 9D : Basic Shaft Transition and Interference Fits
EXAMPLE

H7s6 fit
Basic dia. 60 Tolerance pos & # H7 s6 Interference fit 60.030 - 60.053 = -0.023 (max fit) 60.000 - 60.072 = -0.072 (min fit) Appendix 9B , page 671 60.030 60.000 60.072 60.053

h9D9 fit
Basic Tolerance dia. pos & #

h9 25 D9

25.000 24.948 25.117 25.065

Clearance fit 25.065 - 25.000 = 0.065 (max fit) 25.117 - 24.948 = 0.169 (min fit) Appendix 9C , page 672
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