Intel Centrino Mobile Technology

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Intel Centrino Mobile Technology
1. INTRODUCTION
Intel is expanding its history of innovations with new notebook PC capabilities designed specifically for the mobile world. This technology allows users to work, play and connect without wires and choose from a whole new world of thin and light notebook PCs that are designed to enable extended battery life. This new innovative technology delivers breakthrough mobile performance and low power enhancements to enable extended battery life in notebook PCs, combined with integrated wireless LAN capability and standards based security support. With IntelCentrino mobile technology, three
components work together to deliver a breakthrough in freedom and capability-to work , learn and play on the go, these components include; IntelPentium M Processor Intel 855 chipset family IntelPRO/Wireless network connection The Intel Pentium M processor is offered at speeds of 1.30 GHz, 1.40 GHz, 1.50 GHz, 1.60 GHz and 1.70 GHz. In the Highest Frequency Mode(HFM), the notebook PCs can achieve
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high performance on the most complex business and Internet applications. The lowest frequency mode (LFM) speed on all processor is 600 MHz which reduces power consumption and enables extended battery life. The on demand performance switches between HFM,LFM and intermediate Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology operating points based on user needs, optimizing application performance and batterylife. When an Intel Pentium provides reliable , balanced M processor performance is used in for todays
conjunction with the Intel 855 chipset, the resulting platform mainstream notebook PCs, with head room to remain
productive as new applications emerge. The Intel 855 chipset family offers support for DDR memory technology and offers a system bus frequency of 400 MHz. The integrated Wi-Fi Certified Intel PRO/wireless 2100 network connection has been validated to work with all of the Intel Centrino Mobile Technology components and is interoperable with 802.11b Wi-Fi certified access points. It supports industry standards- based wireless LAN security such as 802.1x, WEP and WPA. Intel PRO/ wireless 2100 network connection also supports WLAN security enhancements for CISCO compatible extensions on certain models. Subject to PC manufactures interoperability availability with and validation Aironet this wireless enables LAN CISCO
infrastructure. For comprehensive security support The Intel
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PRO/ 2100 network connection has been verified with leading VPN suppliers like CISCO, Microsoft, Intel and CheckPoint. Notebook PC performance does not depend on the microprocessor alone. Hardware and software system components such as the Operating Systems, the Graphics and the IO subsystems, application software, and memory may significantly affect performance results. For this reason this report illustrates Intel Centrino Mobile Technology and its performance on a consistent PC configuration.
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2. THE INTEL PENTIUM M PROCESSOR

The Intel Pentium M Processor is designed with a mobile optimized architecture that delivers advanced performance at very low power. The highlights of the Intel Pentium M Processor: Available at 1.3 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.4 GHz, 1.6 GHz, 1.7 GHz. Supported by the Intel 855 chipset family. Featuring a high performance, low power mobile optimized micro architecture. On-die, primary 32KB instruction cache and 32KB writeback data cache. On-die, 1MB level-2 cache with Advanced Transfer Cache Architecture. Advanced power management including enhanced Intel speed step technology support with multiple operating points. Fully compatible with existing Intel architecture based software. Streaming SIMD Extension 2. Intel MMX media enhancement technology. Available in Micro FCPGA and micro FCBGA packages.
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Based process.
upon
Intels
advanced
0.13maufacturing
3. INTEL PENTIUM M PROCESSOR PRODUCT FEATURE HIGHLIGHTS

The Intel Pentium M Processor micro-architecture is optimized for high performance and low power. It includes a number of features including Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology support, a high performance power optimized 400MHZ system bus, 32KB level1 instruction and data cache, 1MB level 2 advanced transfer cache , streaming SIMD Extension 2 capabilities. support and advanced thermal monitoring These features and resulting benefits are
described in more detail below:
High performance and low power core

The Intel Pentium processor features a high performance core architecture that uses techniques like Microop fusion and Advanced Stack Management to maximize performance. Micro-op fusion combines micro-ops derived from the same macro-op. Advanced Stack Management reduces the number of micro-ops in the stack related operations by tracking relative stack pointer changes locally. Reduction in the number of micro-ops results in more efficient scheduling and better performance at lower power.
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The Intel Pentium M Processor

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core can operate at very low voltages and use advanced techniques to minimize clock and signal switching resulting in very low power dissipation in the active state. The processor features dynamic power management states that consists of Stop Grant, Sleep, Deep Sleep, and Deeper Sleep Alert states that allow the processor to quickly enter and exit from these states to provide fast responsiveness and significant power savings.
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology

The Intel Pentium M processor features Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology. Unlike previous implementations of Intel SpeedStep technology, this technology enables the processor to switch between multiple frequency and voltage points instead of two. This will enable superior performance with optimal power savings. Switching between states is software controlled unlike previous implementations where the GHI# pin is used to toggle between two states. The following are the key features of Enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology: Multiple voltage/frequency operating points provide
optimal performance at the lowest power. Voltage/Frequency selection is software controlled by writing to processor MSRs (Model Specific Registers) thus eliminating chipset dependency.
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The processor controls voltage ramp rates internally to ensure glitch free transitions.
Low transition latency and large number of transitions possible per second.
No bus master arbiter disable required prior to transition and no processor cache flush necessary.
Improved Intel Thermal Monitor mode.
400 MHz System Bus with low power features

The Intel Pentium M processor supports Intels highest performance mobile system bus by delivering 3.2 GB of data per second into and out of the processor .this is accomplished through a physical signaling scheme of quad pumping the data transfers over a 100-MHz clocked system bus and a buffering scheme allowing for sustained 400-MHz data transfer .the system bus features the following low power enhancement: Low voltage swing Intelligent disabling of data, address and control signal buffers Dynamic on-die termination disabling
32KB Level 1 Instruction and Data Caches
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Both instruction and data Caches on the Intel Pentium processor are 32KB in size. Large L1 caches provide fast access to critical instructions and data, resulting in very high performance.
1MB Level 2 Advanced Transfer Cache

The Level 2 Advanced Transfer Cache (ATC) is 1MB in size and delivers an extremely high data throughput channel between the level 2 Cache and the processor core. The Advanced Transfer Cache transfers data on each core clock. Features of the ATC include: Non-blocking, full speed, on-die Level 2 Cache 8-way set associativity data clocked into and out of the cache every clock cycle
Advanced Branch Prediction and Data Prefetching

The Intel Pentium M processor features an advanced branch prediction architecture that combines three types of predictors Global, Bi-Modal and Loop Detector. The processor automatically selects the most optimal algorithm to use, significantly reducing the number of mis-predicted branches. The processor also features an advanced data prefetcher that can track up to 8 upstream and 4 downstream operations simultaneously. Data is perfected from main memory to the L2
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cache in advance, resulting in higher performance by reducing the need to access system memory.
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Streaming SIMD Extensions 2(SSE2)

The Intel Pentium M processor supports the complete SSE2 instruction set. These instructions include 128-bit SIMD integer arithmetic and 128-bit SIMD double-precision floatingpoint operations. These instructions reduce the overall number of instructions required to execute a particular program task and as a result can contribute to an overall performance increase.
Features used for test and performance/thermal monitoring

Built in Self test (BIST) provides single stuck at fault coverage of the micro code and large logic arrays, as well as the testing of the instruction cache, data cache, translation look aside buffers(TLBs) and ROMs. IEEE 1149.1 standard test access port and boundary scan mechanism interface. enables testing of the Intel Pentium M Processor and system connections through a standard
Internal performance counters can be used for performance monitoring and event counting.
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Includes an ondie thermal diode and Intel thermal monitor feature for thermal management purpose. The Intel Pentium M processor features a new thermal monitor mode which uses Enhanced Intel Speed Step technology instead of clock control. This technique achieves efficient thermal management with minimal performance impact.
The Intel Pentium M processor has a maximum junction temperature (TJ) specification of 100 degree Celsius.
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4. INTEL 855PM CHIPSET PRODUCT FEATURE HIGHLIGHTS
As the
next step in the
evolution of
Intel Hub
architecture for note book PCs using Intel Centrino mobile technology, the Intel 855 PM Chipset was designed in tandem with the Intel Pentium M processor. The Intel 855 PM memory controller hub delivers support for either PC 1600 and PC 2100 DDR memory technology and a 400 MHz system bus , providing the latest graphics support through 1.5 v ADP4X technology. Together these features deliver the highest total bandwidth capabilities to the PC platform. The enhanced 82801 DBM I/O Controller Hub 4 (ICH4-M) delivers twice the I/O bandwidth over traditional bridge architecture and provides dedicated data path to fully optimize the additional bandwidth. The ICH4-M makes a direct connection from the graphics and memory for faster access to peripherals and provides the features and bandwidth required for a high performance note book PC. In addition to advanced application support , the Intel 855 chipset was designed with the following features to enhance the end-user experience:
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400MHz system bus delivers a high bandwidth connection between the Intel Pentium M processor and the platform The DDR channel memory delivers up to 2.1 GB per second of memory bandwidth to the processor. High memory bandwidth, coupled with an efficient protocol, deliver a balanced platform support and provide the memory bandwidth necessary to extract the highest performance from the Intel Pentium M processor. AGP4X interface allows graphics controllers to access main memory over 1 GB/s, twice that of previous AGP platform Support for high speed USB 2.0 with backward compatibility with USB 1.1 AC97 2.2 interface with support for a third codec to provide 20 bit resolution. The latest AC97 audio delivers six channels of audio for enhanced sound quality and full surround sound capability for live broadcast and other digital dashboard programming. LAN Connect Interface (LCI) provides flexible network solutions such as home phone line, 10/100 Mbps Ethernet, and 10/100Mbps Ethernet with LAN manageability. Dual Ultra ATA-100 controllers support the fastest IDE interface for transfer to storage devices. Support for ACPI-defined power states C1-C4, S1, S3-S5. Support for enhanced Intel Speed Step Technology. Support for deeper sleep power state. Allows wake up from sleep states S1-S4.
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The 855PM Chipset is designed for low power and great performance supporting architectural features for power reduction techniques including: Chipset MCH core voltage reduced to 1.2V for reduced power consumption Management of DDR SO-DIMM (platform) power by using aggressive use of CKE Power-Down when memory interface is idle and enhancement of per-bank page-closing policy for the memory interface. Management of Intel 855PM MCH DDR I/O power with aggressive tri-stating of control signals when not needed and partial drive of command signals when possible and including during idle cycles reducing toggle rates of control line. Support for DDR Read Throttling via External Thermal Sensor to prevent memory overheating, disabling of I/O buffers and DDLs when possible, turning off Hub interface and Host PLLs also add to increased power savings for the 855PM chipset. Some of the features added to the Intel 855PM Chipset design to boost MCH performance include: Significant timing improvements to allow a robust DDR266 channel with a combination of significant logic changes and I/O changes. Shorter memory refresh sequence with shorter memory controller queues provides additional bandwidth. Reduction in page miss occurrences due to significant improvements in page closing algorithms
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5. INTEL PRO /WIRELESS 2100 NETWORK CONNECTION

To access the Internet wirelessly, a laptop uses radio signals to communicate with a wireless LAN via base band circuitry, a media access controller, and a radio. (Centrino does this with three chips.) A wireless LAN operates with one of two IEEE standard protocols finalized in 1997 and differing in data rate and signal frequency. The two standards are the 802.11a and 802.11b, the latter often called Wi-Fi. The 802.11a operates at 5 GHz and can transmit data at up to 54 Mb/s. The 802.11b operates at 2.4 GHz and transmits data at 11 Mb/s. The two protocols are not compatible: a laptop equipped with 802.11b circuitry alone cannot access the Internet at a hotspot running 802.11a. A newer protocol, IEEE 802.11g, is being finalized and should be out this summer. It has the same data rate as 802.11a but operates on the same frequency as 802.11b and is compatible with it. According to Shane Rau, senior research analyst at International Data Corp. (Framingham, Mass.), Centrinos success, at least initially, will not be due to its wireless component. First, it uses separate chips for the 802.11b base band and media access controller functions, whereas many companies combine them on the same chip, and so are able to provide a more compact two-chip set that includes the radio. Second, although dual-band a+b chips are being sold by
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Intersil Corp. (Irvine, Calif.), Atheros Communications Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.), and others, Intels chips contain only the radio for 802.11b and not the one for 802.11a. So a Centrinobased machine can access the Internet only at 802.11b hotspots. The consensus is that to be competitive, you at least need a dual-band solution, says Rau. Another source of dismay may well be that only one of the three chips, the media access controller, was designed and built by Intel. IDCs Ken Furer told IEEE Spectrum that Intels original plan was to develop its own 802.11a+b chipset as a part of Centrino. However, it was apparent Intel was still having some problems with the 802.11a RF component, so they launched Centrino in a tiered approach. The current version uses an 802.11b base band chip that incorporates a good deal of intellectual property from Symbol Technologies Inc. from (Holtsville, Royal N.Y.) and is manufactured NV by Texas the Instruments Inc. (Dallas). Intel is buying 802.11b radio chips Philips Electronics (Amsterdam, Netherlands). According to Intel spokesperson Howard High, the company had built 802.11a radio ICs before the Centrino launch, but decided it needed more time to ensure the chip lived up to Intels reliability and quality standards. The RF circuitry for 802.11a should be ready by midyear. The 802.11a base band circuitry is already part of the media access controller chip.
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Highlights of the Intel PRO/ wireless 2100 network connection include: Single band support ,providing the ability to connect to 802.11b networks Industry standards and extended wireless security support(WEP,802.1X and Cisco LEAP) Available Intel PROSet software with advanced profile management support, allows multiple setup profiles to connect to different WLAN networks Available Intel PROSet software with automatic WLAN switching support enables automatic switching between wired and wireless LAN connections Available Intel Intel PROSet software system PRO support supports enables and Cisco*,Checkpoint*,Microsoft* and Intel VPN connections Wireless Coexistence reduced interfernce between /Wireless
Bluetooth* devices Per-packet antenna section enables optimized WLAN performance Intel Intelligent Scanning Technology, reduces power by controlling the frequency of scanning for access points Power Save Protocol(PSP) is a user selectable feature with five different power states, which allows the user to make their own power versus performance choice when in battery mode.
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6. PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
Mobile Experience- Mobile Mark *2002
Mobile Mark *2002 is used to evaluate notebook PC user experience by measuring both performance and battery life at the same time on the same workload. Mobile Mark *2002 is a tool that measures notebook PC performance on popular businessoriented applications in Microsoft* business Windows* using operating environment. The productivity usage model provides computations representing todays users popular Office productivity and content creation applications. This usage model reports a performance score and a battery life score. The productivity workload of applications including;
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Mobile
Mark *2002
consists of emerging usage model and popular productivity Adobe Photoshop 6.0.1 Macromedia Flash 5.0 McAfee Virus Scan 5.13 Microsoft Excel 2002 Microsoft Outlook 2002 Microsoft PowerPoint 2002 Netscape Communicator 6.0 WinZip 8.0
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7. CONCLUSION
Although the wireless package is less than ideal, Centrino shines at improving battery life and performance. Power consumption is less than 60 percent that of the mobile version of Intels Pentium IV, while performance is better by 15 percent, as measured by the notebook PC benchmark Mobile Mark 2002. These pluses are largely due to Centrinos centerpiece, the Pentium M processor, which was designed to save power by weighing the benefits of each processor function against its power consumption. Also, an enhanced version of Intels Speed- Step technology, included in the processor, saves power by stepping the operating voltage and frequency up or down to match the processing demands of the application running on the processor. Granted, previous Pentium mobile processors have also included SpeedStep. But for the Pentium M, designers have increased the number of steps over which frequency and voltage can be varied, to better match processor speeds to the needs of the application. Power is also saved by turning off clocks and circuits when they are not needed and running the secondary on chip cache more slowly than the processor. All told, then, laptop batteries can last much longer on a single charge. For example, Robert Enochs, IBMs product manager for the T-series
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ThinkPad, told Spectrum that the companys Centrino- based T40 can run up to 5.5 hours on a single charge of the standard T40 batteryalmost three times the battery life of previous models. An optional high-capacity battery gives 7.2 hours of use, which can be extended a further 2.5 hours by plugging a second battery into the computers peripheral bay. The low power consumption can also do away with the need for fans, allowing notebook makers to design slimmer, lighter notebooks.
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8. REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT
Intel announced a new brand name for its next generation mobile processor technology: Centrino. It was designed to help manufactures to build notebooks that use less power and offer extended battery life along with better wireless networking facilities. Centrino family will also include supporting chipsets and wireless radio modules designed to allow new notebooks to use 802.11 wireless networking. The PentiumM Chip runs at speed of about 1.4 GHz. Centrino extends its performance by adding features extended battery life and introducing enhanced speed step technology. The performance is also increased by using large caches. A wide range of notebook manufactures are expected to adopt the Centrino technology in a multitude of so called thin and light notebook models weighing 5 pounds or less.
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Intel Pentium M processor 3. Intel Pentium M processor Product Feature highlights 4. Intel 855PM Chipset product feature highlights 5. Intel PRO /Wireless 2100 Network Connection 6. Performance Summary 7. Conclusion 8. Reference
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I express my sincere thanks to Prof. M.N Agnisarman Namboothiri (Head of the Department, Computer Science and Engineering, MESCE), Mr. Sminesh (Staff incharge) for their kind co-operation for presenting the seminar. I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty of Computer Science their and Engineering and Department and my friends for encouragement. co-operation
ARUN SIDHAN
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