5Ws: Mazzini: Who, where, when: Mazzini is the founder of the association young Italy (1831) and was

a dedicated Revolutionary during the 1820s-30s. What: this dedicated revolutionary was disappointed with Carbonaris objectives and methods, and he decides to create a new approach. He believes everybody has the potential to rise against the foreign masters and unite Italy. He was radical and wanted a completely opposite democracy. Why: Although his attempt to unify ended in a failure and was forced to disband young Italy in 1836, his ideas left a strong influence in Italy. It clearly states what the carbonari was missing: explicit goals. It also prompted future leaders such as Cavour who was a realistic person that radical ways will not lead Italy to unification. Victor Emmanuel II: Who, Where, When: -

Parma, Modena and Tuscany: Who, where, when: These are 3 states near Piedmont in Italy. They decided to join the Piedmont forces in 1860. What: Nationalism was spreading through out these states and parts of Papal States at this time. Cavour offered Nice and Savoy to Napoleon in return for these states. Napoleon was unsure and organized plebiscites. Majority voted to join the Piedmontese-Sardinian Kingdom. Why: the joining of these states with piedmont was another step closer to unification. Piedmont has now proven to be the leading state of Italy and has now become much stronger. Now most of Northern and Central Italy are unified. Carbonari: Who, where, when: Carbonari is a secret society formed around the 1810s-20s. Its main base is in Naples. What: The Carbonari were organized on a local basis, but they were not successful. On 1820, they rose against King Ferdinand, but Austrian troops came and defeated them. Why: the secret societies were the closest the revolutionaries every got to unification in the early 19th century. They were somewhat organized just like the Carbonari, but all had ill-defined and contradictory aims. No one had the desire to work towards a united Italy. In conlusion, they had a vague ambition of liberating Italy from Austria. Its failure prompted people that lack of organization will not get them anywhere; they were simply not up for the job. National Society: Who, where, when: It is a group or society formed by Giogio Pallavicino in the 1850s in Italy. What: The National society was different than ones before: it is not secret. Italians began to reject republican idealism proposed by Mazzini and slowly put their faith in Piedmont. The

National Society believed that Piedmontese monarchy could lead to the unification. They worked hard to gain support for Piedmont. Why: Thanks to the National Society, Piedmont has gained lots of support and power. It determined Piedmonts important role of unifying Italy. This society gained the support of both Cavour and Garibaldi. This caused many people to join and eventually 20,000 people joined. These patriots assisted Garibaldi in fighting Austria in 1859. Plombieres: Who, where, when: It is a city in France where Napoleon and Cavour met and negotiated a treaty on July 20, 1858. What: here, they signed the treaty of Plombieres. It states that in return for Nice and Savoy, France will send 200,000 troops to help in an war against the Hapsburgs. With the assistance, Piedmont won the 2 battles it had with Austria Why: The defeat of the Austrian caused the Central Italian states to want to join with Piedmont. However, Napoleon decides to backstab Cavour because he did not want Piedmont to extend into Central Italy. He made another deal with Austria disregarding the Treaty of Plombieres. This angered Cavour, and Cavour resigned. However, the effect of the defeat of the Austrians was still lingering in the Central Italian states. They later joined the Piedmontese forces and caused the top half of Italy to become unified. Cavour: Who, where, when: Cavour was elected as the Prime minister of Piedmont on 1852. What and why: Cavour is arguably the most important person that led to the unification of Italy. His clever political maneuverings caused Piedmont to take the lead. He made a treaty with Mazzini, the moderate left. This treaty basically untied the whole center of the political spectrum with Cavour himself being the moderate right. This gave him broad support. He could govern without much opposition. He later helped Britain and France in the Crimean war against Russia. First of all, Austrias neutrality in this war broke their alliance with Russia, which will make it easier to expel Austria out of Italy. Second of all, it established a good relationship with Britain and France. They later repaid the favor by assisting Piedmont. France gave military power while Britain gave diplomatic help. Napoleon III of France later met with Cavour at Plombieres to plot war with Austria. Piedmont won the war and Unification was complete except for Venice and Rome. Plebiscites:

ESSAY ONE: Growing Prussian power vs. Austrias decline (1815 1862)
Intro: (Blah, Blah, Blah) One of the most important contributor to the German unification was the shift in the balance of power from Austria to Prussia. As Austria declined, Prussia rose both economically and politically and slowly got an advantage over Austria. In the end, it was Bismarck who finally provoked Austria and became enemies with them.

Paragraph one: -Formation of the ZollvereinEffectively cut out Austria(economically) out of this profitable economic trade zone Made German states identify with Prussia better. Prussia became the natural leader for a united Germany. Prussia getting stronger (econ+politically) Meanwhile Austria on a downhill slope Paragraph 3: Austrain decline. Revolutions of 1848 Nationalism+Liberalism Separatist movements in Hungary + Italy Crimean War left it with NO friends/allies Austria declining (politically, economically, geographically) + without any friends -KICK A PERSON WHILE THEY ARE DOWN__________________________________________________________________________________

PPF What does the PPF show? Stands for production possibility frontier It shows the boundary of what is possible to produce and is used as an illustration in economics to show the choices facing all countries in producing goods which use limited factors of production. Outline the main qualities of each of the factors of production. LAND -Everything that grow on the land or is found under it -It includes all natural resources -Basic raw materials are gold, coal, oil and natural gas, and some cultivated products (wheat, rice, and pineapple) -Some resources are renewable and others are not LABOUR -Is the human factor -Physical and mental contribution of the existing workforce to production -CAPITAL -Comes from investment (physical and human capital) -Physical = stock of manufactured resources that is used to produce goods and services in the economy -Human = the value of the workforce

-Investment in human capital through education or improved health care may lead to significant economic growth -Improving infrastructure may lead to improved economic growth and development MANAGEMENT -Is the organizing and risk-taking factor of production -Entrepreneurs use their personal money to buy the factors of production, produce the goods and services, and hopefully, make a profit NAME SIX CAUS-ES OF AN INCREASE IN ECONOMIC GROWTH(a shift to the right of the PPF curve) -Investment in new plant and machinery will increase the stock of capital -New raw materials may be discovered -Technological advances are likely to take place -Labour is likely to become more productive -Improvement in the quantity and/or quality of factors of production -Trade between countries What does trade allow people (countries) to do? -Trade between individuals, communities and countries, is a major explanation for the high living standards enjoyed by most of those who live in developed countries. Trade develops an increase in living standards. TRADING BLOCS Preferential Trading Areas : -Gives preferential access to certain products from certain countries. Done by reducing, BUT not eliminating tarrifs. Free Trade Areas : - Countries trade freely among THEMSELVES, but trade however they want with countries outside the FTA. - Ex. Countries A,B,C are trading freely. However, all 3 have different tariffs/no tariffs on outside goods, which dont come from their trade unions.

Customs Unions
Much like FTAs Agree to have free trade between each other. Have COMMON external barriers against other countries Ex. Countries A,B,C trade freely, however all impose a 10% import tariff on country D

Common Markets
Customs Union with common policies on product regulation. Free movement of goods, services, capital, labour. Ex of a common market ; E.U.

Economic and Monetary Union

Common Market with a common currency. Ex. Eurozone.

Supply and Demand. Definition of Demand - What consumers are willing and ABLE to buy of a product. General rule of Demand Higher the price of a product, lower the demand. Factors that affect Demand (Not a change in price, a factor that changes the nature of demand); Substitute Products that are bought and used in place of another product. If the price of the substitute falls, or the price of the original rises, demand for the substitute grows. Ex. If the price of Pepsi goes down, sales of Coke will go down. Complements Products that tend to be bought and consumed together. Price of complementary product increases, less of it will be purchased, therefore less of the original will be purchased. Ex. Printers and Ink. Definition of Supply How much a company is willing and able to produce. General rule of supply Higher the selling price, higher the supply. Factors that affect Supply ; - Changes in the cost of supplying the product to the market (more expensive transport). If transport is more expensive, the graph will shift left (fall in supply). - Improvements in technology will make production cheaper. Supply curve will shift right. -Climate and weather changes may affect supply, whether it is what clothing is demanded by the market, or thunderstorms causing bad harvests. Supply curve may shift in both directions for products. -Price of Raw Materials Higher price, lower supply. -Wages Higher wages, lower supplying ability. -Price of the product Rule of supply, higher price of the product, higher the supply.

EQUILIBRIUM The point where supply and demand meet. The mid-point where supply matches the consumer demand.

ESSAY Three: Bismarck and his contributions towards the German Unification

Intro: Bismarcks political leadership and strategic moves greatly contributed towards the Unification of Germany The Constitutional Crisis (1862): Bismarcks actions were a *very* risky move that paid off.It allowed for more $$$ for Army reform and enabled the military to get better( which later on helped with the PrussoAustrian/French War). Also revealed that the Prussian man was more loyal towards the King than the parliament as taxes collected were done do illegally. The Polish Revolt (1863): Siding with Russia against the Polish peasants was a move greatly condemned by all including both France and Britain, however, this helped as it made Russia and Prussia into (semi-) allies and as Russia did not interfere with the War between either Prussia and Austria or the one with Prussia and France. Paragraph two: Bismarcks skill at handling affairs came especially in hand in the Schleswig-Holstein issue. The division of Schleswig-Holstein was strategic as it allowed conflict to occur and provided a legitimate reason to go to war. (Austro-Prussian war whose results were