Index

Abbreviations Acronyms AISI specification: allowable strength allowable stress design (ASD) bolted connections bracing requirements for beams combined axial load and bending compression members cylindrical tubular members definitions of general terms design basis design strength development of effective design width
see also Effective design width

664 664 80 1 147 479 297 360 334 417 71 80 80 1 75 129 72 147 25 84 79 39 79 77 77 127 125 252 252 36 361 550 444 252 79 81 81 80 80 83 86 81 85 297 82

22

25

79

80

363

365

22 101 137

113 140

122 142

126 240

elements
see also Effective design width

flexural members load and resistance factor design (LRFD) load factors loads materials nominal strength resistance factors safety factors stiffeners: edge intermediate shear transverse special tests tension members wall studs welded connections Allowable loads: bolted connections: bearing shear and tension in bolts spacing and edge distance tension in connected part thickness limitations

148

135

462

484 487 480 481 479

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compression members cylindrical tubular members in compression tension members wall studs in compression web design: bearing stiffeners crippling strength shear strength welded connections: arc seam welds arc spot welds fillet welds flare groove welds groove welds thickness limitations Allowable moments: cylindrical tubular members flexural members wall studs Allowable stress design (ASD) Appendices Applications
see also Cold-formed Sections

334 420 361 551 252 276 261 454 448 455 458 446 444 422 147 554 79 622

279 266

282

147

Arch Area factor, Qa Aspect ratio Beam-columns AISI design criteria amplification factor coefficient Cm coefficient CTF critical moment design of flexural buckling interaction formulas shapes: doubly symmetric singly symmetric torsional-flexural buckling Beams
see also Flexural members

4 331 92 365 376 367 367 374 374 382 365 365 365 369 369 146 15 199 147 268

9 113

10

14

379

381

374

378

371

Bending brake
see also Forming methods

Bending coefficient, Cb Bending strength combined with shear strength

208

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combined with web crippling inelastic reserve strength initiation of yielding Bend radius-to-thickness ratio Bolted connections
see also Connections

283 177 148 56

58

Bolts: high-strength unfinished Box sections Bracing members Bracing requirements for beams: Continuous bracing I-sections single channels Z-sections Bridge forms Buckling: distortional of beam-columns: flexural torsional, and torsional-flexural of compression members: flexural torsional torsional-flexural lateral: of box sections doubly symmetric sections of I-beams and channels point symmetric sections singly symmetric sections unbraced compression flanges of Z-shaped sections local: cylindrical tubes effect of, on column strength stiffened compression elements unstiffened compression elements of webs: bending combined bending and shear combined web crippling and bending crippling shear Buckling coefficients

466 466 3 239 301 309 309 297 307 5 133 365 369 313 317 317 220 195 195 206 29 221 206 410 329 28 28 111 268 283 32 257 91 125

487 487 76 346

107 382

144

219

599 138

207 207 207 195 235

207 238

71 71 267

72 72

89 117

271 94 141 113 114 118

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Building codes Buildings, industrialized housing modular systems panelized systems standardized buildings Channels
see also Cold-formed sections

26 9 13 13 9

27 13

Cold-formed sections: advantages of applications of depth of design considerations of development of framing members method of forming shapes: angles box sections C-sections
see also Channels

1 1 3 28 1 3 15 3 3 219

3 4 22 619

7 619

18

313 72 239

321 76 346

108 383

116

channel sections

corrugated sheets cylindrical tubes hat sections

I-sections

panels and decks T-sections tubular sections

see also Box sections

3 76 155 255 337 5 3 3 164 369 3 207 309 4 3

19 123 207 291 352 588 408 76 180 72 211 320 11 321

36 127 217 297 371

72 133 235 321 399

74 142 238 326

89 207 76 239 348 603

106 276 149 249 390

149 321 195 282

Z-sections
see also Z-sections

3 1 35 3 17 37 58

19 3 42

76 4 75 7 32

thickness types of Cold roll forming Cold work of forming: effect on mechanical properties utilization of cold work

54 176

333

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Columns
see also Compression members

312 360 365 283 59 600 7 601 73 28 73 28 312 334 312 341 320 333 357 329 342 313 313 329 313 315 328 337 75 330 321 314 317 75 332 357 357 313 615 31 31 479 488

Combined axial load and bending

see also Beam-columns

Combined compressive axial load and bending Combined web crippling and bending Compact sections Composite design: advantages composite beam with steel-deck-reinforced slab steel-deck-reinforced slab Compression elements: multiple-stiffened stiffened subelement unstiffened Compression members AISI design criteria design of distortional buckling doubly symmetric shapes effect of cold work effect of diaphragm-bracing effect of local buckling effective length factor Euler formula flexural buckling effect of local buckling elastic buckling inelastic buckling nonsymmetric sections one flange fastened to deck point symmetric sections Q-factor singly symmetric shapes slenderness ratio torsional buckling torsional-flexural buckling unified approach wall studs: attachments for non-load bearing yielding Computer-aided design Connections bolted AISI design criteria design of

200

313

360

602

125 72 125 31

135 89 135 72

117

346 346 546

328

340 317

430 466

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shear lag effect spacing and edge distance thickness limitations types of failure for I-beams for I- or box-shaped compression members press-joints riveted connections rosette-joints rupture failure screws spacing in compression elements types of connections welded AISI design criteria arc welds arc seam welds arc spot welds (puddle welds) design of fillet welds flare groove welds groove welds welding symbols projection welding resistance welds shear lag effect spot welding Conversion table Corners: properties and dimensions yield point Corrosion protection Corrugated sheets: applications arc- and tangent-type design of section properties trapezoidal-type Cross-sectional property _y Cylindrical tubular members applications AISI design criteria bending strength column buckling design of local buckling axial compression bending

482 480 479 467 514 512 509 507 509 510 502 521 430 31 444 431 440 433 450 441 442 446 433 462 31 465 462 666 34 54 32 5 589 589 589 588 644 408 3 417 422 409 423 410 411 416

53

430

454 448 456 455 458

461

462

151 58

588 599 599

417 420 422

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combined loading torsion transverse shear postbuckling behavior (snap through buckling) type of fabricated tubes manufactured tubes Decision table Decks Deflection of flexural members Depth of sections Design basis: Allowable stress design (ASD) Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) Design formats: for ASD method for LRFD method Design manual Design specifications: in foreign countries in the United States
see also AISI specification

417 416 416 414 408 408 408 617 2 189 3 80 82 81 83 26 27

423

4 4

27 7 18

66

Design strength Doubly symmetric sections Drainage structures Ductility Economic design Edge stiffeners
see also Stiffeners

80 76 336 588 50 37

81 149 360 54

85 195

207

320

Effective design width beam webs due to shear lag (for both compression and tension flanges) elements with more than one intermediate stiffener elements with one intermediate stiffener influence of: impact loading initial imperfection stiffened elements under uniform compression stiffened elements with stress gradient uniformly compressed elements with an edge stiffener uniformly compressed elements with circular holes unstiffened elements under uniform compression

75 135 113 239 135 125 110 109 31 113 127 140 31

95 140

111

120

125

95

120

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unstiffened elements with stress gradient Effective length

see also Compression members

124

End bearing
see also Flexural members, webs, web crippling

Equivalent column
see also Flexural members

Factor of safety
see also Safety factor

Factor of safety for shear diaphragms Flange curling Flat width Flat width-to-thickness ratio Flexural members AISI design criteria

allowable stress design (ASD) bending strength economic design effect of cold work lateral-torsional buckling strength one-flange through-fastened to sheathing one-flange fastened to a standing roof system section strength bracing requirements deflection of design of distortional buckling equivalent column inelastic reserve capacity initiation of yielding load and resistance factor design (LRFD) lateral-torsional buckling laterally unbraced compression flanges local buckling
see also Buckling

538 249 73 28 146 147 236 261 147 147 188 176 195 235 238 148 297 189 146 234 228 177 148 148 195 221

31 177 238 266

33 207 240 270

73 219 249 279 226 252

multiple-stiffened flange shear center shear lag stiffened flange torsional analysis types of cross-section: box sections channels
see also C-sections

31 298 239 155 310 108 123 217

170 625 164 625 116 133 255 182

219 142 274

245 155 297

195 306

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hat sections I-sections U-sections Z-shapes unstiffened flange unusually short spans unusually wide flange webs: bending combined bending and shear combined web crippling and bending effect of holes shear stiffeners web crippling Floor panels
see also Cold-formed sections, shapes, panels and decks

106 274 149 280 221 206 150 239 239 111 268 283 142 255 252 32 4

149 150 288 274 185

164 195 309 290

180 211

182 242

307

267

266

276

271 11

Folded plate roof

see also Shell roof structures

Form factor, Q
see also Compression members, flexural buckling, local buckling

333

Forming methods: bending brake cold roll forming press brake History: cold-formed steel construction specification Housing
see also Residential construction

15 15 15

17 21

20

1 1

22 22

27

Hyperbolic paraboloid roof

see also Shell roof structures

13

526

575

Impact loading Industrialized housing Inelastic reserve capacity of beams

see also Flexural members

110 13

Initial imperfection Initiation of yielding Interaction formulas: for bending and shear for compressive axial load and bending for cylindrical tubular members for shear and tension in bolts

109 148 268 365 408 486

551

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for tensile axial load and bending for web crippling and bending I-sections
see also Cold-Formed sections

361 283

Joists Large deflection theory Lateral-torsional buckling of beams

see also Buckling

4 95 195 221 92 260 74 74 74 33 81 79 81 84 71 410 139 28 28 125 111 39 56 40 68 65 42 40 37 40 48 67 49 54 48 40 40

605

Laterally unbraced compression flanges Length-to-width ratio of plate Limiting flat-width-to-thickness ratio: stiffened compression elements unstiffened compression elements webs Linear method Load Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) Load combinations Load factors Local buckling: compression members cylindrical tubular members perforated elements stiffened compression elements unstiffened compression elements uniformly compressed elements with stiffeners webs Materials Mechanical properties: Bauschinger effect ductility effect of strain rate effect of temperature elongation fatigue strength influence of cold work modulus of elasticity proportional limit residual stress shear modulus strain aging strain hardening stress-strain characteristics tangent modulus

113 273

118

125

240

82 84

117 266 71 71

144 279 89 117

329 550

50

54

50 54 54 41 67 164 56 54 48 48

58 65

177 56 54 315

263

58

67

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tensile strength toughness weldability yield point or yield strength Metal buildings, pre-engineered Modular systems Moment: bending moment critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling plastic yield Moment of inertia: of compression members of flexural members minimum requirements for: edge stiffeners intermediate stiffeners shear stiffeners Moment redistribution of continuous beams Moment-to-weight ratios Multiple-stiffened element Neutral axis Nomenclature Nominal load Nominal moments: flexural members: beams having one flange through-fastened to deck or sheathing beam having one flange fastened to a standing seam roof system lateral-torsional buckling strength section bending strength Nominal strength: bolted connections: bearing strength shear and tension in bolts shear lag effect tension in connected part compression members: flexural buckling torsional buckling torsional-flexural buckling cylindrical tubular members in compression flexural members: web crippling

40 65 40 40 40 58 9 13 147 196 177 148 314 150 127 125 254 296 189 73 149 646 79

42 68 54 53 42 65

50

54

58

48 68

50

54

200 177 333 189

200

195

135

147 147 147 147

235 238 195 148

207

473 478 482 475 313 317 317 420 271

484 486 481 334 336 336

274

280

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web shear strength tension members welded connections: arc seam welds arc spot welds fillet welds flare groove welds groove welds resistance welds Noncompact sections Nonsymmetric sections Optimum properties Panels Perforated members Plastic design Plasticity reduction factor Plate buckling: long plate rectangular plate square plate Point symmetric sections Poissons ratio Polar radius of gyration Postbuckling strength: perforated elements stiffened compression elements unstiffened compression elements web element subjected bending Proportional limit
see also Mechanical properties

257 361 454 448 455 458 446 462 339 328 37 2 139 33 93 94 90 90 75 90 411 203 139 28 28 113

261

266

336

4 266 177 413 259 259 93 206 250 416 209

52 279 200 416

550 611

328 258 319

261 329

272 369

95 120

Purlins Reduced modulus method References Reliability index Research: foreign countries the United States Residential construction: AISI residential manual applications of framing standards prescriptive method Residual stress Resistance factor

51 315 667 86 27 22 620 619 621 619 67 77

236

238

297

307

80

83

86

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Roof deck Rupture: shear tension block shear Safety factor

see also Flexural members, Compression members, Cylindrical tubular members, Connections, and Shear diaphragms

2 510 511 511 77

80

81

88

Screw connections
see also Connections

St. Venant torsion constant Section strength: inelastic reserve capacity initiation of yielding beams having one flange fastened to deck beams having one flange fastened to standing seam roof Sectional properties Serviceability Shear buckling: perforated plates rectangular plates Shear center Shear diaphragms: AISI design criteria applications of deflection design of factor of safety research shear strength special consideration stiffness tests Shear lag: effective width bolted connections welded connections Shear modulus
see also Mechanical properties

196 177 148 235 236 31 164 88 139 93 298 537 526 530 537 538 527 528 540 530 530 239 482 465

209

319

33 169

150

151

154

625

540

536 536

Shear strength combined with bending webs with holes webs without holes Shear yielding

270 266 261 257

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Shell roof structures folded plate roof advantages of analysis and design of deflection of research truss type types of Williot diagram hyperbolic paraboloid roof analysis and design applications of curvilinear grid frame type research types of Singly symmetric shapes
see also Channels

5 5 567 569 571 573 575 568 571 5 579 5 586 585 578 3

567 567

575

Slenderness ratio, maximum limit for compression members Space frames Specifications and recommendations: American Institute of Steel Construction American Iron and Steel Institute
see also AISI specification

340 3 25

8 48

9 59

American Society of Civil Engineers: composite slabs stainless steel structural members American Society for Testing and Materials American Welding Society Australian Austrian British Canadian Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute Chinese Composite slab design Czechoslovakian Dutch European Convention for Construction Steelwork Finnish French German Indian Japanese Metal Building Manufacturers Association Metal Construction Association New Zealand Rack Manufacturers Institute

27 26 39 53 27 27 27 27 13 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 27 27 27

602 94 42 431

610 624 462

21

27

19

27

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Research Council on Structural Connections Romanian Russian South African Stainless steel design applications of design criteria stress-strain curves of stainless steels Standing seam roof system Steel Deck Institute Steel Joist Institute Swedish Spring constant Standardized buildings Stiffened compression elements
see also Compression element

466 27 27 27 26 607 26 607 7 27 27 27 224 9

607 610 612

226

309

Stiffeners: edge stiffeners: effective width and area other than simple lip simple lip insufficient stiffeners intermediate stiffeners effective stiffeners effective area minimum moment of inertia multiple-intermediate stiffeners web stiffeners Stiffness
see also Flexural members

127 30 30 135 30 136 138 135 135 252 189 189 80 79 79 75 331 40 613 125

129 127 125 135

deflection of Strength: design strength nominal strength required strength Stress, definitions of Stress factor, Qs Stress-strain curves Structural economy Subelement
see also Compression element, subelement

83 81 81

85 85 83

48 188

58

68

608

Successive approximation Tangent modulus method Tension members combined tensile load and bending

150 315 59 363

165

563

361

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nominal tensile strength Tests: confirmation flat elements full sections performance shear diaphragms special cases Thickness: base metal coating galvanized sheet uncoated sheets Tolerances Torsion Torsional analysis of beams
see also Flexural members

361 79 66 66 79 530 36 75 32 594 594 18 525 622 624 623 623

Torsional buckling Torsional-flexural buckling Torsional rigidity Truss-panel system Types, cold-formed sections Unstiffened compression elements Unsymmetric shapes Virgin steel Virgin steel properties Virtual hole method for C-section webs with holes Wall panels
see also Corrugated sheets; Shear diaphragms

317 75 29 4 3 28 185 328 79 40 142 2 357 196 319 92 234 234 92 32 279 274 430 53 431

317 319 15

30 336

72

117

150

42

54

79

4 547 319 93

11

16

18

Wall studs Warping constant Warping rigidity Wavelength distortional buckling lateral buckling local buckling Web crippling webs with holes web without holes Weld connections
see also Connections

329

628

93 271 280

Weldability Welds: arc

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resistance Width-to-thickness ratio

see also Flat-width-tothickness ratio

462

Wind load: load factor for the LRFD method reduction of resulting force for the ASD method Yield point or yield strength reduced yield point for multiple-web configurations Z-sections

84 82 40 58 52 3 328 42 65 48 68 50 75 54

19 337

76 238

206 290

235 307

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